ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER ANALOG INPUT
|
|
- Geraldine Bruce
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ANALOG INPUT Analog input involves sensing an electrical signal from some source external to the computer. This signal is generated as a result of some changing physical phenomenon such as air pressure, temperature, ph, vibration, etc. This signal is usually not the well defined on/off voltage you have studied in the digital section, but a voltage that changes continuously with time. As you know, the computer can only deal with digital signals, therefore, a process called Analog to Digital Conversion is used. This process is divided into a number of steps including: generation of the signal by a device we will refer to as a transducer or sensor, amplification or conditioning of the signal if needed, changing the analog signal to a digital signal that the computer can read and, repeating if necessary. The digital signal is composed of discrete voltages which are represented by the binary numbers 0 and 1. These digits are usually organized into groups called bytes or words A magnetic microphone generating an electrical signal is an example of an analog signal. The next illustration is an expanded view of this concept. ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER The analog to digital converter (ADC) is the heart of the sensing system. The modern ADC is usually a twenty pin integrated circuit (chip). This chip, along with supporting circuitry, is on an 1
2 interface card that plugs into the expansion slot of a computer or in a stand alone system that connects to the serial port. Analog to digital converters exist in a variety of configurations which determines their use. The most import characteristics that differentiate one ADC from another are resolution and speed. Other parameters such as voltage range and type (serial or parallel) are also factors that have to be considered. RESOLUTION You have probably seen metre sticks in a science lab that have a different scale on each side. One scale may be divided into centimetres and the other millimetres. If you are measuring the length of a room for some purpose, the centimetre side is adequate. If you wish to measure the diameter of a pencil, clearly this scale is useless. The millimetre side has a higher resolution and will give a more accurate measurement. The resolution of the ADC chip defines the smallest change in the input signal that can be measured accurately. Resolution is usually stated in bits. The number of bits (remember binary digit) is the number of consecutive 0's and 1's that the chip can manipulate at one time. Generally speaking, the greater the number of bits the ADC is rated at, the finer the resolution of the input signal. We can look at this concept more closely by comparing two of the more common ADC chips, one rated at 8 bits and the other at 12 bits. The 8 bit chip can resolve the input signal range into 2 8 or 256 parts. Most ADC chips operate over a voltage range of 0 to 5 volts. Therefore the finest resolution of this chip would be 5 V 256 = V or 20 millivolts per division. By comparison, the 12 bit chip can resolve the input into 2 12 = 4096 parts. Again, 5 V 4096 =.0012 V or 1.2 mv per division. This may seem a bit confusing, therefore we will use a practical example. Consider that the voltage from a temperature sensor changes as the temperature goes up and down. This electronic thermometer is being used to measure a temperature range from 1 to 256 degrees Celsius. The 8 bit ADC can resolve the temperature range into 1 degree divisions. To prove this, consider the following calculation. Remember, the 8 bit can have 256 divisions. In terms of percent, 1 out of 256 works out to be.39%. Therefore. if we calculate.39% of 256 we will get 1 degree, which is the finest division of our thermometer. However if we used a 12 bit ADC we can get a resolution of 1 part in 4096 which works out to be 0.024% of the full scale. If we calculate 0.024% of 256 degrees, we get about.06 degrees as the finest division on our thermometer. What would be the finest division on our thermometer if we used a 16 bit ADC? Many of the interface cards used in high school science labs are 12 bit. The finer the resolution of the chips, the higher the cost. An 8 bit chip can be purchased for as little as $5.00, while a 12 bit may cost $20.00 or more.. 2
3 SPEED The second important characteristic of the Analog to Digital converter is the speed at which the chip can take samples of the input signal. This is called the sample rate and is measured in Hertz (samples per second). A sample is taken when the ADC determines the value of a given voltage (waveform) at a particular instant in time (this process is also called digitizing). An ADC with a speed of 25 kilohertz can sample an input signal 25 thousand times per second. The sample rate is determined by a characteristic called conversion time. This is the time it takes the ADC to convert the input voltage into the equivalent digital byte or word when commanded by the computer. The quicker the conversion time, the more samples that can be taken of a changing voltage. This is not important if you are sampling the atmospheric pressure every half hour but it becomes crucial when analyzing a fast changing signal such as a sound wave. An ADC that has a conversion time of 50 s (microseconds) has a sample rate ( frequency) of 20,000 hertz. This is calculated by using the following equation: If you have taken a Physics course this equation will be familiar as the relation between frequency and period. Again we will look at an example to illustrate this characteristic. The following is the actual output of a 12 bit ADC which was used to sense the signal coming from a small magnetic microphone. The electrical signal from this microphone varied with the intensity of the sound. The first graph on the next page shows a plot of sound intensity versus the times at which the samples were taken. Only the points are shown. To draw this graph, 700 samples or ordered pairs (sound intensity and time) were converted and stored. In the second graph the character showing the position of the points is erased and lines joining the points are drawn. From the x- axis it can be seen that the total time is 0.03 s. Therefore, to take 700 samples in 0.03 seconds means that the sample rate must have been at least 3
4 Some of the commercially available interface board for school use have ADC's rated at 40 kilohertz and above. Graph of sound intensity versus time. 700 points are shown. Note that the y-axis is unc and shows the 'raw' ADC output. (voltages converted to numbers between 0 and 4095) Graph showing sound wave (male voice) with point symbols erased and points joined 4
5 A good understanding of the sample rate is critical when using the ADC to capture and display a waveform. A waveform is the graph of a changing voltage versus time. The ADC will sample the value of the changing waveform of a signal at various points in time. The computer will store these points and a software application will graph them to reproduce the original waveform. The soft ware essentially joins the points with straight lines to display the graph. If the sample rate is too low, not enough points will be taken to reproduce the waveform accurately. To illustrate this problem we will look at a number of graphs that are the result of samples taken with a 12 bit ADC. The original waveform is a sine wave produced by an electronic signal generator. The first diagram shows the original wave, the next diagrams are a sequence where the number of samples taken are displayed on each graph. 5
6 It is clear that in the second graph, where 5 samples are taken, the reproduced waveform looks nothing like the first. As the sample rate increases the resulting wave becomes closer and closer to the original. The last graph shows 50 samples and here the shape of the sine wave is clearly visible. (The first graph of the original wave was reproduced using 512 samples!) The problem of having too slow a sample rate which results in an inaccurate representation of the original signal is called aliasing. OTHER FACTORS: VOLTAGE RANGE As already stated, most ADC chips have an input voltage range between 0 and 5 volts. If the electrical output of the transducer (sensor) in use varies widely between these values, the signal does not have to be modified. However if the output fluctuates over a tiny range it has to be amplified to be useful. For example, a typical magnetic microphone has a full scale output of about volts (5 millivolts). As calculated previously, an 8 bit ADC can resolve a 5 volt range to about 20 millivolts. If you connected the microphone and yelled and shouted, t he ADC would not respond. This is somewhat analogous to a digital mass scales that has one digit in its display, 0-9 kilograms. If you place a feather on this scale, the display would still read 0. Only when at least 1 kilogram was placed on the scale would the display change. Even a 12 bit ADC with a resolution of just over 1 millivolt per division would only change by 4 or 5 out of a possible range of The amplifiers used are OP AMPS or operational amplifiers. These are simple, cheap, and work well. For the most part they are hidden from the user. The gain (amplification) of the op amp is usually set from the software that is used to control the ADC, however some ADC boards use switches. Somet imes the output of a sensor is above the ADC specification. In this case the OP AMP is used to 'deamplify' the output to a usable level. The schematic diagram of a typical op amp is shown below. 6
7 Typical op amp circuit. The amplification factor is determined by the ratio R2/R1. By changing the value of resistor R2 the degree of amplification of the input can be controlled. INPUT CHANNELS Many commercially available ADC's have more than one input channel. This means that the ADC board can be connected to more than one source of signals. The active channel is usually selected by the software. This process is called multiplexing. The ADC board you will use when you begin the activities provides 3 input channels, although the ADC chip itself has 8. TRANSDUCERS This is the front end of the apparatus. Any device that generates an electrical signal or modifies one in response to some external stimulus can be used as a transducer or sensor. Generally sensors fall into two categories. Those that produce their own electrical signal and those that modify a supplied voltage usually by a changing resistance. Examples of the former are silicon photovoltaic cells, magnetic microphones, wire coils and magnets, voltaic cells, thermocouples, and piezo crystals. Examples of the latter are cadmium sulphide photocells, thermistors, potentiometers, strain gauges, and silicon pressure cells. The most import characteristic of any sensor is its linearity. That is, how it produces or changes a voltage in response to the parameter it is measuring. To illustrate this property we can look at an example. If the output of a thermistor (temperature dependent resistor) is 0.5 v at 0 C, 0.8 v at 50 C and 0.9v at 100 C then the relation between voltage and temperature is clearly not linear. (A graph of these two variables would be curved). Special circuits must be used to modify the electrical output of the transducer so that it changes in a linear fashion with respect to the 7
8 physical phenomenon that causes the change. Most software assumes this to be the case when sensors are calibrated. If you are fabricating your own sensors, information on their characteristics is usually given by the manufacturer. For example, if you are building a position sensor using a potentiometer (volume control) be sure to check the specifications as to whet her it is a log or linear taper. Log taper potentiometers are used in audio equipment and, as the name implies, have an exponential relation between resistance and position. You will be using a position sensor in one of the activities. To further illustrate the concept of linearity in sensors consider the next graph. The data used to produce the plot was taken from a fact sheet supplied with a thermistor from Radio Shack. It is clear that the relation between temperature and resistance is not linear. Reference has been made to the word calibrated in the previous section. We need to explore the calibration of sensors and transducers. Remember a sensor produces or modifies an electrical signal. Let's look at an example. As mentioned, a thermistor is a device that changes its electrical resistance in response to a temperature change. If the thermistor is connected to a source of electrical potential (voltage), its output will be a voltage that changes with temperature. We might place the device in a bath of ice water and have the ADC measure the voltage as say 0.5 volts. We might then place it in a beaker of boiling water and have the ADC again measure the voltage as 1.5 volts. This is all well and fine until we tell someone that its a nice day outside and the temperature is 0.7 volts! Most existing software provides a method to equate the voltage output of the sensor to the actual physical parameter it is sensing, in this case temperature. This procedure is called calibration. In our example the temperature changed from 0 to 100 degrees. The voltage changed from 0.5 to 8
9 1.5 volts. We will plot these points on a graph and join them with a straight line. We do this only if we can be assured that the output of the sensor is linear. That is, all ordered pairs of temperature and voltage will occur along the line. To make use of this information, the software, either programmed by you or "off the shelf", must formulate a relation between the two variables, temperature and voltage. Because we are dealing with a straight line relationship, we can use the equations of linear graphs such as. The slope of the graph can be calculated: 9
10 Taking an ordered pair and substituting in the slope intercept form of the linear equation, we can calculate the intercept. We now have the final relation between the voltage that the ADC senses and the temperature. It is important to note that this relation is only valid for our imaginary thermistor. Another sensor would have a different relationship. This equation is usually saved as a calibration file by most commercial software and used when the actual temperature has to be reported. Now we can say that it is a fine day and the temperature is 20 degrees Celsius. 10
11 ANALOG OUTPUT In the previous section you investigated the theory and practice of Analog to Digital Conversion. The complementary process is of course called Digital to Analog Conversion. This involves the conversion of computer stored or generated data into a continuously changing output voltage through some appropriate interface device. (In actual fact, the computer's output is not continuously changing, but changes in small increments. The smaller the increment, the closer the approximation to a continuous voltage.) One of the most common illustrations of this technology is the compact disk for music or CD. In this device, tiny pits, which have been etched into an aluminum disk, are illuminated by a small diode laser. Depending on the presence or absence of these holes, a 0 or 1 is read by the circuitry. These binary digits or bits are then converted by a DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) to a varying voltage which is then amplified and presented to our ears as music. Other examples include speech synthesis and speed control of electric motors, The most important characteristics of the DAC are resolution, conversion speed and output voltage range. RESOLUTION Like its opposite, the ADC (Analog to Digital Converter), resolution is measured in bits. The most common DAC's currently in use are 12 bit chips. You have studied what this means in Section 3, but let's review it here = 4096 That means that the Digital to Analog converter can resolve the output voltage into 4096 parts, which corresponds to a resolution of 0.024%. CONVERSION SPEED This is how fast the DAC chip can accept a number (binary word) from the computer and output a corresponding voltage. Speeds of several hundred thousand conversions per second would be required for music CDs. OUTPUT VOLTAGE RANGE This is the range of voltages that can be generated by the DAC. Typical ranges include 0 to 5 volts and -5 to +5 volts. The larger the voltage range, the coarser the resolution for a given ADC chip. The Sunset AIB board which comes as part of the Vernier interface has two Digital to Analog converters, named DAC1 and DAC2. These are 12 bit chips and as configured, have an output 11
12 voltage range of -5 to +5 volts. The output is also linear with respect to the input. Therefore we can predict the following: M M M An input of 0 (decimal) by the computer will cause the output of the DAC to be -5 volts. An input of 2048 will result in an output voltage of 0 volts. An input of 4095 will result in an output of +5 volts. Remember, a 12 bit converter can divide the voltage range into 4096 parts (0-4095). The DACs on the AIB board can be controlled by using the OUT command from Quick Basic. The I/O addresses that are accessed are 822 and 823 for DAC1 and 828 and 829 for DAC 2. The DACs are controlled by registers. A register is a temporary memory storage area. The registers on the AIB board are 8 bit registers. In reviewing our binary numbers, 8 bits means 2 8 = 256. Therefore the largest number an 8 bit register can store is 255 (0 to 255 is 256 numbers). Because the DACs themselves are 12 bit (4096) devices, two 8 bit registers must be used to control them. When you send a decimal number to the DAC to cause it to output a voltage, you must first break the number down into two parts called the Low Byte and the High Byte. The method for doing this is shown next in an example. Example: If you want to input the decimal number 4000 to the DAC to cause it to output a voltage, you would divide 4000 by 256. The remainder, 160, is the low byte and the quotient, 15, is the high byte. These bytes are sent to the DAC using the OUT command. The DAC then outputs the corresponding voltage. You will use two Quick Basic operators to divide a number into the Low and High Bytes. These are: MOD which returns the remainder from a division and \ (Backslash) which is an int eger division. (It returns the whole number quotient without decimals or remainders.) 12
13 To program the example in Visual Basic, you would use the following. N = 4000 Lo% = N MOD 256 Hi% = N \ 256 OUT 822, Lo% OUT 823, Hi% (Lo% and Hi% are the High and Low Bytes) This small program would cause DAC 1 to output approximately volts. 13
Rowan University Freshman Clinic I Lab Project 2 The Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)
Rowan University Freshman Clinic I Lab Project 2 The Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) Objectives Become familiar with an Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) electronic device and it operation Learn several basic
More informationDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. MAE334 - Introduction to Instrumentation and Computers. Final Examination.
Name: Number: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering MAE334 - Introduction to Instrumentation and Computers Final Examination December 12, 2003 Closed Book and Notes 1. Be sure to fill in your
More informationChapter 7. Introduction. Analog Signal and Discrete Time Series. Sampling, Digital Devices, and Data Acquisition
Chapter 7 Sampling, Digital Devices, and Data Acquisition Material from Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements; Figliola, Third Edition Introduction Integrating analog electrical transducers with
More informationMAE334 - Introduction to Instrumentation and Computers. Final Exam. December 11, 2006
MAE334 - Introduction to Instrumentation and Computers Final Exam December 11, 2006 o Closed Book and Notes o No Calculators 1. Fill in your name on side 2 of the scoring sheet (Last name first!) 2. Fill
More informationLecture 3: Sensors, signals, ADC and DAC
Instrumentation and data acquisition Spring 2010 Lecture 3: Sensors, signals, ADC and DAC Zheng-Hua Tan Multimedia Information and Signal Processing Department of Electronic Systems Aalborg University,
More informationSignal Characteristics and Conditioning
Signal Characteristics and Conditioning Starting from the sensors, and working up into the system:. What characterizes the sensor signal types. Accuracy and Precision with respect to these signals 3. General
More informationModule 1: Introduction to Experimental Techniques Lecture 2: Sources of error. The Lecture Contains: Sources of Error in Measurement
The Lecture Contains: Sources of Error in Measurement Signal-To-Noise Ratio Analog-to-Digital Conversion of Measurement Data A/D Conversion Digitalization Errors due to A/D Conversion file:///g /optical_measurement/lecture2/2_1.htm[5/7/2012
More informationSENSOR AND MEASUREMENT EXPERIMENTS
SENSOR AND MEASUREMENT EXPERIMENTS Page: 1 Contents 1. Capacitive sensors 2. Temperature measurements 3. Signal processing and data analysis using LabVIEW 4. Load measurements 5. Noise and noise reduction
More informationIntroduction to Measurement Systems
MFE 3004 Mechatronics I Measurement Systems Dr Conrad Pace Page 4.1 Introduction to Measurement Systems Role of Measurement Systems Detection receive an external stimulus (ex. Displacement) Selection measurement
More informationAnalytical Chemistry II
Analytical Chemistry II L3: Signal processing (selected slides) Semiconductor devices Apart from resistors and capacitors, electronic circuits often contain nonlinear devices: transistors and diodes. The
More informationUnit 3: Introduction to Op- amps and Diodes
Unit 3: Introduction to Op- amps and Diodes Differential gain Operational amplifiers are powerful building blocks conceptually simple, easy to use, versatile, and inexpensive. A great deal of analog electronic
More informationChapter 5: Signal conversion
Chapter 5: Signal conversion Learning Objectives: At the end of this topic you will be able to: explain the need for signal conversion between analogue and digital form in communications and microprocessors
More informationP a g e 1. Introduction
P a g e 1 Introduction 1. Signals in digital form are more convenient than analog form for processing and control operation. 2. Real world signals originated from temperature, pressure, flow rate, force
More informationMECE 3320 Measurements & Instrumentation. Data Acquisition
MECE 3320 Measurements & Instrumentation Data Acquisition Dr. Isaac Choutapalli Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Texas Pan American Sampling Concepts 1 f s t Sampling Rate f s 2 f m or
More informationLab 12 Laboratory 12 Data Acquisition Required Special Equipment: 12.1 Objectives 12.2 Introduction 12.3 A/D basics
Laboratory 12 Data Acquisition Required Special Equipment: Computer with LabView Software National Instruments USB 6009 Data Acquisition Card 12.1 Objectives This lab demonstrates the basic principals
More informationIT.MLD900 SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS TRAINER. Signal Conditioning
SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS TRAINER IT.MLD900 The s and Instrumentation Trainer introduces students to input sensors, output actuators, signal conditioning circuits, and display devices through a wide range
More informationBASIC ELECTRONICS PROF. T.S. NATARAJAN DEPT OF PHYSICS IIT MADRAS
BASIC ELECTRONICS PROF. T.S. NATARAJAN DEPT OF PHYSICS IIT MADRAS LECTURE-12 TRANSISTOR BIASING Emitter Current Bias Thermal Stability (RC Coupled Amplifier) Hello everybody! In our series of lectures
More informationBridge Measurement Systems
Section 5 Outline Introduction to Bridge Sensors Circuits for Bridge Sensors A real design: the ADS1232REF The ADS1232REF Firmware This presentation gives an overview of data acquisition for bridge sensors.
More informationElectronic Systems - B1 23/04/ /04/ SisElnB DDC. Chapter 2
Politecnico di Torino - ICT school Goup B - goals ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS B INFORMATION PROCESSING B.1 Systems, sensors, and actuators» System block diagram» Analog and digital signals» Examples of sensors»
More informationELECTRONIC SYSTEMS. Introduction. B1 - Sensors and actuators. Introduction
Politecnico di Torino - ICT school Goup B - goals ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS B INFORMATION PROCESSING B.1 Systems, sensors, and actuators» System block diagram» Analog and digital signals» Examples of sensors»
More informationAnalog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) And Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
1 Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) And Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) 2 1. DAC In an electronic circuit, a combination of high voltage (+5V) and low voltage (0V) is usually used to represent a binary
More informationData acquisition and instrumentation. Data acquisition
Data acquisition and instrumentation START Lecture Sam Sadeghi Data acquisition 1 Humanistic Intelligence Body as a transducer,, data acquisition and signal processing machine Analysis of physiological
More informationINSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL TUTORIAL 3 SIGNAL PROCESSORS AND RECEIVERS
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL TUTORIAL 3 SIGNAL PROCESSORS AND RECEIVERS This tutorial provides an overview of signal processing and conditioning for use in instrumentation and automatic control systems.
More informationOnwards and Upwards, Your near space guide
The NearSys One-Channel LED Photometer is based on Forest Mims 1992 article (Sun Photometer with Light-emitting Diodes as Spectrally selective Filters) about using LEDs as a narrow band photometer. The
More informationSU QuarkNet Workshop 2012 Lab Activity 5 ELECTRONICS II: ADCs & DAQ
SU Lab Activity 5 ELECTRONICS II: ADCs & DAQ Laboratory Goals 1. Learn about data conversion (analog to digital, ADC). 2. Understand how an ADC works, measure the calibration curve, and determine the frequency
More informationElectronics and Instrumentation Name ENGR-4220 Spring 1999 Section Experiment 4 Introduction to Operational Amplifiers
Experiment 4 Introduction to Operational Amplifiers Purpose: Become sufficiently familiar with the operational amplifier (op-amp) to be able to use it with a bridge circuit output. We will need this capability
More informationAppendix D Ideas for Term Projects
Appendix D Ideas for Term Projects Most of the labs in this course are activities directed by the instructor, and lack much opportunity for the student to exercise creativity. The purpose of a project
More informationAnalog to Digital Conversion
Analog to Digital Conversion Why It s Needed Embedded systems often need to measure values of physical parameters These parameters are usually continuous (analog) and not in a digital form which computers
More informationGSM BASED PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM
GSM BASED PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM ABSTRACT This project deals with the monitoring of the patient parameters such as humidity, temperature and heartbeat. Here we have designed a microcontroller based
More informationT6+ Analog I/O Section. Installation booklet for part numbers: 5/4-80A-115 5/4-90A-115 5/4-80A /4-90A-1224
T and T+ are trade names of Trol Systems Inc. TSI reserves the right to make changes to the information contained in this manual without notice. publication /4A115MAN- rev:1 2001 TSI All rights reserved
More informationAnalogue Signals. M J Brockway. February 5, 2018
Analogue Signals M J Brockway February 5, 2018 Digital vs Analogue Digital (electrical) inputs to a CPU register as logical values - true or false, 1 or 0, on or off. typically arise from switch contacts
More informationME 461 Laboratory #3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion
ME 461 Laboratory #3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion Goals: 1. Learn how to configure and use the MSP430 s 10-bit SAR ADC. 2. Measure the output voltage of your home-made DAC and compare it to the expected
More informationET 438B Sequential Digital Control and Data Acquisition Laboratory 4 Analog Measurement and Digital Control Integration Using LabVIEW
ET 438B Sequential Digital Control and Data Acquisition Laboratory 4 Analog Measurement and Digital Control Integration Using LabVIEW Laboratory Learning Objectives 1. Identify the data acquisition card
More informationIntroduction. These two operations are performed by data converters : Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) Digital-to-analogue converter (DAC)
Lezione 7 Conversione analogico digitale Introduzione Campionamento di segnali analogici e Aliasing Porte di campionamento e di mantenimento Quantizzazione segnali analogici Ricostruzione del segnale analogico
More informationFigure 4.1 Vector representation of magnetic field.
Chapter 4 Design of Vector Magnetic Field Sensor System 4.1 3-Dimensional Vector Field Representation The vector magnetic field is represented as a combination of three components along the Cartesian coordinate
More informationIn this lecture. System Model Power Penalty Analog transmission Digital transmission
System Model Power Penalty Analog transmission Digital transmission In this lecture Analog Data Transmission vs. Digital Data Transmission Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion Digital to Analog (D/A) Conversion
More informationWebSeminar: Sept. 24, 2003
The New Digitally Controlled Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA) 2003 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. MCP6S21/2/6/8 The New Digitally Controlled Amplifier (PGA) 1 The New Digitally
More informationEmbedded Control. Week 3 (7/13/11)
Embedded Control Week 3 (7/13/11) Week 3 15:00 Lecture Overview of analog signals Digital-to-analog conversion Analog-to-digital conversion 16:00 Lab NXT analog IO Overview of Analog Signals Continuous
More informationLab assignment: Strain gauge
Lab assignment: Strain gauge In this lab, you will make measurements of mechanical strain in small aluminum beams as you bend them. We will also work with our first integrated circuit component on the
More informationMeasurement, Sensors, and Data Acquisition in the Two-Can System
Measurement, Sensors, and Data Acquisition in the Two-Can System Prof. R.G. Longoria Updated Fall 2010 Goal of this week s lab Gain familiarity with using sensors Gain familiarity with using DAQ hardware
More informationPC-based controller for Mechatronics System
Course Code: MDP 454, Course Name:, Second Semester 2014 PC-based controller for Mechatronics System Mechanical System PC Controller Controller in the Mechatronics System Configuration Actuators Power
More informationCh 5 Hardware Components for Automation
Ch 5 Hardware Components for Automation Sections: 1. Sensors 2. Actuators 3. Analog-to-Digital Conversion 4. Digital-to-Analog Conversion 5. Input/Output Devices for Discrete Data Computer-Process Interface
More informationChapter 8. Representing Multimedia Digitally
Chapter 8 Representing Multimedia Digitally Learning Objectives Explain how RGB color is represented in bytes Explain the difference between bits and binary numbers Change an RGB color by binary addition
More informationDigital Sampling. This Lecture. Engr325 Instrumentation. Dr Curtis Nelson. Digital sampling Sample rate. Bit depth. Other terms. Types of conversion.
Digital Sampling Engr325 Instrumentation Dr Curtis Nelson Digital sampling Sample rate. Bit depth. Other terms. Types of conversion. This Lecture 1 Data Acquisition and Control Computers are nearly always
More informationPiecewise Linear Circuits
Kenneth A. Kuhn March 24, 2004 Introduction Piecewise linear circuits are used to approximate non-linear functions such as sine, square-root, logarithmic, exponential, etc. The quality of the approximation
More informationA-D and D-A Converters
Chapter 5 A-D and D-A Converters (No mathematical derivations) 04 Hours 08 Marks When digital devices are to be interfaced with analog devices (or vice a versa), Digital to Analog converter and Analog
More informationSensors. Chapter 3. Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 3.1
Sensors Chapter 3 Introduction Describing Sensor Performance Temperature Sensors Light Sensors Force Sensors Displacement Sensors Motion Sensors Sound Sensors Sensor Interfacing Storey: Electrical & Electronic
More informationBasic Microprocessor Interfacing Trainer Lab Manual
Basic Microprocessor Interfacing Trainer Lab Manual Control Inputs Microprocessor Data Inputs ff Control Unit '0' Datapath MUX Nextstate Logic State Memory Register Output Logic Control Signals ALU ff
More informationEE251: Tuesday October 10
EE251: Tuesday October 10 Analog to Digital Conversion Text Chapter 20 through section 20.2 TM4C Data Sheet Chapter 13 Lab #5 Writeup Lab Practical #1 this week Homework #4 is due on Thursday at 4:30 p.m.
More informationFigure 1.1 Mechatronic system components (p. 3)
Figure 1.1 Mechatronic system components (p. 3) Example 1.2 Measurement System Digital Thermometer (p. 5) Figure 2.2 Electric circuit terminology (p. 13) Table 2.2 Resistor color band codes (p. 18) Figure
More informationCHAPTER ELEVEN - Interfacing With the Analog World
CHAPTER ELEVEN - Interfacing With the Analog World 11.1 (a) Analog output = (K) x (digital input) (b) Smallest change that can occur in the analog output as a result of a change in the digital input. (c)
More informationThe AD620 Instrumentation Amplifier and the Strain Gauge Building the Electronic Scale
BE 209 Group BEW6 Jocelyn Poruthur, Justin Tannir Alice Wu, & Jeffrey Wu October 29, 1999 The AD620 Instrumentation Amplifier and the Strain Gauge Building the Electronic Scale INTRODUCTION: In this experiment,
More informationDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. MAE334 - Introduction to Instrumentation and Computers. Final Examination.
Name: Number: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering MAE334 - Introduction to Instrumentation and Computers Final Examination December 12, 2002 Closed Book and Notes 1. Be sure to fill in your
More informationELG3336 Design of Mechatronics System
ELG3336 Design of Mechatronics System Elements of a Data Acquisition System 2 Analog Signal Data Acquisition Hardware Your Signal Data Acquisition DAQ Device System Computer Cable Terminal Block Data Acquisition
More informationLab E5: Filters and Complex Impedance
E5.1 Lab E5: Filters and Complex Impedance Note: It is strongly recommended that you complete lab E4: Capacitors and the RC Circuit before performing this experiment. Introduction Ohm s law, a well known
More informationModule 9C: The Voltage Comparator (Application: PWM Control via a Reference Voltage)
Explore More! Points awarded: Module 9C: The Voltage Comparator (Application: PWM Control via a Reference Voltage) Name: Net ID: Laboratory Outline A voltage comparator considers two voltage waveforms,
More informationCommunity College of Allegheny County Unit 7 Page #1. Analog to Digital
Community College of Allegheny County Unit 7 Page #1 Analog to Digital "Engineers can't focus just on technology; they need to develop their professional skills-things like presenting yourself, speaking
More informationAERO2705 Space Engineering 1 Week 7 The University of Sydney
AERO2705 Space Engineering 1 Week 7 The University of Sydney Presenter Mr. Warwick Holmes Executive Director Space Engineering School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering The University
More informationSignal Conditioning Systems
Note-13 1 Signal Conditioning Systems 2 Generalized Measurement System: The output signal from a sensor has generally to be processed or conditioned to make it suitable for the next stage Signal conditioning
More informationLABsat Manual Fall 2005
LABsat Manual Fall 2005 This manual describes the USNA Laboratory Satellite System which has been designed to provide a realistic combination of all the aspects of satellite design including the Electrical
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences EECS 145L: Electronic Transducer Laboratory FINAL EXAMINATION Fall 2013 You have three hours to
More informationIntroduction. ELCT903, Sensor Technology Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department 1. Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif
Introduction In automation industry every mechatronic system has some sensors to measure the status of the process variables. The analogy between the human controlled system and a computer controlled system
More informationInfrared Communications Lab
Infrared Communications Lab This lab assignment assumes that the student knows about: Ohm s Law oltage, Current and Resistance Operational Amplifiers (See Appendix I) The first part of the lab is to develop
More informationEE 233 Circuit Theory Lab 3: First-Order Filters
EE 233 Circuit Theory Lab 3: First-Order Filters Table of Contents 1 Introduction... 1 2 Precautions... 1 3 Prelab Exercises... 2 3.1 Inverting Amplifier... 3 3.2 Non-Inverting Amplifier... 4 3.3 Integrating
More informationSignal Conditioning Fundamentals for PC-Based Data Acquisition Systems
Application Note 048 Signal Conditioning Fundamentals for PC-Based Data Acquisition Systems Introduction PC-based data acquisition (DAQ) systems and plugin boards are used in a very wide range of applications
More informationThe Operational Amplifier This lab is adapted from the Kwantlen Lab Manual
Name: Partner(s): Desk #: Date: Purpose The Operational Amplifier This lab is adapted from the Kwantlen Lab Manual The purpose of this lab is to examine the functions of operational amplifiers (op amps)
More informationni.com Sensor Measurement Fundamentals Series
Sensor Measurement Fundamentals Series Introduction to Data Acquisition Basics and Terminology Litkei Márton District Sales Manager National Instruments What Is Data Acquisition (DAQ)? 3 Why Measure? Engineers
More informationThe PmodIA is an impedance analyzer built around the Analog Devices AD bit Impedance Converter Network Analyzer.
1300 Henley Court Pullman, WA 99163 509.334.6306 www.digilentinc.com PmodIA Reference Manual Revised April 15, 2016 This manual applies to the PmodIA rev. A Overview The PmodIA is an impedance analyzer
More informationUniversity of North Carolina, Charlotte Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECGR 3157 EE Design II Fall 2009
University of North Carolina, Charlotte Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECGR 3157 EE Design II Fall 2009 Lab 1 Power Amplifier Circuits Issued August 25, 2009 Due: September 11, 2009
More informationUNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EXPERIMENT 10 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL AND DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION OBJECTIVES The purpose of this experiment is
More informationChapter 2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion...
Chapter... 5 This chapter examines general considerations for analog-to-digital converter (ADC) measurements. Discussed are the four basic ADC types, providing a general description of each while comparing
More informationBasic electronics Prof. T.S. Natarajan Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Lecture- 24
Basic electronics Prof. T.S. Natarajan Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Lecture- 24 Mathematical operations (Summing Amplifier, The Averager, D/A Converter..) Hello everybody!
More information5. Transducers Definition and General Concept of Transducer Classification of Transducers
5.1. Definition and General Concept of Definition The transducer is a device which converts one form of energy into another form. Examples: Mechanical transducer and Electrical transducer Electrical A
More informationDifferential Amplifier : input. resistance. Differential amplifiers are widely used in engineering instrumentation
Differential Amplifier : input resistance Differential amplifiers are widely used in engineering instrumentation Differential Amplifier : input resistance v 2 v 1 ir 1 ir 1 2iR 1 R in v 2 i v 1 2R 1 Differential
More informationCapacitive Touch Sensing Tone Generator. Corey Cleveland and Eric Ponce
Capacitive Touch Sensing Tone Generator Corey Cleveland and Eric Ponce Table of Contents Introduction Capacitive Sensing Overview Reference Oscillator Capacitive Grid Phase Detector Signal Transformer
More informationUniversity of Pennsylvania. Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering. ESE Undergraduate Laboratory. Analog to Digital Converter
University of Pennsylvania Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering ESE Undergraduate Laboratory Analog to Digital Converter PURPOSE The purpose of this lab is to design and build a simple Digital-to-Analog
More informationOutline. Analog/Digital Conversion
Analog/Digital Conversion The real world is analog. Interfacing a microprocessor-based system to real-world devices often requires conversion between the microprocessor s digital representation of values
More information2 Thermistor + Op-Amp + Relay = Sensor + Actuator
Physics 221 - Electronics Temple University, Fall 2005-6 C. J. Martoff, Instructor On/Off Temperature Control; Controlling Wall Current with an Op-Amp 1 Objectives Introduce the method of closed loop control
More informationLast Time. P and N type semiconductors Diode internals Transistors NPN PNP
Last Time P and N type semiconductors Diode internals Transistors NPN PNP Device of the Day... Piezo microphone Device of the Day... Transistor Recap Transistors operate as current amplifiers With the
More informationSignal Paths from Analog to Digital
CHAPTER 1 Signal Paths from Analog to Digital Introduction Designers of analog electronic control systems have continually faced following obstacles in arriving at a satisfactory design: 1. Instability
More informationLaboratory Project 1a: Power-Indicator LED's
2240 Laboratory Project 1a: Power-Indicator LED's Abstract-You will construct and test two LED power-indicator circuits for your breadboard in preparation for building the Electromyogram circuit in Lab
More informationGraphing Techniques. Figure 1. c 2011 Advanced Instructional Systems, Inc. and the University of North Carolina 1
Graphing Techniques The construction of graphs is a very important technique in experimental physics. Graphs provide a compact and efficient way of displaying the functional relationship between two experimental
More informationEE 230 Lab Lab 9. Prior to Lab
MOS transistor characteristics This week we look at some MOS transistor characteristics and circuits. Most of the measurements will be done with our usual lab equipment, but we will also use the parameter
More informationUniversity of Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh Experiment #7 Lab Report Analog-Digital Applications Submission Date: 08/01/2018 Instructors: Dr. Ahmed Dallal Shangqian Gao Submitted By: Nick Haver & Alex Williams Station #2
More informationSingle-channel power supply monitor with remote temperature sense, Part 1
Single-channel power supply monitor with remote temperature sense, Part 1 Nathan Enger, Senior Applications Engineer, Linear Technology Corporation - June 03, 2016 Introduction Many applications with a
More informationSilicon-Gate Switching Functions Optimize Data Acquisition Front Ends
Silicon-Gate Switching Functions Optimize Data Acquisition Front Ends AN03 The trend in data acquisition is moving toward ever-increasing accuracy. Twelve-bit resolution is now the norm, and sixteen bits
More informationUNIT III Data Acquisition & Microcontroller System. Mr. Manoj Rajale
UNIT III Data Acquisition & Microcontroller System Mr. Manoj Rajale Syllabus Interfacing of Sensors / Actuators to DAQ system, Bit width, Sampling theorem, Sampling Frequency, Aliasing, Sample and hold
More informationEE401,EC401,DEE19,DETE19
EE401,EC401,DEE19,DETE19 IV SEMESTER DIPLOMA EXAMINATION, JANUARY 2013 LINEAR & DIGITAL ICs Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75 GROUP A : Answer any three questions. (Question No. 1 is compulsory) Q.1 What is
More informationBASIC ELECTRONICS PROF. T.S. NATARAJAN DEPT OF PHYSICS IIT MADRAS
BASIC ELECTRONICS PROF. T.S. NATARAJAN DEPT OF PHYSICS IIT MADRAS LECTURE-13 Basic Characteristic of an Amplifier Simple Transistor Model, Common Emitter Amplifier Hello everybody! Today in our series
More informationGCSE Electronics. Scheme of Work
GCSE Electronics Scheme of Work Week Topic Detail Notes 1 Practical skills assemble a circuit using a diagram recognize a component from its physical appearance (This is a confidence building/motivating
More informationAnalog I/O. ECE 153B Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design Winter 2016
Analog I/O ECE 153B Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design Introduction Anytime we need to monitor or control analog signals with a digital system, we require analogto-digital (ADC) and digital-to-analog
More informationAnalog to Digital (ADC) and Digital to Analog (DAC) Converters
Analog to Digital (ADC) and Digital to Analog (DAC) Converters 1)Vandana yadav Research scholar singhinia university pachri (Raj. ) 2)Amit yadav (Dept. of physics) Electric voltage and current signals
More information1. A transducer converts
1. A transducer converts a. temperature to resistance b. force into current c. position into voltage d. one form of energy to another 2. Whose of the following transducers the output is a change in resistance?
More informationBEATS AND MODULATION ABSTRACT GENERAL APPLICATIONS BEATS MODULATION TUNING HETRODYNING
ABSTRACT The theory of beats is investigated experimentally with sound and is compared with amplitude modulation using electronic signal generators and modulators. Observations are made by ear, by oscilloscope
More informationBME/ISE 3512 Bioelectronics. Laboratory Five - Operational Amplifiers
BME/ISE 3512 Bioelectronics Laboratory Five - Operational Amplifiers Learning Objectives: Be familiar with the operation of a basic op-amp circuit. Be familiar with the characteristics of both ideal and
More informationSpecifying A D and D A Converters
Specifying A D and D A Converters The specification or selection of analog-to-digital (A D) or digital-to-analog (D A) converters can be a chancey thing unless the specifications are understood by the
More informationVoltage Current and Resistance II
Voltage Current and Resistance II Equipment: Capstone with 850 interface, analog DC voltmeter, analog DC ammeter, voltage sensor, RLC circuit board, 8 male to male banana leads 1 Purpose This is a continuation
More informationGSM based Patient monitoring system
For more Project details visit: http://www.projectsof8051.com/patient-monitoring-through-gsm-modem/ Code Project Title 1615 GSM based Patient monitoring system Synopsis for GSM based Patient monitoring
More informationIntroduction to Electronic Circuit for Instrumentation
Introduction to Electronic Circuit for Instrumentation Fundamental quantities Length Mass Time Charge and electric current Heat and temperature Light and luminous intensity Matter (atom, ion and molecule)
More informationni.com Sensor Measurement Fundamentals Series
Sensor Measurement Fundamentals Series How to Design an Accurate Temperature Measurement System Jackie Byrne Product Marketing Engineer National Instruments Sensor Measurements 101 Sensor Signal Conditioning
More information