SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

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1 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Monojit Mitra

2 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

3 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION MONOJIT MITRA Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur New Delhi

4 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Monojit Mitra 2005 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Seventh Printing º º º May, 2012 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi

5 Contents Preface Acknowledgements xi xiii 1. Overview of Satellite Communication Introduction Historical Background of Satellite Communication Active and Passive Satellites Satellite Orbits General Structure of Satellite Communication Iridium Importance of 6/4 GHz System Satellite Applications Satellite Frequency Allocation and Band Spectrum Advantages of Microwave and Millimeter Wave in Satellite Communication Digital Satellite Communication Satellite Mobile Communication System 9 Summary 9 References 10 Suggested Further Reading 10 Problems 10 v

6 vi CONTENTS 2. Satellite Orbits and Inclination Introduction Look Angles Orbital Perturbations Effect of Eclipse Effects of Gravitational Force of Sun and Moon Effect of Earth s Oblateness Sun Transit Outage 20 Summary 20 References 20 Suggested Further Reading 21 Problems Spacecraft and Its Subsystem Introduction Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS) Attitude Control System (ACS) Orbit Control System Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) Telemetry Tracking System Command Power System Communication Subsystems Transponder Antenna Subsystem Reliability and Space Qualification Space Qualification Reliability Redundancy Launches and Launch Vehicles Mechanics of Launching a Geo-Synchronous Satellite 39 Summary 39 References 40 Suggested Further Reading 40 Problems Satellite Link Design Introduction General Link Design Equation System Noise Temperature, C/N and G/T Ratios 45

7 CONTENTS vii 4.4 Uplink Design Downlink Design Downlink Rain Fade Margin Complete Link Design Satellite Link Design with Specified (C/N) Dependence of (C/N) Ratio on Earth Station Parameters 52 Summary 53 References 53 Suggested Further Reading 53 Problems Analog Satellite Communication Introduction Frequency Division Multiplexing Technique Generation of FM Signal Detection of FM Signal FM with Multiplexed Telephone Signals Companded Single Sideband (CSSB) System Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) Carrier Analog Television Transmission Signal to Noise Ratio for TV Signal International and Regional Satellites 64 Summary 65 Suggested Further Reading 66 Problems Digital Satellite Communication Introduction Digital Base Band Signal Transmission Digital Modulation Techniques Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Digital Transmission of Voice Signal Delta Modulation Digital Demodulation Coherent Detection FSK Demodulator BPSK Demodulator 83

8 viii CONTENTS QPSK Demodulation QAM Demodulation 85 Summary 87 Suggested Further Reading 87 Problems Multiple Access Techniques Introduction Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) TDMA Frame Structure TDMA Frame Synchronization and Timing Multiple Beam TDMA System Beam Hopping TDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Overall C/N Ratio on an FDM/FM/FDMA Link Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS) PN Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Space Domain Multiple Access (SDMA) Mixed Access System 102 Summary 102 References 103 Suggested Further Reading 103 Problems Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) Techniques Introduction Erlang Call Congestion (Blocking or B) Formula Demand Assignment Control Demand Assigned FDMA (DA-FDMA) Demand Assigned TDMA (DA-TDMA) Digital Speech Interpolation Random Multiple Access (RMA) 112 Summary 116 Suggested Further Reading 116 Problems Encoding and Forward Error Correction for Digital Satellite Links 9.1 Introduction Error Detection Coding Linear Block Coding 119

9 CONTENTS ix Cyclic Codes Golay Codes Convolutional Codes Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Implementation of Error Detection on Satellite Links 124 Summary 124 Suggested Further Reading 125 Problems Earth Station Technology Introduction Subsystem of an Earth Station Transmitter Receiver Antennas Tracking and Pointing Small Earth Station Different Types of Earth Station Transmit Receive Earth Station Receive Only Earth Station Frequency Coordination Earth Station of Near Future 136 Summary 137 Suggested Further Reading 137 Problems Special Purpose Communication Satellites Introduction Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Services INMARSAT Data Broadcast Satellite (VSAT) Mobile Satellite (MSAT) Communication System Global Positioning System (GPS) RADARSAT LANDSAT ORBCOMM INTELSAT 149 Summary 152 Reference 152 Suggested Further Reading 152 Problems 152

10 x CONTENTS 12. Indian Activities in Satellite Communication Introduction Indian National Satellite System (INSATS) Small Earth Stations in India Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellites Participation of India in Other International Communication Satellite System Collaboration with Industries for Staellite Development 161 Summary 161 Suggested Further Reading 161 Problems 161 Index

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