Differential optical-path approach to improve signal-to-noise ratio of pulsed-laser range finding
|
|
- Elwin Dennis
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Diffeential optical-path appoach to impove signal-to-noise atio of pulsed-lase ange finding Qun Hao, * Jie Cao, Yao Hu, Yunyi Yang, Kun Li, and Tengfei Li School of Optoelectonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, , China * qhao@bit.edu.cn Abstact: A pulsed-lase ange finding based on diffeential optical-path is poposed, and the mathematical models ae developed and veified. Based on the method, some simulations ae caied out and impotant conclusions ae deduced. (1) Backgound powe is suppessed effectively. () Compaed with signal-to-noise atio (SNR) of taditional method, SNR of the poposed method is moe suitable than taditional method in long-ange finding and lage tilt angle of taget. (3) No matte what the tilt angle of taget is, it always has optimal sensitivity of zeo coss as long as the diffeential distance is equal to the light speed multiplied by the eceived pulse length and thee is an ovelap between two echoes. 014 Optical Society of Ameica OCIS codes: ( ) Lase ange finde; ( ) Range finding; ( ) Lases, pulsed; ( ) Avalanche photodiodes (APDs). Refeences and links 1. R. D. Richmond and S. C. Cain, in Diect-detection LADAR Systems (SPIE, 010).. G. Bekovic and E. Shafi, Optical methods fo distance and displacement measuements, Adv. Opt. Photonics 4(4), (01). 3. B. Schwaz, Mapping the wold in 3D, Nat. Photonics 4(7), (010). 4. P. F. McManamon, Eata: Review of lada: a histoic, yet emeging, senso technology with ich phenomenology, Opt. Eng. 51(6), (01). 5. M. Fidlund, Futue space missions to seach fo teestial planets, Space Sci. Rev. 135(1-4), (008). 6. B. Kaldvee, A. Ehn, J. Bood, and M. Aldén, Development of a picosecond lida system fo lage-scale combustion diagnostics, Appl. Opt. 48(4), B65 B7 (009). 7. J. Yun, C. Gao, S. Zhu, C. Sun, H. He, L. Feng, L. Dong, and L. Niu, High-peak-powe, single-mode, nanosecond pulsed, all-fibe lase fo high esolution 3D imaging LIDAR system, Chin. Opt. Lett. 10(1), 1140 (01). 8. A. McCathy, R. J. Collins, N. J. Kichel, V. Fenández, A. M. Wallace, and G. S. Bulle, Long-ange time-offlight scanning senso based on high-speed time-coelated single-photon counting, Appl. Opt. 48(3), (009). 9. S. Pellegini, G. S. Bulle, J. M. Smith, A. M. Wallace, and S. Cova, Lase-based distance measuement using picosecond esolution time-coelated single-photon counting, Meas. Sci. Technol. 11(6), (000). 10. S. Kutti and J. Kostamovaaa, An integated eceive channel fo a lase scanne, in Poceedings of IEEE Confeence on Instumentation and Measuement Technology (Congess Gaz, Gaz, Austia, 01), pp H. Lim, Compaison of time coections using chage amounts, peak values, slew ates, and signal widths in leading-edge disciminatos, Rev. Sci. Instum. 74, (003). 1. M. Lee and S. Baeg, Advanced compact 3D lida using a high speed fibe coupled pulsed lase diode and a high accuacy timing discimination eadout cicuit, Poc. SPIE 8379, 83790Z (01). 13. S. Mitchell, J. P. Thaye, and M. Hayman, Polaization lida fo shallow wate depth measuement, Appl. Opt. 49(36), (010). 14. T. R. Chevalie and O. K. Steinvall, Lase ada modeling fo simulation and pefomance evaluation, Poc. SPIE 748, (009). 15. H. J. Kong, T. H. Kim, S. E. Jo, and M. S. Oh, Smat thee-dimensional imaging LADAR using two Geigemode avalanche photodiodes, Opt. Expess 19(0), (011). 16. Y. Qin, T. T. Vu, Y. Ban, and Z. Niu, Range detemination fo geneating point clouds fom aibone small footpint LiDAR wavefoms, Opt. Expess 0(3), (01). 17. F. Wang, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhang, and X. Sun, Range accuacy limitation of pulse anging systems based on Geige mode single-photon detectos, Appl. Opt. 49(9), (010). # $15.00 USD Received 11 Nov 013; evised 13 Dec 013; accepted 16 Dec 013; published 3 Jan 014 (C) 014 OSA 13 Januay 014 Vol., No. 1 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 563
2 18. R. Agishev, B. Goss, F. Moshay, A. Gileson, and S. Ahmed, Simple appoach to pedict APD/PMT lida detecto pefomance unde sky backgound using dimensionless paametization, Opt. Lases Eng. 44(8), (006). 19. Z. Zhang, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhang, L. Wu, and J. Su, A eal-time noise filteing stategy fo photon counting 3D imaging lida, Opt. Expess 1(8), (013). 0. J. Yang, L. Qiu, W. Zhao, and H. Wu, Lase diffeential eflection-confocal focal-length measuement, Opt. Expess 0(3), (01). 1. S. De, B. Redman, and R. Chellappa, Simulation of eo in optical ada ange measuements, Appl. Opt. 36(7), (1997).. S. E. Johnson, Effect of taget suface oientation on the ange pecision of lase detection and anging systems, J. Appl. Remote Sens. 3(1), (009). 3. T. Ishii, K. Otani, T. Takashima, and Y. Xue, Sola spectal influence on the pefomance of photovoltaic (PV) modules unde fine weathe and cloudy weathe conditions, Pog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 1, (011). 4. M. Jack, J. Wehne, J. Edwads, G. Chapman, D. N. Hall, and S. M. Jacobson, HgCdTe APD-based lineamode photon counting components and Lada eceives, Poc. SPIE 8033, 80330M (011). 1. Intoduction Pulsed-lase ange finding is an active emote sensing technique. The taget is illuminated by shot pulse emitted fom a pulsed-lase souce, and the distance is obtained by calculating time of flight (TOF) of echo fom taget. Supposing the light speed is c, and the ound-tip time is t, the distance can be obtained with R = ct/ [1, ]. Since this method has advantages of simplicity, high accuacy and utility, it is widely used in the fields of both militay and civilian [3 5]. Lase souce with shot pulse duation of nanosecond, picosecond o even femtosecond incease the ange finding accuacy geatly [6 9]. The key of acquiing TOF is disciminating the exact aival time of the echo pulse. Some methods have been used in acquiing TOF. Leading edge disciminato (LED) is a simple appoach, and the leading edge of the eceived pulse is detected as the signal cosses a cetain theshold. LED is easy to cay out because of its simple electical stuctue, but it poduces lage walk eo of a few of nanosecond [10]. Hansang Lim et al used fou kinds of amplitude paametes, including slew ates, peak values, signal widths, as well as chage amounts [11], to coect time eo in the leading edge disciminato espectively. Constant faction disciminato (CFD) is used to enhance timing accuacy, and it educes the walk eo to less than picosecond [1, 13]. Peak disciminato is an appoach to decease walk eo, but the disadvantage of this method is that echo is easily affected by both backgound powe and tagets tilt angle, which esults into poo pefomance in the condition of low SNR [14]. Recently, Hong Jin Kong et al poposed a method using two Geige-mode avalanche photodiodes (GmAPD) to ealize acquisition of TOF. The echo was divided into two beams by splitte and aival time of the electical signals fom the GmAPDs wee compaed. Though intensity of echo is deceased by half, the false alam was deceased and detection pobability was inceased because the noise was filteed out [15]. Actually, the souces of noise of ange finding include speckle, themal and backgound, etc. Among of them, backgound powe is pime noise fo long ang detecting and exists in most of optical system [16 18]. Meanwhile, it is constant and does not change with time. Othe noises distibute andomly [19]. In geneal, the method of diffeential optical-path has the ability to suppess backgound powe. The method uses two eceiving channels, of which one is efeence channel, and the othe is signal channel. Backgound powe is suppessed by subtacting them. Fo example, the stuctue of diffeential optical-path suppesses commonmode noise and impoves measuement accuacy of the confocal micoscopy [0]. In ode to suppess backgound powe and incease SNR of pulsed-lase ange finding, a method based on diffeential optical-path is poposed. The pinciple and theoetical analysis ae illustated in Section. Simulations based on the method ae caied out in section 3. Conclusions ae listed in the last section, which suggest the poposed pulsed-lase ange finding can suppess backgound powe and gain high SNR at long ange. # $15.00 USD Received 11 Nov 013; evised 13 Dec 013; accepted 16 Dec 013; published 3 Jan 014 (C) 014 OSA 13 Januay 014 Vol., No. 1 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 564
3 . Methods and mateials.1 Pinciple The system based on diffeential optical-path is shown as Fig. 1. A shot pulse is tiggeed by field pogammable gate aay (FPGA) and collimated by TL. Then, the pulse is divided into two pats by beam splitte BS1. One is focused by CL and detected by PD, which geneates the electical stat signal. The othe is used to illuminate the taget. The scatteed o eflected light fom the taget is eflected by BS1 and divided into two beams by BS. Thee ae two same eceives consisting of an APD and the coesponding lens RL, espectively. APD A is illuminated by eflected light fom BS and RL1, and geneates echo signal P. Similaly, APD B geneates echo signal P 1. The diffeential echo signal P -P 1 is obtained by subtaction in FPGA. The diffeential echo signal has a point of zeo powe, i.e. zeo coss, and it is set as the stop signal. TOF is detemined between the stat and stop signal. The tempoal change ate of the powe at the zeo coss in the diffeential echo signal is defined as the sensitivity of zeo coss. It can be changed by adjusting diffeential distance between optical-path OA and OB. FPGA contols the stage using SC to change diffeential distance until the system acquie highest sensitivity of zeo coss. Supposing the distance between BS1 and CL is l 0, the distance between BS1 and BS is l 1, the distance between BS and RLA is l, the distance between BS and RLB is l 3, diffeential distance between OA and OB is d. The positions of two eceives can be descibed as l1 l l0 d. l1 l3 l0 d (1) PD CL Tigge Lase TL BS1 Ai FPGA Position B APD B B O BS Taget - + P 1 P SC1 RL B A RL A Position A APD A SC Fig. 1. Pulsed-lase ange finding system stuctue based on diffeential optical path. BS-beam splitte, TL-tansmitting lens, RL-eceiving lens, PD-photo detecto, APD-avalanche photo diode, CL-convegent lens, SC- stage contolle. Figue shows the diffeence of echo signal between poposed method based on diffeential optical path and peak disciminato. On the left side is the stat signal fom PD. The peak is easy to detect because of the high intensity and low backgound powe, so it is set as the stat timing moment. Taditional system includes only a single APD. In the long-ange measuement, peak position of the echo is difficult to disciminate because of the backgound powe and echo boadening. Meanwhile, the tempoal change ate of echo powe nea the peak is vey small, i.e. the sensitivity nea peak is vey low, which inceases the difficulty of disciminating peak position. Diffeent fom peak disciminato, diffeential optical-path # $15.00 USD Received 11 Nov 013; evised 13 Dec 013; accepted 16 Dec 013; published 3 Jan 014 (C) 014 OSA 13 Januay 014 Vol., No. 1 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 565
4 method uses two APDs. Two eceives ae moved by a distance of d symmetically nea o fa fom BS. Compaed with taditional method, although echo powe is educed by half in each detecto, the backgound powe can be suppessed by subtacting between two echo signals, Meanwhile, thee is a zeo coss in the diffeential echo signal and the sensitivity of zeo coss is obviously highe than that of the peak in the oiginal echo signal. I Stat t 0 =R/c Stop taditional method poposed method P (APD A) P P 1 (APD B) 0 Stop t P d =P -P 1. Echo analysis Fig.. Diffeence between diffeential echo and echo of peak disciminato. Schematic diagam of lase ange finding is shown in Fig. 3, left side is an system of tansmitte and eceive, and ight side is a taget plane, which has a tilt angle of θ. R is the ange between the system and the taget. Lase pulse is with a tempoal function of Gaussian model, which is witten as [1] t P t E t exp, t whee E t is the oiginal pulse enegy, τ is tansmitting pulse width. Taditional eceive includes a single detecto and echo signal powe expession is witten as [1, 0] X () Tansmitte /Receive O Z R Y Fig. 3. Schematic diagam of pulsed-lase ange finding. # $15.00 USD Received 11 Nov 013; evised 13 Dec 013; accepted 16 Dec 013; published 3 Jan 014 (C) 014 OSA 13 Januay 014 Vol., No. 1 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 566
5 EtTa ToD 1 R P t exp t c tan w z, c z wz w0 1 w0 whee P (t) is the eceived powe on the detecto, T a is the one way atmospheic tansmission, T o is the eceive optics tansmission efficiency, η D is quantum efficiency, ρ is the eflectance of the taget, τ is the eceived pulse width, w 0 is the waist adius of the lase, w(z) is the beam adius, and λ is the wavelength. Accoding to Fig. 1, Eqs. (1) and (3), the echo signal powe expessions of APD A and APD B ae witten as EtTa ToD 1 R d P 1 t exp t c. (4) EtTa ToD 1 R d P t exp t c Equation (3) is unde the ideal condition with no effects of backgound powe. In fact, the backgound powe should be concened in the system, especially in the long-ange measuement. The backgound powe is witten as [1, 1] B sun o P h T A sin /, (5) whee ρ is the eflectance of taget, hsun is the backgound sola iadiance, A is the aea of the eceive, α is the field of view, and λ is the optical bandwidth. Accoding to Eq. (5), P B is constant and does not change with time. The echo signal powe fom APD A and APD B with backgound powe ae descibed as following. EtTa ToD 1 R d B1 exp c P t t PB, EtTa ToD 1 R d PB t exp t P B c The diffeential echo powe is obtained by subtaction and is witten as P t P t P t d B B1 EtTa ToD 1 R d 1 R d exp t exp t, c c Equation (7) shows that the backgound powe can be suppessed by using the stuctue of diffeential optical-path. Futhemoe, at the zeo cossing tempoal point when P d = 0, we can obtain Eq. (8), which demonstates that the TOF of zeo coss is the same as peak disciminato. (3) (6) (7) # $15.00 USD Received 11 Nov 013; evised 13 Dec 013; accepted 16 Dec 013; published 3 Jan 014 (C) 014 OSA 13 Januay 014 Vol., No. 1 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 567
6 .3 Sensitivity of zeo coss R d R d R t t t. c c c Sensitivity of zeo coss k d = dp d (t)/dt is defined as the tempoal change ate of echo powe at zeo coss, and it is witten as k d EtTa ToD u u u 1 u 1 exp exp, whee k d is sensitivity of zeo coss, u 1 = t-[(r-d)/c], u = t-[(r + d)/c] and othe symbols ae descibed above. In ode to obtain the cossing point of the tailing edge and the leading edge of echo signals, the diffeential distance should be less than 8log() c [0], i.e. thee is an ovelap between two echoes. When t = R/c, the sensitivity of zeo coss is d 1 d EtTa ToD kd exp. t R/ c (10) c c Denoting f = k d t = R/c, we can obtain Eq. (11) fo the deivative tem d fom Eq. (10). EtTa ToD 1 1 d d 1 d d 1 f ' d exp exp. (11) c c c c c c The highest sensitivity of zeo coss is deduced by f d = 0, yielding d c. (1) The highest sensitivity of zeo coss is acquied when d = cτ, and the diffeential distance should be changed with τ which esults fom tilt angle of taget []. Theefoe, stage is used to adjust the position of the eceives to meet Eq. (1) in diffeent conditions. Accoding to analysis above, the method based on diffeential optical-path has two notable advantages. (1) Backgound powe is suppessed because of the subtaction of two echo signals. () The sensitivity of zeo coss is much highe than that of the peak. The poposed method tansfoms disciminating time of peak into detecting zeo coss...4 SNR analysis SNR is one of most impotant paametes since it affects the measuement ange and accuacy. Unde the same conditions of tansmitting system and taget, the ange and accuacy of system incease with impovement of SNR. SNR of taditional method is witten as [4] SNR D P D P eb D P DPB eb idk 4 ktb / R n TH D P h f B hf P PB e i DK e D 4kT R whee ρ D is the detecto cuent esponsivity, ρ D = η D e/hf, <P > is effective value, i.e. oot mean squae (RMS) of the echo powe at the detecto, <σ n > is RMS of total noise, B is the eceive bandwidth, h is the Planck s constant, f = c/λ is the fequency of the eceived signal, e is the electon chage, <i DK > is RMS of the dak cuent of detecto, k is the Boltzmann s TH, (8) (9) (13) # $15.00 USD Received 11 Nov 013; evised 13 Dec 013; accepted 16 Dec 013; published 3 Jan 014 (C) 014 OSA 13 Januay 014 Vol., No. 1 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 568
7 constant, T is the tempeatue in Kelvin, and <R TH > is RMS of the effective load esistance that ceates the same themal noise spectal density as the eceive electonics. The backgound powe P B is constant and suppessed by subtacting the two echoes. Theefoe, the total noise of system based on diffeential optical-path can be witten as 1 1 eb P eb i i 4kTB R R nd D d DK1 DK TH1 TH 1 1 B ed Pd e idk1 idk kt, RTH 1 R TH Accoding to the definition of SNR, the method based on diffeential optical-path can be witten as SNR 3. Simulations and esults d 3.1 System model veification D Pd h f 1 1 B hf P e i i kt d DK1 DK e D RTH 1 RTH (14). (15) Accoding to echo analysis discussed above, in long-ange finding system, echo of taditional method is mainly affected by backgound powe. Accoding to paametes of typical anging finding and taget, simulation paametes ae set as following: E t = 0.4nJ, ρ = 0.5, T o = 0.8, η D = 0.6, τ = ps, d = 50mm, θ = 10, 0, 30, 40, d = 50mm, h sun = 500W/m /μm (λ = 905nm) [3], α = 5, λ = 10nm, R = 18km, 19km, 0km, 1km. T a is difficult to detemine because of the complex envionment conditions. In ode to simple the question, the appoximate elation among γ(λ), visibility and λ is used in the simulation, shown in Eq. (16), whee R v is visibility, q is coection facto which is depended on diffeent visibility, shown in Table 1. R v = 10km is chosen in the simulation q R v (16) Table 1. Coection Facto unde Diffeent Visibility visibility (R v) coection facto (q) R v>50km q = 1.6 R v = 10km q = 1.3 R v<6km 1 3 q 0.085R v In ode to illustate conditions that echo signal is affected by backgound powe and veify model, accoding to the conditions set above, the esults ae shown in Fig. 4. Figue 4 shows the echo powe and backgound powe at diffeent ange diectly. In the conditions of 18km and 19km, shown in Fig. 4(a) and 4(b), the echo signal powe is highe than backgound powe. Theefoe, signal may be distinguished and peak position can be detected with peak disciminato coectly. Howeve, when echo signal powe is lowe than backgound powe, shown in Fig. 4(c) and 4(d), it is had to detect peak of echo signal. Fo such situations, the method of diffeential optic-path is vey useful because backgound powe is suppessed, as shown in Fig. 5. Figue 5(a) and 5(b), coesponding to Fig. 4(c) and 4(d) espectively, ae diffeential echo signals obtained by subtacting echo signal of APD A and APD B. Backgound powe is suppessed and peak detection is tansfom into zeo coss. # $15.00 USD Received 11 Nov 013; evised 13 Dec 013; accepted 16 Dec 013; published 3 Jan 014 (C) 014 OSA 13 Januay 014 Vol., No. 1 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 569
8 (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 4. Compaison between backgound powe and echo signal powe. (a) is unde the condition that ange is 18km. (b) is unde the condition that ange is 19km. (c) is unde the condition that ange is 0km. (d) is unde the condition that ange is 1km. (a) (b) Fig. 5. Diffeential echo signal at diffeent anges. (a) Range between system and taget is 0km. (b) Range between system and taget is 1km. Figue 6 shows compaison between echo signal fom single detecto and diffeential echo signal at diffeent ange, unde the conditions that the ange is 0km and tilt angle of taget ae θ = 10, 0, 30, 40. In the taditional method, as shown in the Fig. 6(a), echo is boadened because of the tilt angle of taget. Echo boadening inceases with the gowth of tilt angle. Fo instance, with tilt angle of taget changing fom 10 to 40, eceiving echo width is boadened fom 3ns to 16ns. Echo boadening and low peak sensitivity may lead to geate eo in peak position detection. Compaed with taditional method, diffeential echo signal unde the same condition is shown in the Fig. 6(b). It is clea that no matte what the angle of taget is, the position of zeo coss is not affected by pulse boadening. # $15.00 USD Received 11 Nov 013; evised 13 Dec 013; accepted 16 Dec 013; published 3 Jan 014 (C) 014 OSA 13 Januay 014 Vol., No. 1 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 570
9 (a) (b) Fig. 6. Compaision of echo signal unde diffeent tilt angle of taget. (a) The echo pulse is boadened with gowth of tilt angle. (b) The position of the zeo coss is not affected by pulse boadening. 3. Zeo cossing sensitivity affected by diffeential distance Based on analysis on sensitivity of zeo coss and diffeential distance, some simulations ae caied out unde the condition that taget is R = 0km, θ = 10 and othe paametes unchanged. The esults is shown in Fig. 7, fom 7(a) to 7(d) ae the diffeential echo signals fom APD A and APD B unde the condition of d = cτ /3, cτ /, cτ, 3cτ. Accoding to Fig. 7, we can find: (1) Thee is a zeo coss in diffeential echo signal; () The elative positions of echo signal fom APD A and APD B ae changed with diffeent diffeential distances, which esults in diffeent sensitivity of zeo coss. (a) (b) 1 d c 3 (c) 1 d c (d) d c d 3c Fig. 7. Echo signals fom APD A, APD B and diffeential echo signal unde the diffeent diffeential distance. (a) Diffeential distance is cτ /3. (b) Diffeential distance is cτ /. (c) Diffeential distance is cτ. (d) Diffeential distance is 3cτ. In ode to quantify the sensitivity of zeo coss k d affected by diffeential distance d, the elation between sensitivity and diffeential distance is simulated. Unde the conditions of d = cτ /3, cτ /, cτ, 8log() c, and 3cτ, the coesponding diffeential distance ae 0.34m, 0.51m, 1.0m,.4m, and 3.06m, espectively. The esults ae shown in Fig. 8 in which five diffeential echo signals ae acquied. It is clea that sensitivity of zeo cossing is diffeent because of diffeent diffeential distance. Fo example, k d is 410.5W/s unde the # $15.00 USD Received 11 Nov 013; evised 13 Dec 013; accepted 16 Dec 013; published 3 Jan 014 (C) 014 OSA 13 Januay 014 Vol., No. 1 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 571
10 condition that d is cτ /, and k d is 564.3W/s unde the condition that d = cτ. Accoding to analysis above, the diffeential distance should be less than 8log() c to ealize the cossing point of the tailing edge and the leading edge of echo signals. If d is lage than that value, the slop of zeo coss decease quickly. Fo instance, unde the condition of d = 3cτ, shown in Fig. 8, sensitivity of zeo coss k d is low and is only 31W/s. d c d c d c d d /3 / 8log 3c c Time/ μs Fig. 8. Diffeential echoes at diffeent diffeential distance. Figue 9 shows the elation between sensitivity of zeo coss and diffeential distance. We can find: (1) with the incease of diffeential distance, the tend of sensitivity of zeo coss fist inceases and then deceases. Meanwhile, keeping the diffeential distance unchanged, zeo cossing sensitivity deceases as the tilt angle of taget inceases. Fo example, holding d = cτ, k d is 564.3W/s unde the condition of θ = 10. As θ is 30, k d deceases to 5.6W/s. () Thee is an optimal diffeential distance, i.e. d = cτ. No matte what the tilt angle of taget is, the optimal diffeential distance is still satisfying d = cτ. As shown in Fig. 9, unde diffeent tilt angle (10, 0, 30, 40 ), cτ is 1.0m,.1m, 3.33m, 4.83m, espectively. Although the sensitivity of zeo coss is diffeent, the position of highest sensitivity is always cτ, which help to keep the system obtain highest sensitivity of zeo coss. (1.0,564.3) / (W / s) k d (.1,13.4) (3.33,5.6) (4.83,5) d /m Fig. 9. Relation between sensitivity of zeo cossing and diffeential distance. # $15.00 USD Received 11 Nov 013; evised 13 Dec 013; accepted 16 Dec 013; published 3 Jan 014 (C) 014 OSA 13 Januay 014 Vol., No. 1 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 57
11 3.3 SNR compaison Many factos affect SNR, including the featues of detectos, tansmitting o eceiving lens and noise souce. Meanwhile, the intensity of echo signal is elated to the ange, tilt angle and eflectance of taget. Theefoe, it is difficult to conside so many conditions at the same time. Usually, fo a ange finding system, the paametes of taget ae unknown, and paametes of system ae given. Theefoe, unknown paametes can be seen as vaiant, such as ange and angle of taget, and designed systematic paametes ae kept as constant, such as the optical o electical paametes of tansmitting o eceiving system. The typical paametes ae set as following: R = 1km~5km, θ = 0 ~50, <i DK > = <i DK1 > = <i DK > = 10pA [4], <R TH > = <R TH1 > = <R TH > = 10kΩ, h = Js, e = C, B = 1GHz. The esults of SNR of taditional and poposed method ae shown in the Fig. 10(a) and 10(b) espectively. The data can be analyzed fom two aspects: fixing ange and changing angle, fixing angle and changing ange. Fist, setting ange unchanged (R = 10km) and θ inceasing fom 10 to 50, shown in Fig. 10(a), SNR deceases fom 185.4dB to 15.9dB. Unde the same situation, SNR of poposed method, shown in the Fig. 10(b), deceases fom 19.dB to 7.6dB. Second, setting angle unchanged (θ = 40 ), SNR of taditional method deceases fom 187dB to 6.7dB with the incease of ange fom 0.1km to 4km, while SNR of the poposed method deceases fom 198dB to 39.7dB. SNR / db SNR d / db R /m (a) / degee R /m (b) / degee Fig. 10. Compaison of SNR between the taditional method and the poposed method. (a) Relation between SNR, ange and tilt angle in the taditional method. (b) Relation between SNR, ange and tilt angle in the poposed method. In ode to compae the SNR of two methods clealy, elative incement pecentage of SNR is used, i.e. SNR = [(SNR d -SNR)/SNR] 100%. The esult is shown in Fig. 11, in which SNR is gowing with the incease of ange and angle of taget, especially in the conditions of long ange o lage tilted angle of taget. Taking θ = 50 as an example, the ange of the taget is fom 0.1km to 4km, and SNR inceases fom 3.6% to 317.1%. Unde the condition that R is 4km, SNR inceases fom.3% to 317.1% as θ changes fom 0 to 50. Accoding to analysis above, although SNR of two methods decease with the incease of the ange and angle, the SNR of diffeential optical-path is bette than that of the taditional method, especially in long ange finding. # $15.00 USD Received 11 Nov 013; evised 13 Dec 013; accepted 16 Dec 013; published 3 Jan 014 (C) 014 OSA 13 Januay 014 Vol., No. 1 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 573
12 SNR /% R /m / degee 4. Discussion Fig. 11. Relationship between SNR and R, θ. The system based on diffeential optical-path tansfoms peak position into zeo-cossing. Howeve, the position of zeo-cossing can t coespond to peak position pecisely due to inconsistent beam of splitting atio, diffeence of photo detectos, and diffeence of optical alignment in the two paths. An example is shown in Fig. 1, the echo of P is stonge than P 1, so the zeo-cossing position deviates fom t 1 to t, and t is the amount of deviation. Actually, the system should be calibated both of the inconsistence of the two eceives and system eos befoe use. P P P 1 P -P 1 t 1 t t t 4.1 Calibating consistence of two eceives Fig. 1. Deviation of zeo-cossing fom peak position. The key of deviation is the diffeent amplitude of echo signals fom two eceives. Theefoe, gain contol cicuit (GCC) is used in the system, shown in Fig. 13. Fist, a unifom diffuse eflecto is placed in font of the system as the taget. Second, diffeential distance is located pecisely by pecision stage. Meanwhile, amplitude of the echo signals fom two eceives can be obtained. Thid, the gain of detectos ae adjusted by GCC until the two echo signals ae the same. The calibation of two eceives is finished. Accoding to the pocess, the eo esulting fom diffeent echo signal amplitude is avoided. # $15.00 USD Received 11 Nov 013; evised 13 Dec 013; accepted 16 Dec 013; published 3 Jan 014 (C) 014 OSA 13 Januay 014 Vol., No. 1 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 574
13 Lase TL BS1 Position B APD B P 1 Gain contol cicuit B O A BS RL A Unifom diffuse eflecto Position A Gain contol cicuit APD A P 4. Calibating systematic eo Fig. 13. Pincipal of calibating inconsistence of two eceives. Systematic eos include delay of inne optical-path, delayed-esponse of stat signal and stop signal, etc., should be calibated. Fistly, put a taget plane in font of the system and the ange R 0 is measued by anothe ange finde with highe accuacy than the system based on diffeential optical-path. Secondly, accoding to the nominal ange of taget R 0, the time-offlight (TOF) is obtain by t = R 0 /c. Meanwhile, the system based on diffeential optical-path acquies the TOF t. Finally, the system eo can be calculated by t - t, and calibation of system eo is finished. In egula wok condition, the system eo should be subtacted fom the TOF acquied by the system based on diffeential optical-path. 5. Conclusion In this pape, a novel pulsed-lase ange finding system based on diffeential optical-path is poposed, and the mathematical models ae developed and veified. Two eceives ae used to fom diffeential optical-path, and backgound powe is suppessed effectively by subtacting both echo signals. Meanwhile, the position of zeo coss is not affected by pulse boadening. Based on the poposed system, some simulations ae caied out, including modeling veification, factos affecting sensitivity of zeo coss, compaison of SNR between two methods. Some conclusions ae achieved. (1) The model based on diffeential optical-path is veified, in which peak discimination tansfom into detecting zeo coss. () Effects fom backgound powe can be suppessed. (3) Zeo coss is not affected by echo boadening. (4) Compaed with the SNR of two methods, poposed method is moe suitable than taditional method in long-ange finding and lage tilt angle of taget. (5) No matte what the tilt angle of taget is, it always has optimal sensitivity of zeo coss as long as d = cτ and thee is an ovelap between two echoes. Acknowledgments This eseach was suppoted by the gant fom the National Natual Science Foundation of China (No and No ), Reseach Fund fo the Doctoal Pogam of Highe Education of China ( ). # $15.00 USD Received 11 Nov 013; evised 13 Dec 013; accepted 16 Dec 013; published 3 Jan 014 (C) 014 OSA 13 Januay 014 Vol., No. 1 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 575
UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION OF SIZE-OF-SOURCE EFFECT MEASUREMENT FOR 650 NM RADIATION THERMOMETERS
XIX IMEKO Wold Congess Fundamental and Applied Metology Septembe 6 11, 29, Lisbon, Potugal UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION OF SIZE-OF-SOURCE EFFECT MEASUREMENT FOR 65 NM RADIATION THERMOMETERS Fumihio Sakuma, Laina
More informationAntenna fundamentals: With answers to questions and problems (See also Chapter 9 in the textbook.)
adio Technology Metopolia/A. Koivumäki Antenna fundamentals: With answes to questions and poblems (See also Chapte 9 in the textbook.) 1. a) Make up a definition fo the tem "antenna". Answe: One definition:
More informationSchool of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University. ECE 303: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves. Fall 2007
School of Electical and Compute Engineeing, Conell Univesity ECE 303: Electomagnetic Fields and Waves Fall 007 Homewok 1 Due on Nov. 8, 007 by 5:00 PM Reading Assignments: i) Review the lectue notes. ii)
More informationAn Efficient Control Approach for DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter
2016 Published in 4th Intenational Symposium on Innovative Technologies in Engineeing and Science 3-5 Novembe 2016 (ISITES2016 Alanya/Antalya - Tukey) An Efficient Contol Appoach fo DC-DC Buck-Boost Convete
More informationDesign of A Circularly Polarized E-shaped Patch Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for 2.4 GHz WLAN Applications
VNU Jounal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 31, No. 2 (2015) 1-7 Design of A Ciculaly Polaized E-shaped Patch Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth fo 2.4 GHz WLAN Applications Hong Van Tam 1, Luong
More informationONE-WAY RADAR EQUATION / RF PROPAGATION
ONE-WAY RADAR EQUATION / RF PROPAGATION The one-way (tansmitte to eceive) ada equation is deived in this section. This equation is most commonly used in RWR o ESM type of applications. The following is
More informationParameters of spinning AM reticles
Paametes of spinning AM eticles onald G. Digges, Cal E. Halfod, and Glenn D. Boeman A new method of obtaining amplitude modulation (AM) fo detemining taget location with spinning eticles is pesented. The
More informationExperimental Investigation of Influence on Non-destructive Testing by Form of Eddy Current Sensor Probe
Expeimental Investigation of Influence on Non-destuctive Testing by Fom of Eddy Cuent Senso Pobe Fengyun Xie * and Jihui Zhou School of Mechanical and Electonical Engineeing, East China Jiaotong Univesity,
More informationLow-Complexity Time-Domain SNR Estimation for OFDM Systems
Low-Complexity Time-Domain SR Estimation fo OFDM Systems A. jaz, A.B. Awoseyila and B.G. Evans A low-complexity SR estimation algoithm fo OFDM systems in fequency-selective fading channels is poposed.
More informationA New Method of VHF Antenna Gain Measurement Based on the Two-ray Interference Loss
7 nd Intenational Confeence on Atificial Intelligence and Engineeing Applications (AIEA 7) ISBN: 978--6595-485- A New Method of VH Antenna Gain Measuement Based on the Two-ay Intefeence Loss ZHIEI YANG,
More informationThe Periodic Ambiguity Function Its Validity and Value
The Peiodic Ambiguity Function Its Validity and Value Nadav Levanon Dept. of Electical Engineeing Systems Tel Aviv Univesity Tel Aviv, Isael nadav@eng.tau.ac.il Abstact The peiodic ambiguity function (PAF)
More informationAnalysis of the optimized low-nonlinearity lateral effect sensing detector
Jounal of hysics: Confeence Seies Analysis of the optimized low-nonlineaity lateal effect sensing detecto To cite this aticle: Saeed Olyaee et al J. hys.: Conf. Se. 76 4 Related content - Neual netwok
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 100 (2015 )
Available online at www.sciencediect.com ScienceDiect Pocedia Engineeing 1 (215 ) 1 14 25th DAAAM Intenational Symposium on Intelligent Manufactuing and Automation DAAAM 214 Measuement of Complex Pemittivity
More informationwhere and are polynomials with real coefficients and of degrees m and n, respectively. Assume that and have no zero on axis.
function whee is an unknown constant epesents fo the un-modeled dynamics The pape investigates the position contol of electical moto dives that can be configued as stuctue of Fig 1 This poblem is fomulated
More informationDesign of FIR Filter using Filter Response Masking Technique
Design of FIR Filte using Filte Response Masking Technique Sandeep Shivastava, Alok Jain, Ram Kuma Soni Abstact- In this pape autho is tying to implement Fequency esponse masking (FRM) technique. In this
More informationA New Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter of High Efficiency by Soft Switching Technique
A New Buck-Boost D/D onvete of High Efficiency by Soft Switching Technique Dong-Kul Kwak, Seung-Ho Lee, and Do-Young Jung Pofessional Gaduate School of Disaste Pevention, Kangwon National Univesity, 45-711,
More informationOptimal Design of Smart Mobile Terminal Antennas for Wireless Communication and Computing Systems
Optimal Design of Smat Mobile Teminal Antennas fo Wieless Communication and Computing Systems Autho Lu, Junwei, Yang, Shiyou Published 2007 Confeence Title 2007 4th Intenational Symposium on Electomagnetic
More informationOptic Cable Tracking and Positioning Method Based on Distributed Optical Fiber Vibration Sensing
08 5th Intenational Confeence on Electical & Electonics Engineeing and Compute Science (ICEEECS 08) Optic Cable Tacking and Positioning Method Based on Distibuted Optical Fibe Vibation Sensing Zhang Chao,
More informationFigure Geometry for Computing the Antenna Parameters.
Spheical Coodinate Systems Definitions Figue 1.2.1 Geomety fo Computing the Antenna Paametes. Antenna Radiation Patten: The distibution of adiated enegy fom an antenna ove a suface of constant adius centeed
More informationAnalysis and Implementation of LLC Burst Mode for Light Load Efficiency Improvement
Analysis and Implementation of LLC Bust Mode fo Light Load Efficiency Impovement Bin Wang, Xiaoni Xin, Stone Wu, Hongyang Wu, Jianping Ying Delta Powe Electonics Cente 238 Minxia Road, Caolu Industy Zone,
More informationThe Experimental Study of Possibility for Radar Target Detection in FSR Using L1-Based Non-Cooperative Transmitter
The Expeimental Study of Possibility fo Rada Taget Detection in FSR Using L1-Based on-coopeative Tansmitte Ch. Kabakchiev 1, I. Gavanov, V. Beha 3, H. Rohling 4 1 Faculty of Mathematics & Infomatics,Sofia
More informationDesign and Characterization of Conformal Microstrip Antennas Integrated into 3D Orthogonal Woven Fabrics
Design and Chaacteization of Confomal Micostip Antennas Integated into 3D Othogonal Woven Fabics Xin Wang 1, Lan Yao 1, Fujun Xu 2, Dongchun Zhou 1, Yiping Qiu 1 1 College of Textiles, Donghua Univesity,
More information1 Performance and Cost
Pefomance and Cost Analysis and Reseach of Ai-Cooled Using Small Diamete Coppe Tubes Wu Yang, Li Changsheng and Deng Bin Abstact Replacing coppe tubes with aluminum tubes and using coppe tubes with smalle
More informationEfficient Power Control for Broadcast in Wireless Communication Systems
Efficient Powe Contol fo Boadcast in Wieless Communication Systems A. T. Chonopoulos Compute Science Depatment Univesity of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX Email:atc@cs.utsa.edu P. Cotae Depatment
More informationHYBRID FUZZY PD CONTROL OF TEMPERATURE OF COLD STORAGE WITH PLC
Jounal of Theoetical and Applied Infomation Technology 28 th Febuay 2013. Vol. 48 No.3 2005-2013 JATIT & LLS. All ights eseved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.og E-ISSN: 1817-3195 HYBRID FUZZY PD CONTROL OF
More informationOTA MEASUREMENTS OF SMALL RADIO TERMINALS BY A SPHEROIDAL COUPLER
EUROPEAN COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH EURO-COST SOURCE: Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan COST1 TD(1)16 Bologna, Italy 1/Nov/3-5 OTA MEASUREMENTS OF SMALL RADIO TERMINALS
More informationN2-1. The Voltage Source. V = ε ri. The Current Source
DC Cicuit nalysis The simplest cicuits to undestand and analyze ae those that cay diect cuent (DC). n this note we continue ou study of DC cicuits with the topics of DC voltage and cuent souces, the idea
More informationNear-field Computation and. Uncertainty Estimation using Basic. Cylindrical-Spherical Formulae
Nea-field Computation and Uncetainty Estimation using Basic Cylindical-Spheical Fomulae Poject... IEC 63 Subject... Basic Nea-Field Computation Document numbe... N/A Revision... 3 Autho... F.D. du Plessis
More informationCyclic Constellation Mapping Method for PAPR Reduction in OFDM system
2013 8th Intenational Confeence on Communications and Netwoking in China (CHINACOM) Cyclic Constellation Mapping Method fo PAPR Reduction in OFDM system Yong Cheng, Jianhua Ge, Jun Hou, and Fengkui Gong
More informationABSTRACTT FFT FFT-' Proc. of SPIE Vol U-1
Phase econstuction stategies in phase-locking system based on multi-apetue wave font sensos P.A. Semenov, S.D. Pol skikh Shvabe-Reseach, Moscow, Russian Fedeation; e-mail: pite@bk.u ABSTRACTT System of
More informationAnalysis of a Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna
124 Analysis of a Factal Micostip Patch Antenna Vibha Rani Gupta and Nisha Gupta* Bila Institute of Technology, Mesa, Ranchi-835215, Jhakhand, India. vgupta@bitmesa.ac.in, ngupta@bitmesa.ac.in Abstact-
More informationVTU NOTES QUESTION PAPERS NEWS VTU RESULTS FORUM BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP UNIT-4
NTENN & PROPGTION 6EC6 1EC6 UNIT- Unit : Loop and Hon ntenna: Intoduction, small loop, compaison of fa field of small loop and shot dipole, loop antenna geneal case, fa field pattens of cicula loop, adiation
More informationJournal of Applied Science and Agriculture
Jounal of Applied Science and Agicultue, 9(16) Octobe 214, Pages: 1-15 AENSI Jounals Jounal of Applied Science and Agicultue ISSN 1816-9112 Jounal home page: www.aensiweb.com/jasa A Design of New Bluetooth
More informationWireless Communication (Subject Code: 7EC3)
COMPUCOM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, JAIPUR (DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION) Notes Wieless Communication (Subject Code: 7EC3) Pepaed By: LOKESH KUMAR ARYA Class: B. Tech. IV Yea, VII
More informationLAAS/GBAS Ground Reference Antenna With Enhanced Mitigation of Ground Multipath
LAAS/BAS ound Refeence Antenna With Enhanced Mitigation of ound Multipath Alfed R Lopez, BAE Systems BIORAPHY Alfed R Lopez is a Life Fellow of the IEEE He is a Hazeltine Fellow and Engineeing Fellow with
More informationAbsolute calibration of null correctors using twin computer-generated holograms
Absolute calibation of null coectos using twin compute-geneated hologams Poteep C.V. Mallik a, Rene Zehnde a, James H. Buge a, Alexande Poleshchuk b a College of Optical Sciences, The Univesity of Aizona,
More informationShort-Circuit Fault Protection Strategy of Parallel Three-phase Inverters
Shot-Cicuit Fault Potection Stategy of Paallel Thee-phase Invetes Hongliang Wang, Membe, IEEE, Xuejun Pei, Membe, IEEE, Yu Chen, Membe, IEEE,Yong Kang College of Electical and Electonics Engineeing Huazhong
More informationOptimization of the law of variation of shunt regulator impedance for Proximity Contactless Smart Card Applications to reduce the loading effect.
Optimization of the law of vaiation of shunt egulato impedance fo Poximity Contactless Smat Cad Applications to educe the loading effect. Catheine Maechal, Dominique Paet. Laboatoie LIT ESIGETEL, ue du
More informationOPTIMUM MEDIUM ACCESS TECHNIQUE FOR NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS SYSTEMS
9 th Febuay. Vol. 3 No. 5 - JATIT & LLS. All ights eseved. ISSN: 99-5 www.jatit.og E-ISSN: 7-395 OPTIMUM MEDIUM ACCESS TECHNIQUE FOR NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS SYSTEMS N.AMUTHA PRABHA, V.MANIANDAN VIT UNIVERSITY,
More informationDemosaicking using Adaptive Bilateral Filters
Demosaicking using Adaptive Bilateal Filtes Ekine Akuiyibo Timothy Atobatele EE 362, Winte 2006 0. Abstact Digital cameas sample the continuous spectum using an aay of colo filtes such that each pixel
More informationECE 6640 Digital Communications
ECE 6640 Digital Communications D. Badley J. Bazuin Assistant ofesso Depatment of Electical and Compute Engineeing College of Engineeing and Applied Sciences Chapte 5 5. Communications Link Analysis. 1.
More informationDesign of guided shell inclination measurement and display system. based-on MEMS accelerometer
ey Engineeing Mateials Online: 2014-04-09 ISSN: 1662-9795, Vols. 609-610, pp 1040-1045 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/em.609-610.1040 2014 ans ech Publications, Switzeland Design of guided shell inclination
More informationChamber Influence Estimation for Radiated Emission Testing in the Frequency Range of 1 GHz to 18 GHz
Chambe Influence Estimation fo Radiated Emission Testing in the Fequency Range of 1 GHz to 18 GHz Alexande Kiz Electomagnetic Compatibility and RF-Engineeing ARC eibesdof eseach GmbH eibesdof, Austia alexande.kiz@acs.ac.at
More informationVLSI Implementation of Low Complexity MIMO Detection Algorithms
, Impact Facto :.643 eissn : 349-000 & pissn : 394-4544 Intenational Jounal of Reseach and Applications (Ap-Jun 015 Tansactions) (6): 309-313 Intenational Confeence on Emeging Tends in Electonics & Telecommunications
More informationAnti-Forensics of Chromatic Aberration
Anti-Foensics of Chomatic Abeation Owen Maye and Matthew C. Stamm Dept. of Electical and Compute Engineeing, Dexel Univesity, Philadelphia, PA, USA ABSTRACT Ove the past decade, a numbe of infomation foensic
More informationAnalysis and Design of a 1MHz LLC Resonant Converter with Coreless Transformer Driver
Analysis and Design of a MHz C Resonant Convete with Coeless Tansfome Dive Mingping Mao, Dimita Tchobanov, Dong i 3, Matin Maez.,Tongji Univesity, Siping Rd 39, 9 Shanghai -China., Faunhofe Institute of
More information77 GHz ACC Radar Simulation Platform
77 GHz ACC Rada Simulation Platfom Camilla Känfelt, Alain Péden, Ali Bazzi, Ghayath El Haj Shhadé, Mohamad Abbas, Thiey Chonavel and Fantz Bodeeau Abstact The development of a system simulation platfom
More informationPERFORMANCE OF TOA ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES IN INDOOR MULTIPATH CHANNELS
PERFORMANCE OF TOA ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES IN INDOOR MULTIPATH CHANNELS Xinong Li, Kaveh Pahlavan, and Jacques Beneat Cente fo Wiele Infomation Netwo Studies Electical and Compute Engineeing Depatment, Woceste
More informationDesign of an LLC Resonant Converter Using Genetic Algorithm
Design of an LLC Resonant Convete Using Genetic Algoithm H. H. Nien, C. K. Huang, S. K. Changchien, C. H Chan Dept. of Electical Engineeing, Chienkuo Technology Univesity E-mail: nien@ctu.edu.tw Dept,
More informationSliding Mode Control for Half-Wave Zero Current Switching Quasi-Resonant Buck Converter
Sliding Mode Contol fo Half-Wave Zeo Cuent Switching Quasi-Resonant Buck Convete M. Ahmed, Student membe, IEEE, M. Kuisma, P. Silventoinen Abstact This pape focuses on the pactical implementation of sliding
More informationChapter 9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors
Chapte 9 Cascode Stages and Cuent Mios 9. Cascode Stage 9. Cuent Mios CH 9 Cascode Stages and Cuent Mios Boosted Output Impedances S O S m out E O E m out g g Bipola Cascode Stage [ g ( )] out m O O O
More informationCORNER TRUNCATED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
CORNER TRUNCATED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA Nazia Hasan 1, D.S.C.Gupta 2 1 Student ECE Deptt. UTU Dehadun,Uttaakhand Technical Univesity, Dehadun(India) 2 ECE Deptt. DIT Dehadun,Dehadun Institute of Technology
More informationFault severity diagnosis of rolling element bearings based on kurtogram and envelope analysis
Fault seveity diagnosis of olling element beaings based on kutogam and envelope analysis Fengshou Gu, Xiange Tian, Zhi Chen, Tie Wang, Ibahim Rehab and Andew Ball Abstact Faults in olling element beaing
More informationDevelopment of Corona Ozonizer Using High Voltage Controlling of Produce Ozone Gas for Cleaning in Cage
Moden Envionmental Science and Engineeing (ISSN 333-58) July 07, Volume 3, No. 7, pp. 505-509 Doi: 0.534/mese(333-58)/07.03.07/0 Academic Sta Publishing Company, 07 www.academicsta.us Development of Coona
More informationStatement of Works Data Template Version: 4.0 Date:
Statement of Woks Data Template Vesion: 4.0 Date: 16.08.17 This Statement of Woks (SoW) Data Template is to be completed by Distibution Netwok Opeatos (DNOs) in ode to povide National Gid the equied data
More informationSynopsis of Technical Report: Designing and Specifying Aspheres for Manufacturability By Jay Kumler
OPTI 51 Synopsis (Gad Requiement #1) G. Desoches Synopsis of Technical Repot: Designing and Specifying Asphees fo Manufactuability By Jay Kumle Novembe 1, 007 Reviewed by: Gead Desoches Abstact Since asphees
More informationDiscussion #7 Example Problem This problem illustrates how Fourier series are helpful tools for analyzing electronic circuits. Often in electronic
Discussion #7 Example Poblem This poblem illustates how Fouie seies ae helpful tools fo analyzing electonic cicuits. Often in electonic cicuits we need sinusoids of vaious fequencies But we may aleady
More informationJune 2012 Volume 1, Issue 3 Article #07
Scholas www.setscholas.og Knowledge is Powe June 2012 Volume 1, Issue 3 Aticle #07 IJASETR Reseach Pape ISSN: 1839-7239 Modeling of themal adiation in the intenal sections of a Thee-phase AC electical
More information1550 nm WDM read-out of volume holographic memory
55 nm WDM ead-out of volume hologaphic memoy Maia Chiaa Ubaldi *, Piepaolo Boffi, Davide Piccinin *, Elisabetta Flavia Rondinella and Maio Matinelli * CoeCom, Via Ampee 3, 23 Milano-Italy * Also with Dept.
More informationChapter 2 Instrumentation for Analytical Electron Microscopy Lecture 6. Chapter 2 CHEM 793, 2011 Fall
Chapte Instumentation fo Analytical Electon Micoscopy Lectue 6 Chapte CHEM 793, 011 Fall Outline Electon Souces (Electon Guns) Themionic: La 6 o W Field emission gun: cold o Schottky Lenses Focusing Abeation
More informationTHE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
THE UNIESITY OF NEW SOUTH WAES School of Electical Engineeing & Telecommunications EE97 POWE EETONIS FO ENEWABE AND DISTIBUTED GENEATION EXAMINATION Session (Supplementay Exam) TIME AOWED: 3 hous TOTA
More informationDiagnosis method of radiated emission from battery management system for electric vehicle
Available online at www.sciencediect.com ScienceDiect Enegy Pocedia 88 (2016 ) 662 667 CUE2015-Applied Enegy Symposium and Summit 2015: Low cabon cities and uban enegy systems Diagnosis method of adiated
More informationNICKEL RELEASE REGULATIONS, EN 1811:2011 WHAT S NEW?
NICKEL RELEASE REGULATIONS, EN 1811:2011 WHAT S NEW? BACKGROUND: EN 1811 is the intenationally ecognised test method which was devised almost 12 yeas ago to detemine the ate of nickel elease fom jewelley,
More informationLocalization Algorithm for a mobile robot using igs
Poceedings of the 17th Wold Congess The Intenational Fedeation of Automatic Contol Seoul, Koea, July 6-11, 008 Localization Algoithm fo a mobile obot using igs DaeGeun Seo *, JangMyung Lee** * Electical
More informationChannel Modelling ETIM10. Fading Statistical description of the wireless channel
Channel Modelling ETIM10 Lectue no: 3 Fading Statistical desciption of the wieless channel Ghassan Dahman \ Fedik Tufvesson Depatment of Electical and Infomation Technology Lund Univesity, Sweden 013-01-8
More informationECE 6640 Digital Communications
ECE 6640 Digital Communications D. Badley J. Bazuin Assistant ofesso Depatment of Electical and Compute Engineeing College of Engineeing and Applied Sciences Chapte 5 5. Communications Link Analysis. 1.
More informationWall Compensation for Ultra Wideband Applications
64 A. MUQAIBEL, N. IYA, U. JOHAR, WALL COMPENSATION FOR ULTRA WIDEBAND APPLICATIONS Wall Compensation fo Ulta Wideband Applications Ali H. MUQAIBEL, Nuuddeen M. IYA, Uma M. JOHAR Dept. of Electical Engineeing,
More informationOptimised Wireless Network Using Smart Mobile Terminal Antenna (SMTA) System
Optimised Wieless Netwok Using Smat Mobile Teminal Antenna (SMTA) System Autho Lu, Junwei, Sciven, Ian, Wate, Wayne Published 2010 Confeence Title Poceedings of IEEE APEMC2010 DOI https://doi.og/10.1109/apemc.2010.5475858
More informationDiscrepancies Between Euclidean and Spherical Trigonometry. David Eigen
Discepancies Between Euclidean and Spheical Tigonomety David Eigen 1 Non-Euclidean geomety is geomety that is not based on the postulates of Euclidean geomety. The five postulates of Euclidean geomety
More informationHexagonal Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna for Satellite and Military Applications
Intenational Jounal of Engineeing and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 49 8958, Volume-7 Issue-5, June 08 Hexagonal Shaped Micostip Patch Antenna fo Satellite and Militay Applications Jayaenjini N, Unni
More informationComparison Between Known Propagation Models Using Least Squares Tuning Algorithm on 5.8 GHz in Amazon Region Cities
106 Compaison Between Known Popagation Models Using Least Squaes Tuning Algoithm on 5.8 GHz in Amazon Region Cities Buno S. L. Casto, Mácio R. Pinheio, Gevásio P. S. Cavalcante Fedeal Univesity of Paá
More informationPerformance Analysis of Z-Source Inverter Considering Inductor Resistance
Pefomance Analysis of Z-Souce Invete Consideing Inducto Resistance Fatma A. Khea * and Essam Eddin M. Rashad ** Electic Powe and Machines Engineeing Depatment, Faculty of Engineeing, anta Univesity, anta,
More informationDESIGN AND PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR GSM APPLICATION
DESIGN AND PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR GSM APPLICATION RAHUL T. DAHATONDE, SHANKAR B. DEOSARKAR Dept. of E & TC, D. Babasaheb Ambedka Technological Univesity, Lonee,
More informationElectrical characterization of thin film ferroelectric capacitors
1 Electical chaacteization of thin film feoelectic capacitos M. P. J. Tiggelman, K. Reimann, M. Klee, D. Beelen, W. Keu, J. Schmitz, and R. J. E. Hueting Abstact Tunable capacitos can be used to facilitate
More informationBidirectional Contactless Power Transfer System Expandable from Unidirectional System
Bidiectional Contactless Powe Tansfe ystem Epandable fom Unidiectional ystem oichio Naadachi*, higeu Mochizui*, ho aaino*, Yasuyoshi Kaneo*, higeu Abe*, Tomio Yasuda** *aitama Univesity, aitama, Japan
More informationOptimal Eccentricity of a Low Permittivity Integrated Lens for a High-Gain Beam-Steering Antenna
EuCAP 2011 - Convened Papes Optimal Eccenticity of a Low Pemittivity Integated Lens fo a High-Gain Beam-Steeing Antenna Aki Kattunen #, Juha Ala-Lauinaho #, Ronan Sauleau +, Antti V. Räisänen # # Aalto
More informationAn Ultra Low Power Segmented Digital-to-Analog Converter
An Ulta Low Powe Segmented Digital-to-Analog onvete Manoj Kuma Univesity Institute of Engineeing and Technology, Mahashi Dayanand Univesity, Rohtak-4, Hayana, India. Raj Kuma Pofesso and Diecto, Mata Raj
More informationExperiments with the HoloEye LCD spatial light modulator
Expeiments with the HoloEye LCD spatial light modulato HoloEye model LC00 spatial light modulato The HoloEye (http://www.holoeye.com/spatial_light_modulato_lc_00.html) LC 00 Spatial Light Modulato (SLM)
More informationInvestigation. Name: a About how long would the threaded rod need to be if the jack is to be stored with
Think Unit bout 6 This Lesson Situation 1 Investigation 1 Name: Think about the design and function of this automobile jack. Use the uto Jack custom tool to test ou ideas. a bout how long would the theaded
More informationNear-field emission prediction of CESAME
Nea-field emission pediction of CESAME E. Sicad, S. Ben Dhia, E. Lamoueux INSA-GEI, 135 Av de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse Fance B. Vignon, L. Couau ST Micoelectonics, Cental R&D Colles, Fance Contact : etienne.sicad@insa-toulouse.f
More informationProposal of Circuit Breaker Type Disconnector for Surge Protective Device
Poposal of Cicuit Beake Type Disconnecto fo Suge Potective Device MASAO SHIBAYAMA, HITOSHI KIJIMA Polytechnic Univesity 2-32-1 Ogawanishi, Kodaia, Tokyo, 187-0035 JAPAN hkijima@uitec.ac.jp Abstact: - A
More informationScienceDirect. Simplified Generation of Electromagnetic Field within EMC Immunity Test Area
Available online at www.sciencediect.com ScienceDiect Pocedia Engineeing 69 ( 014 ) 7 34 4th DAAAM Intenational Symposium on Intelligent Manufactuing and Automation, 013 Simplified Geneation of Electomagnetic
More informationISSN: [Reddy & Rao* et al., 5(12): December, 2016] Impact Factor: 4.116
IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY SIMULATION COMPARISONS OF INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE WITH ESTIMATOR AND PLL V. Nasi Reddy *, S. Kishnajuna Rao*, S.Nagenda Kuma * Assistant
More informationSEA SURFACE ALTIMETRY BASED ON AIRBORNE GNSS SIGNAL MEASUREMENTS
IP Annals of the Photogammety, emote ensing and patial Infomation ciences, Volume I-7, XXII IP Congess, 5 August eptembe, Melboune, Austalia EA UFACE ALTIMETY BAED ON AIBONE GN IGNAL MEAUEMENT K. Yu, C.
More informationInternational Journal of Engineering Research-Online A Peer Reviewed International Journal Articles available online
A Pee Reviewed Intenational Jounal Aticles available online http://www.ijoe.in REVIEW ARTICLE ISSN: 2321-7758 GAIN ENHANCEMENT OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA USING SQUARE ARRAY RAHUL GUPTA 1, BRIJESH DHAKKAR 2,GARIMA
More informationMultiagent Reinforcement Learning Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radios
Sensos & Tansduces 204 by IFSA Publishing, S L http://wwwsensospotalcom Multiagent Reinfocement Leaning Dynamic Spectum Access in Cognitive Radios Wu Chun, 2 Yin Mingyong, 2 Ma Shaoliang, Jiang Hong School
More informationStudy and Design of Dual Frequency High Gain and Conformal Microstrip Patch Antenna
, pp.236-243 http://dx.doi.og/10.14257/astl.2017.147.33 Study and Design of Dual Fequency High Gain and Confomal Micostip Patch Antenna S. Auna 1, K. Sinivasa Naik 2, J. Ramesh 2 and D. Madhu 2 1 Andha
More informationSmall Loop Antenna and Duality Theorem
Small Loop Antenna and Duality Theoem Page 1 Small Loop Antenna and Duality Theoem Having studied the ideal electic dipole we now tun ou attention to an inteesting antenna closely elated to the electic
More informationPublished in: International Journal of Material Forming. Document Version: Peer reviewed version
A Vitual Inspection Technique fo Assessing the Dimensional Accuacy of Foged Compesso Blades Using FE Modeling and CMM Inspection Makem, J., Ou, H., Amstong, C., Rennie, A., & Nikov, S. (2008). A Vitual
More informationController Design of Discrete Systems by Order Reduction Technique Employing Differential Evolution Optimization Algorithm
Contolle Design of Discete Systems by Ode Reduction Technique Employing Diffeential Evolution Optimization Algoithm J. S. Yadav, N. P. Patida, and J. Singhai Abstact One of the main objectives of ode eduction
More informationECEN326: Electronic Circuits Fall 2017
ECEN36: Electonic Cicuits Fall 07 Lectue 4: Cascode Stages and Cuent Mios Sam Palemo Analog & Mixed-Signal Cente Texas A&M Univesity Announcements HW3 due 0/4 Exam 0/9 9:0-0:0 (0 exta minutes) Closed book
More informationMicrowave Finite Element Modeling Applications to Coupled Electromagnetic-Thermal Problems and Characterization of Dielectric Materials
Micowave Finite Element Modeling Applications to Coupled Electomagnetic-Themal Poblems and Chaacteization of Dielectic Mateials Hulusi Acikgoz, Yann Le Bihan, Olivie Meye, and Lionel Pichon Laboatoie de
More informationMinimizing Ringing and Crosstalk
Minimizing Ringing and Cosstalk By Glen Dash, Ampyx LLC, GlenDash at alum.mit.edu Copyight 1998, 26 Ampyx LLC When viewed on a schematic, a wie is just a wie. Howeve, when isetimes shink to a few nanoseconds
More informationDesign and Implementation of 4 - QAM VLSI Architecture for OFDM Communication
Design and Implementation of 4 - QAM VLSI Achitectue fo OFDM Communication R. Achitha 1, S. Bhagyalakshmi 2, V. Jaya Suthi 3, D. T. Menakadevi 4 U.G. Students, Depatment of ECE, Adhiyamaan College of Engineeing,
More informationKey Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, China Earthquake Administration, China
Shake Table Test fo Lage Indiect-Ai-Cooling Towe Stuctue of Fie Powe Plant Pat I Junwu DAI, Yongqiang YANG & Xuan WNG Key Laboatoy of athquake ngineeing and ngineeing Vibation, China athquake Administation,
More informationOn Solving TM 0n Modal Excitation in a Ka-Band Overmoded Circular Waveguide by the Conservation of Complex Power Technique
8 JOURNL OF ELECTRONIC SCIENCE ND TECHNOLOGY OF CHIN, VOL. 7, NO., JUNE 9 On Solving TM n Modal Excitation in a Ka-and Ovemoded Cicula Waveguide by the Consevation of Complex Powe Technique Feng Lan, Xi
More informationSpectrum Sharing between Public Safety and Commercial Users in 4G-LTE
1 Spectum Shaing between Public Safety and Commecial Uses in 4G-LTE Haya Shajaiah, Ahmed Abdel-Hadi and Chales Clancy Badley Depatment of Electical and Compute Engineeing Viginia Tech, Alington, VA, 22203,
More informationERROR ESTIMATIONS IN CYLINDRICAL NEAR FIELD SYSTEM FOR LARGE RADAR ANTENNAS
ERROR ESTIMATIONS IN CYLINDRICAL NEAR FIELD SYSTEM FOR LARGE RADAR ANTENNAS S. Bugos (), F. Matín (), M. Siea-Castañe () and J.L.Besada () () Gupo de Radiación. Dpto. de Señales, Sistemas y Radiocomunicaciones.
More information51. IWK Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium International Scientific Colloquium
51. IWK Intenationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium Intenational Scientific Colloquium PROCEEDINGS 11-15 Septembe 26 FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND
More informationcos s Presentation Layout HIGH ACCURACY REAL-TIME DAM MONITORING USING LOW COST GPS EQUIPMENT
HIGH ACCURACY REAL-TIME DAM MONITORING USING LOW COST GPS EQUIPMENT Pesentation Layout GPS in Engineeing Monitoing. GPS Caie Phase Multipath Eo Multipath Sideeal-day Coection Technique Poposed Technique
More information