The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel Second Edition

Transcription

1 The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel Second Edition J. D. Parsons, DSc (Engl FREng, FlEE Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering University of Liverpool, UK JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD Chichester New York Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto

2 !» Preface Preface to the first edition xv xvii 1 Introduction Background Frequency bands VLF LF and MF HF VHF and UHF SHF EHF Mobile radio frequencies Radio links Area coverage Postscript 13 References 14 2 Fundamentals of VHF and UHF Propagation Introduction Propagation in free space Propagation over a reflecting surface The reflection coefficient of the Earth Propagation over a curved reflecting surface Propagation over a plane reflecting surface Ground roughness The effect of the atmosphere Atmospheric ducting and non-standard refraction 29 References 31 3 Propagation over Irregular Terrain Introduction Huygens' principle Diffraction over terrain obstacles 34

3 viii Fresnel-zone ellipsoids Diffraction losses Diffraction over real obstacles The uniform theory of diffraction Multiple knife-edge diffraction Bullington's equivalent knife-edge The Epstein-Peterson method The Japanese method The Deygout method Comparison Path loss prediction models The Egli model The JRC method The Blomquist-Ladell model The Longley-Rice models CCIR methods Other methods Discussion 64 References 68 4 Propagation in Built-up Areas Introduction Built-up areas: a classification problem A classification approach Classification methods: a brief review Propagation prediction techniques Young's measurements Allsebrook's method The Okumura method The Ibrahim and Parsons method The Walfisch-Bertoni method Other models Microcellular systems Microwave measurements UHF measurements Microcellular modelling Discussion 110 References Ill 5 Characterisation of Multipath Phenomena Introduction The nature of multipath propagation Short-term fading The scattering model Angle of arrival and signal spectra The received signal envelope : The received signal phase 127

4 ix 5.7 Baseband power spectrum LCR and AFD The PDF of phase difference Random FM Rician fading Spatial correlation of field components Cross-correlation The signal received at the base station Vertically separated antennas Horizontally separated antennas The magnetic field components Signal variability Statistics of the fast fading Statistics of the local mean Large area statistics 155 References Wideband Channel Characterisation, Introduction Frequency-selective fading Channel characterisation Characterisation of deterministic channels The time domain function The frequency domain function The time-variant transfer function The delay/doppler-spread function Relationships between system functions Randomly time-variant linear channels Channel correlation functions Relationships between the functions Classification of practical channels The wide-sense stationary channel The uncorrelated scattering channel The WSSUS channel Channel characterisation using the scattering function The point scatterer description Statistical point scatterer model The scattering function Mobile radio channel characterisation Small-scale channel characterisation Large-scale channel characterisation 188 References Other Mobile Radio Channels Introduction Radio propagation into buildings Propagation inside buildings 195

5 x Propagation characteristics Wideband measurements Ray tracing: a deterministic approach Radio propagation in tunnels Propagation in rural areas Introduction Signal statistics Small-scale signal variations: statistical modelling 215 References Sounding, Sampling and Simulation Channel sounding Narrowband channel sounding A practical narrowband channel sounder Signal sampling Sampled distributions Sampling to obtain the local mean value Sampling a Rayleigh-distributed variable Mean signal strength Confidence interval Normalisation revisited Wideband channel sounding Wideband sounding techniques Periodic pulse sounding Pulse compression Convolution matched-filter Swept time-delay cross-correlation System requirements Accuracy of frequency standards Phase noise in signal sources A practical sounder design Data processing Experimental data processing Frequency domain characterisation Large-scale characterisation Summary Radio channel simulation Hardware simulation of narrowband channels Wideband channels Software simulation Hardware simulation 257 References Man-made Noise and Interference Introduction Characterisation of pulses Spectrum amplitude of a rectangular pulse.. 265

6 XI Impulse generators Characterisation of impulsive noise Measurement parameters Measuring equipment Bandwidth.-.->, Dynamic range Receiver sensitivity and noise figure Impulse response Practical measuring systems Measurement of amplitude probability distribution Measurement of noise amplitude distribution Impulsive noise measurements Discussion Performance prediction techniques Assessment of receiver performance using APD Assessment of receiver performance using NAD Interference Single interferer Multiple interferers 299 References Mitigation of Multipath Effects Introduction Diversity reception Basic diversity methods Selection diversity Maximal ratio combining Equal-gain combining Improvements from diversity Envelope probability distributions LCR and AFD Random FM Switched diversity The effect of diversity on data systems Practical diversity systems Post-detection diversity Unified analysis Time diversity Diversity on hand-portable equipment Discussion and conclusions Interleaving Channel equalisation Adaptive equalisers Non-linear equalisers Decision feedback equalisers MLSE Viterbi equaliser Channel coding 341

7 xii Linear block codes Convolutional codes Codes for fading channels Performance of codes in fading channels Speech coding Sub-band coders Pulse-excited coders The RAKE receiver Smart antennas Considerations and possibilities Wideband modulation: the alternative Mitigation bandwidth 356 References Planning Radio Networks Introduction Cellular systems Interference considerations Radio coverage Coverage of a small area Coverage area of a base station Planning tools Self-regulating networks A modelling and survey analysis module Data preparation Model calibration Developing a model Limits on coefficients Microcell model Grade of service Milli-erlangs per subscriber Summary and review Cell site dimensioning Base station site planning Frequency planning Outputs of planning Conclusion A design example The future A UMTS planning tool. J Ray tracing models 399 References 401 Appendices 403 A Rayleigh Graph Paper and Receiver Noise Figure 403 В Rayleigh Distribution (db) and CNR in a Rayleigh Fading Environment. 405

8 F xin С Deriving PDFs for Variables in Logarithmic Units 407 D Effective Signal Envelope 411 Index 413 ( 1