ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS. Introduction. B1 - Sensors and actuators. Introduction

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS. Introduction. B1 - Sensors and actuators. Introduction"

Transcription

1 Politecnico di Torino - ICT school Goup B - goals ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS B INFORMATION PROCESSING B.1 Systems, sensors, and actuators» System block diagram» Analog and digital signals» Examples of sensors» Examples of actuators System block diagram Sensors and actuators Analog and digital signals Examples of sensors Examples of actuators Amplifiers taxonomy and parameters Dual-port equivalent circuit Time and frequency response 27/04/ SisElnB DDC 27/04/ SisElnB DDC B1 - Sensors and actuators Chapter 2 Introduction 2.1 Introduction Describing sensor performance Sensors Actuators Laboratory measuring equipment. To be useful, systems interact with their environment using transducers: sensors and actuators. They convert one physical quantity into another. mercury-in-glass thermometer temperature displacement of a column of mercury microphone sound electrical signal Speaker electric signal sound DDC Storey 1

2 Towards external world Analog/Digital/Analog sequence External world physical signals are in most cases analog Electronic sensors and actuators must handle analog signals: INPUT SENSORS ELECTRONIC SYSTEM OUTPUT ACTUATORS The core of most electronic system is numeric Signals must be translated from analog to digital, and then back from digital to analog: ANALOG/DIGITAL (A/D) conversion DIGITAL/ANALOG (D/A) conversion A/D ELECTRONIC SYSTEM NUMERIC SYSTEM ANALOG SIGNALS D/A 27/04/ SisElnB DDC 27/04/ SisElnB DDC Analog Digital Analog Most electronic systems includes: interfaces towards the analog external world (sensors) A/D conversion Numeric signal handling D/A conversion interfaces towards the analog external world (actuators) Sensors: analog front-end ADC Numeric system DAC ELETTRONIC SYSTEM Actuators: analog back-end 27/04/ SisElnB DDC Describing sensor performance Range max and min values that can be measured. Resolution or discrimination smallest discernible change in the measured value. Error difference measured - actual values. Precision, accuracy, inaccuracy, uncertainty measure of the maximum expected error DDC Storey 2

3 Sensor precision and accuracy Precision a measure of the lack of random errors (scatter) precision accuracy 12.9 Sensor parameters Linearity maximum deviation from a straight-line response expressed as a percentage of the full-scale value Sensitivity a measure of the change produced at the output for a given change in the quantity being measured Also called gain Sensor types 2.3 Temperature: Resistive thermometers Physical property of a material that changes in response to some excitation are used in sensors. resistive inductive capacitive piezoelectric photoresistive elastic thermal typically use platinum wire (such a device is called a platinum resistance thermometers or PRT) linear but has poor sensitivity. A typical PRT element PRT A sheathed DDC Storey 3

4 Temperature sensors: Thermistors Temperature sensors: pn junctions use materials with a high thermal coefficient of resistance sensitive but highly non-linear. A typical disc thermistor A threaded thermistor a semiconductor device inexpensive, linear and easy to use limited temperature range (perhaps -50 C to 150 C) due to nature of semiconductor material. pn-junction sensor Light sensors: Photovoltaic light falling on a pn-junction can be used to generate electricity, as in a solar cell photodiodes are small devices used as sensors fast acting, but the voltage produced is not linearly related to light intensity. A typical photodiode Light sensors: Photoconductive such devices do not produce electricity, but simply change their resistance. photodiodes (as described earlier) can be used in this way to produce linear devices. phototransistors act like photodiodes but with greater sensitivity. light-dependent resistors (LDRs) are slow, but respond like the human eye. A light-dependent resistor (LDR) DDC Storey 4

5 Force sensors: Strain gauge Displacement sensors: Potentiometers stretching in one direction increases the resistance of the device, while stretching perpendicular to this has little effect can be bonded to a surface to measure strain used within load cells and pressure sensors. Direction of sensitivity A strain gauge resistive potentiometers are one of the most widely used forms of position sensor. can be angular or linear. consists of a length of resistive material with a sliding contact onto the resistive track. when used as a position transducer a potential is placed across the two end terminals, the voltage on the sliding contact is then proportional to its position. an inexpensive and easy to use sensor Displacement sensors: Inductive proximity coil inductance is greatly affected by the presence of ferromagnetic materials. Displacement sensors: Switches simplest form of digital displacement sensor many forms: lever or push-rod operated microsw, float switches, pressure switches, etc. here the proximity of a ferromagnetic plate is determined by measuring the inductance of a coil. Inductive proximity sensors A limit switch A float switch DDC Storey 5

6 Displacement: absolute position encoders A pattern of light and dark strips printed on to a strip is detected by a sensor that moves along it. The pattern takes the form of a series of lines as shown below. It is arranged so that the combination is unique at each point. Sensor is an array of photodiodes. Displ. sensors: Incremental position encoder uses a single line that alternates black/white two slightly offset sensors produce outputs as shown below detects motion in either direction, pulses are counted to determine absolute position (which must be initially reset) Displacement sensors: pulse counters Motion speed sensors several methods use counting to determine position two examples are given below. Inductive sensor Opto-switch sensor Measure quantities such as velocity and acceleration. Can be obtained by differentiating displacement Differentiation tends to amplify high-frequency noise. Some sensors give velocity directly e.g. measuring frequency of pulses in the counting techniques described earlier gives speed rather than position. Some sensors give acceleration directly e.g. accelerometers usually measure the force on a mass DDC Storey 6

7 Sound sensors: Microphones Sensor interfacing: Resistive devices a number of microphone forms are available e.g. carbon (resistive), capacitive, piezoelectric moving-coil devices use a magnet and a coil attached to a diaphragm. a potentiometer, with a fixed voltage across the outer terminals, voltage on the third related to position As device resistance changes, this change is converted into a voltage the output of this arrangement is not linearly related to the change in resistance For small changes, can be approximated with linear relation Interfacing: differential signals Differential and common mode Signal from sensors connected by long wires Signal noise (cannot be removed from signal) Signal + noise V 1 V 2 V D /2 V D /2 V D = (V1-V2) V C = (V1+V2)/2 Information is carried by differential signal V D = (V1-V2) Differential signal noise (same on both wires, removed by difference) Differential signal GND Noise affects the common mode voltage V C = (V1+V2)/2 27/04/ SisElnB DDC 27/04/ SisElnB DDC 2008 DDC Storey 7

8 Differential amplifier Example of differential signaling A Differential amplifier removes common mode signals: V O = A D V D V 1 V D /2 V D /2 V O V V D = (V1-V2) D /2 V D /2 V 1 V 2 V C = (V1+V2)/2 V 2 GND V C Strain gages are used in bridge configuration In steady state, the bridge is balanced: R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 no differential signal Vd is developed the common mode signal Vc is ignored A strain causes a change of R2 value, which in turn unbalances the bridge and generates a differential signal Vu = A D V D R1 R2 Vr R3 R4 A D, A C Vu 27/04/ SisElnB DDC 27/04/ SisElnB DDC Sensor interfacing: switches use a single resistor to produce a voltage output all mechanical switches suffer from switch bounce Electronics can remove bounces (part E) Actuators An electrical or electronic system must be able to affect its external environment. This is done through one or more actuators. As with sensors, actuators are transducers, which convert one physical quantity into another. Here: actuators that receive electrical signals and from them vary some external physical quantity DDC Storey 8

9 Heat actuators Light actuators: lamps Most heat actuators are simple resistive heaters. For applications requiring a few watts ordinary resistors of an appropriate power rating can be used. For higher power applications there are a range of heating cables and heating elements available. For general illumination: incandescent light bulbs or fluorescent lamps. power ratings range from a fraction of a watt to perhaps hundreds of watts easy to use but relatively slow in operation unsuitable for signalling and communication applications Light actuators: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) produce light when electricity is passed through them. Can produce light of different colours. used individually or in multiplesegment devices such as the 7-segment display. LED seven-segment displays Light actuators: Liquid crystal displays 2 sheets of polarised glass with a thin layer of liquid sandwiched between them. an electric field rotates the polarization of the liquid making it opaque. multi-element displays: e.g 7-segment displays matrix display to display any character or image. A custom LCD display DDC Storey 9

10 Light actuators: Fibre-optic communication Force actuators: solenoids used for long-distance communication Guiding removes the effects of ambient light fibre-optic cables can be made of: optical polymer inexpensive and robust high attenuation, therefore short range (up to about 20 metres) glass much lower attenuation, use up to hundreds of kilometres more expensive than polymer fibres light source would often be a laser diode basically a coil and a ferromagnetic slug when energised the slug is attracted into the coil force is proportional to current can produce force, displacement or motion linear or angular Small linear solenoids Displacement and motion actuators: meters moving-iron effectively a rotary solenoid plus spring can measure DC or AC moving-coil most common form deflection proportional to average value of current full scale deflection typically 50 µa 1 ma Moving-coil meters Actuators: motors three broad classes AC motors primarily used in high-power applications DC motors used in precision position-control applications Stepper motors a digital actuator used in position control applications DDC Storey 10

11 Stepper motors Stepper motors driving a central rotor surrounded by a number of coils (or windings) opposite pairs of coils are energised in turn this drags the rotor round one step at a time speed proportional to frequency typical motor might require steps per revolution Stepper-motor current waveforms A typical stepper-motor Sound actuators Actuator interfacing Speakers usually use a permanent magnet and a movable coil connected to a diaphragm. input signals produce current in the coil causing it to move with respect to the magnet. Ultrasonic transducers at high frequencies speakers are often replaced by piezoelectric actuators operate over a narrow frequency range. Resistive devices Interfacing involves controlling the power in the device. In a resistive actuator, power is related to the voltage. For high-power devices the problem is in delivering sufficient power to drive the actuator (Group D). Switching regulation High-power actuators are often controlled in an ON/OFF manner. This technique uses electrically operated switches DDC Storey 11

12 Actuator interfacing - b Capacitive and inductive devices Many actuators are capacitive or inductive (such as motors and solenoids). These create particular problems particularly when using switching techniques. We will return to look at these problems when we have considered capacitors and inductors in more detail. Input amplifiers Analog/Digital converters Digital processing devices Digital/Analog converters Output amplifiers Power supply Other functional units group B, C group F group E, F group F group C, D group D /04/ SisElnB DDC Lesson B1: final test How do electronic systems interact with external world? Which is the general architecture of an electronic system? Define accuracy and precision of transducers Why do we need Analog/Digital and Digital/Analog converters? Describe some example of sensors with analog and digital output Describe some examples of actuators 27/04/ SisElnB DDC 2008 DDC Storey 12

Electronic Systems - B1 23/04/ /04/ SisElnB DDC. Chapter 2

Electronic Systems - B1 23/04/ /04/ SisElnB DDC. Chapter 2 Politecnico di Torino - ICT school Goup B - goals ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS B INFORMATION PROCESSING B.1 Systems, sensors, and actuators» System block diagram» Analog and digital signals» Examples of sensors»

More information

Sensors. Chapter 3. Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 3.1

Sensors. Chapter 3. Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 3.1 Sensors Chapter 3 Introduction Describing Sensor Performance Temperature Sensors Light Sensors Force Sensors Displacement Sensors Motion Sensors Sound Sensors Sensor Interfacing Storey: Electrical & Electronic

More information

5. Transducers Definition and General Concept of Transducer Classification of Transducers

5. Transducers Definition and General Concept of Transducer Classification of Transducers 5.1. Definition and General Concept of Definition The transducer is a device which converts one form of energy into another form. Examples: Mechanical transducer and Electrical transducer Electrical A

More information

IT.MLD900 SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS TRAINER. Signal Conditioning

IT.MLD900 SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS TRAINER. Signal Conditioning SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS TRAINER IT.MLD900 The s and Instrumentation Trainer introduces students to input sensors, output actuators, signal conditioning circuits, and display devices through a wide range

More information

Position Sensors. The Potentiometer.

Position Sensors. The Potentiometer. Position Sensors In this tutorial we will look at a variety of devices which are classed as Input Devices and are therefore called "Sensors" and in particular those sensors which are Positional in nature

More information

Ultrasonic. Advantages

Ultrasonic. Advantages Ultrasonic Advantages Non-Contact: Nothing touches the target object Measures Distance: The distance to the target is measured, not just its presence Long and Short Range: Objects can be sensed from 2

More information

9/28/2010. Chapter , The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

9/28/2010. Chapter , The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 4 Sensors are are used to detect, and often to measure, the magnitude of something. They basically operate by converting mechanical, magnetic, thermal, optical, and chemical variations into electric

More information

09-2 EE 4770 Lecture Transparency. Formatted 12:49, 19 February 1998 from lsli

09-2 EE 4770 Lecture Transparency. Formatted 12:49, 19 February 1998 from lsli 09-1 09-1 Displacement and Proximity Displacement transducers measure the location of an object. Proximity transducers determine when an object is near. Criteria Used in Selection of Transducer How much

More information

Lecture 3: Sensors, signals, ADC and DAC

Lecture 3: Sensors, signals, ADC and DAC Instrumentation and data acquisition Spring 2010 Lecture 3: Sensors, signals, ADC and DAC Zheng-Hua Tan Multimedia Information and Signal Processing Department of Electronic Systems Aalborg University,

More information

Introduction to Measurement Systems

Introduction to Measurement Systems MFE 3004 Mechatronics I Measurement Systems Dr Conrad Pace Page 4.1 Introduction to Measurement Systems Role of Measurement Systems Detection receive an external stimulus (ex. Displacement) Selection measurement

More information

Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements

Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements A fundamental part of many electromechanical systems is a measurement system that composed of four basic parts: Sensors Signal Conditioning Analog-to-Digital-Conversion

More information

An Instrumentation System

An Instrumentation System Transducer As Input Elements to Instrumentation System An Instrumentation System Input signal (measurand) electrical or non-electrical Input Device Signal Conditioning Circuit Output Device? -amplifier

More information

Introduction to Internet of Things Prof. Sudip Misra Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Introduction to Internet of Things Prof. Sudip Misra Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Prof. Sudip Misra Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 03 Sensing So, we have already understood the basics

More information

Quantity available (A) Quantity required (R) Sl. No. Deficiency (R - A) Description of Equipment

Quantity available (A) Quantity required (R) Sl. No. Deficiency (R - A) Description of Equipment . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (R 203) Semester II EE62 Electric Circuits Laboratory Regulated Power Supply: 0 5 V D.C Function Generator ( MHz) Single Phase Energy Meter Oscilloscope (20 MHz). Digital Storage Oscilloscope

More information

Introduction. ELCT903, Sensor Technology Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department 1. Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif

Introduction. ELCT903, Sensor Technology Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department 1. Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif Introduction In automation industry every mechatronic system has some sensors to measure the status of the process variables. The analogy between the human controlled system and a computer controlled system

More information

Chapter 7: Instrumentation systems

Chapter 7: Instrumentation systems Chapter 7: Instrumentation systems Learning Objectives: At the end of this topic you will be able to: describe the use of the following analogue sensors: thermistors strain gauge describe the use of the

More information

Continuous Sensors Accuracy Resolution Repeatability Linearity Precision Range

Continuous Sensors Accuracy Resolution Repeatability Linearity Precision Range Continuous Sensors A sensor element measures a process variable: flow rate, temperature, pressure, level, ph, density, composition, etc. Much of the time, the measurement is inferred from a second variable:

More information

MECE 3320 Measurements & Instrumentation. Data Acquisition

MECE 3320 Measurements & Instrumentation. Data Acquisition MECE 3320 Measurements & Instrumentation Data Acquisition Dr. Isaac Choutapalli Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Texas Pan American Sampling Concepts 1 f s t Sampling Rate f s 2 f m or

More information

1. A transducer converts

1. A transducer converts 1. A transducer converts a. temperature to resistance b. force into current c. position into voltage d. one form of energy to another 2. Whose of the following transducers the output is a change in resistance?

More information

ECET 211 Electric Machines & Controls Lecture 4-2 Motor Control Devices: Lecture 4 Motor Control Devices

ECET 211 Electric Machines & Controls Lecture 4-2 Motor Control Devices: Lecture 4 Motor Control Devices ECET 211 Electric Machines & Controls Lecture 4-2 Motor Control Devices: Part 3. Sensors, Part 4. Actuators Text Book: Electric Motors and Control Systems, by Frank D. Petruzella, published by McGraw Hill,

More information

Unit 2 Semiconductor Devices. Lecture_2.5 Opto-Electronic Devices

Unit 2 Semiconductor Devices. Lecture_2.5 Opto-Electronic Devices Unit 2 Semiconductor Devices Lecture_2.5 Opto-Electronic Devices Opto-electronics Opto-electronics is the study and application of electronic devices that interact with light. Electronics (electrons) Optics

More information

PVA Sensor Specifications

PVA Sensor Specifications Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Sensors 24.1 Sections 8.2-8.5 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration (PVA) Sensors PVA Sensor Specifications Good website to start your search for sensor specifications:

More information

Figure 1.1 Mechatronic system components (p. 3)

Figure 1.1 Mechatronic system components (p. 3) Figure 1.1 Mechatronic system components (p. 3) Example 1.2 Measurement System Digital Thermometer (p. 5) Figure 2.2 Electric circuit terminology (p. 13) Table 2.2 Resistor color band codes (p. 18) Figure

More information

electronics for computer engineering (Sensor) by KrisMT Computer Engineering, ICT, University of Phayao

electronics for computer engineering (Sensor) by KrisMT Computer Engineering, ICT, University of Phayao 305222 electronics for computer engineering (Sensor) by KrisMT Computer Engineering, ICT, University of Phayao ห วข อ Sensor =? Each type of sensor Technology Interpolation Sensor =? is a device that measures

More information

Advanced Measurements

Advanced Measurements Albaha University Faculty of Engineering Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 5: Displacement measurement Ossama Abouelatta o_abouelatta@yahoo.com Mechanical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering

More information

Industrial Sensors. Proximity Mechanical Optical Inductive/Capacitive. Position/Velocity Potentiometer LVDT Encoders Tachogenerator

Industrial Sensors. Proximity Mechanical Optical Inductive/Capacitive. Position/Velocity Potentiometer LVDT Encoders Tachogenerator Proximity Mechanical Optical Inductive/Capacitive Position/Velocity Potentiometer LVDT Encoders Tachogenerator Force/Pressure Vibration/acceleration Industrial Sensors 1 Definitions Accuracy: The agreement

More information

Learning Objectives:

Learning Objectives: Topic 5.4 Instrumentation Systems Learning Objectives: At the end of this topic you will be able to; describe the use of the following analogue sensors: thermistors and strain gauges; describe the use

More information

M.D. Singh J.G. Joshi MECHATRONICS

M.D. Singh J.G. Joshi MECHATRONICS M.D. Singh J.G. Joshi MECHATRONICS MECHATRONICS MECHATRONICS M.D. SINGH Formerly Principal Sagar Institute of Technology and Research Bhopal J.G. JOSHI Lecturer Department of Electronics and Telecommunication

More information

Signal Conditioning Fundamentals for PC-Based Data Acquisition Systems

Signal Conditioning Fundamentals for PC-Based Data Acquisition Systems Application Note 048 Signal Conditioning Fundamentals for PC-Based Data Acquisition Systems Introduction PC-based data acquisition (DAQ) systems and plugin boards are used in a very wide range of applications

More information

ANALOG AND DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS

ANALOG AND DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS ANALOG AND DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS Digital Voltmeter (DVM) Used to measure the ac and dc voltages and displays the result in digital form. Types: Ramp type DVM Integrating type DVM Potentiometric type DVM

More information

Length and Position Measurement

Length and Position Measurement Length and Position Measurement Primary standards were once based on the length of a bar of metal at a given temperature. The present standard is: 1 meter = distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 3.335641

More information

As before, the speed resolution is given by the change in speed corresponding to a unity change in the count. Hence, for the pulse-counting method

As before, the speed resolution is given by the change in speed corresponding to a unity change in the count. Hence, for the pulse-counting method Velocity Resolution with Step-Up Gearing: As before, the speed resolution is given by the change in speed corresponding to a unity change in the count. Hence, for the pulse-counting method It follows that

More information

Question Paper Code : B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER Third Semester. Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Question Paper Code : B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER Third Semester. Electrical and Electronics Engineering Question Paper Code : 31391 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2013. Third Semester Electrical and Electronics Engineering EE 2201/EE 33/EI 1202/10133 EE 302/080280016 MEASUREMENTS AND

More information

EE T55 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

EE T55 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION EE T55 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION UNIT V: TRANSDUCERS Temperature transducers-rtd, thermistor, Thermocouple-Displacement transducer-inductive, capacitive, LVDT, Pressure transducer Bourdon tube,

More information

VARIABLE INDUCTANCE TRANSDUCER

VARIABLE INDUCTANCE TRANSDUCER VARIABLE INDUCTANCE TRANSDUCER These are based on a change in the magnetic characteristic of an electrical circuit in response to a measurand which may be displacement, velocity, acceleration, etc. 1.

More information

APPLICATION NOTE 695 New ICs Revolutionize The Sensor Interface

APPLICATION NOTE 695 New ICs Revolutionize The Sensor Interface Maxim > Design Support > Technical Documents > Application Notes > Sensors > APP 695 Keywords: high performance, low cost, signal conditioner, signal conditioning, precision sensor, signal conditioner,

More information

PRESENTED BY HUMANOID IIT KANPUR

PRESENTED BY HUMANOID IIT KANPUR SENSORS & ACTUATORS Robotics Club (Science and Technology Council, IITK) PRESENTED BY HUMANOID IIT KANPUR October 11th, 2017 WHAT ARE WE GOING TO LEARN!! COMPARISON between Transducers Sensors And Actuators.

More information

Sensors and Actuators Introduction to sensors

Sensors and Actuators Introduction to sensors Sensors and Actuators Introduction to sensors Sander Stuijk (s.stuijk@tue.nl) Department of Electrical Engineering Electronic Systems INDUCTIVE SENSORS (Chapter 3.4, 7.3) 3 Inductive sensors 4 Inductive

More information

Mechatronics System Design - Sensors

Mechatronics System Design - Sensors Mechatronics System Design - Sensors Aim of this class 1. The functional role of the sensor? 2. Displacement, velocity and visual sensors? 3. An integrated example-smart car with visual and displacement

More information

Advanced Measurements

Advanced Measurements Albaha University Faculty of Engineering Mechanical Engineering Department Lecture 3: Position, Displacement, and Level Ossama Abouelatta o_abouelatta@yahoo.com Mechanical Engineering Department Faculty

More information

DET: Technological Studies Applied Electronics Intermediate 2

DET: Technological Studies Applied Electronics Intermediate 2 DET: Technological Studies Applied Electronics Intermediate 2 4597 Spring 1999 HIGHER STILL DET: Technological Studies Applied Electronics Intermediate 2 Support Materials *+,-./ CONTENTS Teacher s guide

More information

Introduction to Electronic Circuit for Instrumentation

Introduction to Electronic Circuit for Instrumentation Introduction to Electronic Circuit for Instrumentation Fundamental quantities Length Mass Time Charge and electric current Heat and temperature Light and luminous intensity Matter (atom, ion and molecule)

More information

Sensors & transducers

Sensors & transducers Sensors & transducers Prof. H. Arya DEPT. OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING IIT BOMBAY Sensors Sensors - A device that produces an output signal for the purpose of sensing a physical phenomenon. Sensors are also

More information

Shock Sensor Module This module is digital shock sensor. It will output a high level signal when it detects a shock event.

Shock Sensor Module This module is digital shock sensor. It will output a high level signal when it detects a shock event. Item Picture Description KY001: Temperature This module measures the temperature and reports it through the 1-wire bus digitally to the Arduino. DS18B20 (https://s3.amazonaws.com/linksprite/arduino_kits/advanced_sensors_kit/ds18b20.pdf)

More information

Lesson 4 Examples of the Sensors. Chapter-7 L04: "Internet of Things ", Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

Lesson 4 Examples of the Sensors. Chapter-7 L04: Internet of Things , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education Lesson 4 Examples of the Sensors 1 Temperature Measuring and Control sensors Thermistor applications in home automation Sensing the cloud cover The output of thermistor connected to circuit of a signal

More information

Semiconductor 9/21/2015

Semiconductor 9/21/2015 Semiconductor Electronics 9/21/2015 Starting simple the diode. The diode is one of the simplest semiconductor devices. It is comprised of two layers of semiconductor. One is impregnated with an electron

More information

Sensors (Transducer) Introduction By Sintayehu Challa

Sensors (Transducer) Introduction By Sintayehu Challa Sensors (Transducer) Introduction What are Sensors? Basically the quantities to be measured are Non-Electrical quantities such as temperature, pressure,displacement,humidity, fluid flow, speed etc, but

More information

UNIT 10 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSDUCERS AND SENSORS

UNIT 10 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSDUCERS AND SENSORS UNIT 10 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSDUCERS AND SENSORS Structure 10.1 Introduction Objectives 10.2 Active and Passive Sensors 10.3 Basic Requirements of a Sensor/Transducer 10.4 Discrete Event Sensors 10.4.1

More information

Sensing. Autonomous systems. Properties. Classification. Key requirement of autonomous systems. An AS should be connected to the outside world.

Sensing. Autonomous systems. Properties. Classification. Key requirement of autonomous systems. An AS should be connected to the outside world. Sensing Key requirement of autonomous systems. An AS should be connected to the outside world. Autonomous systems Convert a physical value to an electrical value. From temperature, humidity, light, to

More information

Home Map Projects Construction Soldering Study Components 555 Symbols FAQ Links

Home Map Projects Construction Soldering Study Components 555 Symbols FAQ Links Home Map Projects Construction Soldering Study Components 555 Symbols FAQ Links Circuit Symbols Wires Supplies Output devices Switches Resistors Capacitors Diodes Transistors Audio & Radio Meters Sensors

More information

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER ANALOG INPUT

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER ANALOG INPUT ANALOG INPUT Analog input involves sensing an electrical signal from some source external to the computer. This signal is generated as a result of some changing physical phenomenon such as air pressure,

More information

1. Position detection on a spindle drive unit by means of a linear potentiometer

1. Position detection on a spindle drive unit by means of a linear potentiometer Displacement measurements 1. Position detection on a spindle drive unit by means of a linear potentiometer Learning contents: Mechanical assembly and electrical connection of a spindle drive unit Mechanical

More information

Tektronix AFG10022 Function Generator. Coming soon to B10: Sin, Square, Ramp, Swept, Arbitrary, Noise. Linear Actuators. Non-magnetized iron plunger

Tektronix AFG10022 Function Generator. Coming soon to B10: Sin, Square, Ramp, Swept, Arbitrary, Noise. Linear Actuators. Non-magnetized iron plunger 4/19/18 Tektronix AFG10022 Function Generator Coming soon to B10: Sin, Square, Ramp, Swept, Arbitrary, Noise 508 Linear Actuators Solenoids (stationary coil) Non-magnetized iron plunger Iron always pulled

More information

Instant MTBF Data Input Sheet Commercial / Bellcore TR Integrated Circuits, Bipolar, Digital

Instant MTBF Data Input Sheet Commercial / Bellcore TR Integrated Circuits, Bipolar, Digital Instant MTBF Data Input Sheet Commercial / Bellcore TR-332 Probabilistic Software, Inc. http://www.e-mtbf.com System / Equipment Name: Assembly Name: Quantity Of This Assembly: Parts List Number: Environment:

More information

Actuator Precision Characterization

Actuator Precision Characterization Actuator Precision Characterization Covers models T-NAXX, T-LAXX, X-LSMXXX, X-LSQXXX INTRODUCTION In order to get the best precision from your positioning devices, it s important to have an understanding

More information

Sensors for Mechatronics

Sensors for Mechatronics Sensors for Mechatronics Paul P.L Regtien Hertgelo The Netherlands AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK' OXFORD ELSEVIER PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Contents Preface xi

More information

Deficiency (R - A) Sl. No. (A) (R) 7. Pspice / Matlab /other Equivalent software Package) with PC Single Phase Wattmeter

Deficiency (R - A) Sl. No. (A) (R) 7. Pspice / Matlab /other Equivalent software Package) with PC Single Phase Wattmeter (R 03) Semester II EE6 Electric Circuits Laboratory.. 3. 4. 5. 6. Regulated Power Supply: 0 5 V D.C Function Generator ( MHz) Single Phase Energy Meter Oscilloscope (0 MHz). Digital Storage Oscilloscope

More information

Chapter 8. Digital and Analog Interfacing Methods

Chapter 8. Digital and Analog Interfacing Methods Chapter 8 Digital and Analog Interfacing Methods Lesson 16 MCU Based Instrumentation Outline Resistance and Capacitance based Sensor Interface Inductance based Sensor (LVDT) Interface Current based (Light

More information

SmartSenseCom Introduces Next Generation Seismic Sensor Systems

SmartSenseCom Introduces Next Generation Seismic Sensor Systems SmartSenseCom Introduces Next Generation Seismic Sensor Systems Summary: SmartSenseCom, Inc. (SSC) has introduced the next generation in seismic sensing technology. SSC s systems use a unique optical sensing

More information

PART 2 - ACTUATORS. 6.0 Stepper Motors. 6.1 Principle of Operation

PART 2 - ACTUATORS. 6.0 Stepper Motors. 6.1 Principle of Operation 6.1 Principle of Operation PART 2 - ACTUATORS 6.0 The actuator is the device that mechanically drives a dynamic system - Stepper motors are a popular type of actuators - Unlike continuous-drive actuators,

More information

Measurement and Instrumentation

Measurement and Instrumentation Measurement and Instrumentation Theory and Application Alan S. Morris Reza Langari ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Academic

More information

Part 10: Transducers

Part 10: Transducers Part 10: Transducers 10.1: Classification of Transducers An instrument may be defined as a device or a system which is designed to maintain a functional relationship between prescribed properties of physical

More information

STRAIN, FORCE, PRESSURE, AND FLOW MEASUREMENTS

STRAIN, FORCE, PRESSURE, AND FLOW MEASUREMENTS SECTION 4 STRAIN,, PRESSURE, AND FLOW MEASUREMENTS Walt Kester STRAIN GAGES The most popular electrical elements used in force measurements include the resistance strain gage, the semiconductor strain

More information

Ch 5 Hardware Components for Automation

Ch 5 Hardware Components for Automation Ch 5 Hardware Components for Automation Sections: 1. Sensors 2. Actuators 3. Analog-to-Digital Conversion 4. Digital-to-Analog Conversion 5. Input/Output Devices for Discrete Data Computer-Process Interface

More information

Chap. 5 Electronic Components and Sensing Devices

Chap. 5 Electronic Components and Sensing Devices 1 Chap. 5 Electronic Components and Sensing Devices Today, practically all mechanical devices contain some sort of electronic components. The function of a product often relies on the integration of mechanical

More information

Chapter 16 Other Two-Terminal Devices

Chapter 16 Other Two-Terminal Devices Chapter 16 Other Two-Terminal Devices 1 Other Two-Terminal Terminal Devices Schottky diode Varactor diode Power diodes Tunnel diode Photodiode Photoconductive cells IR emitters Liquid crystal displays

More information

Downloaded from Downloaded from

Downloaded from  Downloaded from IV SEMESTER FINAL EXAMINATION- 2002 SUBJECT: BEG232EC, Instrumentation Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figure in the margin indicates full marks.

More information

Shaft encoders are digital transducers that are used for measuring angular displacements and angular velocities.

Shaft encoders are digital transducers that are used for measuring angular displacements and angular velocities. Shaft Encoders: Shaft encoders are digital transducers that are used for measuring angular displacements and angular velocities. Encoder Types: Shaft encoders can be classified into two categories depending

More information

CRN: MET-487 Instrumentation and Automatic Control June 28, 2010 August 5, 2010 Professor Paul Lin

CRN: MET-487 Instrumentation and Automatic Control June 28, 2010 August 5, 2010 Professor Paul Lin CRN: 32030 MET-487 Instrumentation and Automatic Control June 28, 2010 August 5, 2010 Professor Paul Lin Course Description: Class 2, Lab 2, Cr. 3, Junior class standing and 216 Instrumentation for pressure,

More information

signals Mo: signals 36+1

signals Mo: signals 36+1 signals 16722 mws@cmu.edu Mo:20090119 signals 36+1 examples of signals length of column of mercury in a thermometer angles of hands on a clock or needle of automobile speedometer intensity and frequency

More information

Electronics, Sensors, and Actuators

Electronics, Sensors, and Actuators Electronics, Sensors, and Actuators 4/14/15 David Flicker BE107 Overview Basic electronics and components Sensors Actuators Electronics 101 Voltage, V, is fundamentally how much energy is gained or lost

More information

Department of Mechatronics Engineering

Department of Mechatronics Engineering Department of Mechatronics Engineering COURSES COVERED CONTROL SYSTEM POWER ELECTRONICS ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM SENSORS AND INTRUMENTATION LAB SUPERVISOR: ENGR. MOEZ UL HASSAN NI ELVIS II The NI Educational

More information

DC motor control using arduino

DC motor control using arduino DC motor control using arduino 1) Introduction: First we need to differentiate between DC motor and DC generator and where we can use it in this experiment. What is the main different between the DC-motor,

More information

Technical Explanation for Displacement Sensors and Measurement Sensors

Technical Explanation for Displacement Sensors and Measurement Sensors Technical Explanation for Sensors and Measurement Sensors CSM_e_LineWidth_TG_E_2_1 Introduction What Is a Sensor? A Sensor is a device that measures the distance between the sensor and an object by detecting

More information

Basic Microprocessor Interfacing Trainer Lab Manual

Basic Microprocessor Interfacing Trainer Lab Manual Basic Microprocessor Interfacing Trainer Lab Manual Control Inputs Microprocessor Data Inputs ff Control Unit '0' Datapath MUX Nextstate Logic State Memory Register Output Logic Control Signals ALU ff

More information

Analytical Chemistry II

Analytical Chemistry II Analytical Chemistry II L3: Signal processing (selected slides) Semiconductor devices Apart from resistors and capacitors, electronic circuits often contain nonlinear devices: transistors and diodes. The

More information

GSM BASED PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM

GSM BASED PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM GSM BASED PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM ABSTRACT This project deals with the monitoring of the patient parameters such as humidity, temperature and heartbeat. Here we have designed a microcontroller based

More information

Sensors and Transducers

Sensors and Transducers Sensors and Transducers Transducers-Transducer is a device which converts one form of energy into another form of energy. Electrical transducers are those which convert one form of energy into electrical

More information

ACTUATORS AND SENSORS. Joint actuating system. Servomotors. Sensors

ACTUATORS AND SENSORS. Joint actuating system. Servomotors. Sensors ACTUATORS AND SENSORS Joint actuating system Servomotors Sensors JOINT ACTUATING SYSTEM Transmissions Joint motion low speeds high torques Spur gears change axis of rotation and/or translate application

More information

Feedback Devices. By John Mazurkiewicz. Baldor Electric

Feedback Devices. By John Mazurkiewicz. Baldor Electric Feedback Devices By John Mazurkiewicz Baldor Electric Closed loop systems use feedback signals for stabilization, speed and position information. There are a variety of devices to provide this data, such

More information

Sensors & Actuators. Transduction principles Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento

Sensors & Actuators. Transduction principles Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento Sensors & Actuators Transduction principles 2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento Outline Resistive transduction. Photoconductive transduction (resistive). Capacitive transduction. Inductive transduction.

More information

Electronics II. Calibration and Curve Fitting

Electronics II. Calibration and Curve Fitting Objective Find components on Digikey Electronics II Calibration and Curve Fitting Determine the parameters for a sensor from the data sheets Predict the voltage vs. temperature relationship for a thermistor

More information

MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION QUESTION BANK UNIT I INTRODUCTION. Part A

MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION QUESTION BANK UNIT I INTRODUCTION. Part A MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION QUESTION BANK UNIT I INTRODUCTION Part A 1. Define Standard deviation. 2. Why calibration of instrument is important? 3. What are the different calibration methodologies?

More information

PHYSICS PRACTICALS (Total Periods 60)

PHYSICS PRACTICALS (Total Periods 60) PHYSICS PRACTICALS (Total Periods 60) The record to be submitted by the students at the time of their annual examination has to include: Record of at least 15 Experiments [with a minimum of 6 from each

More information

Load Cells, LVDTs and Thermocouples

Load Cells, LVDTs and Thermocouples Load Cells, LVDTs and Thermocouples Introduction Load cells are utilized in nearly every electronic weighing system while LVDTs are used to measure the displacement of a moving object. Thermocouples have

More information

Mechatronics UNIT I. Introduction of sensors and actuators

Mechatronics UNIT I. Introduction of sensors and actuators Mechatronics UNIT I Introduction of sensors and actuators Prepared By Prof. Shinde Vishal Vasant Assistant Professor Dept. of Mechanical Engg. NDMVP S Karmaveer Baburao Thakare College of Engg. Nashik

More information

14.2 Photodiodes 411

14.2 Photodiodes 411 14.2 Photodiodes 411 Maximum reverse voltage is specified for Ge and Si photodiodes and photoconductive cells. Exceeding this voltage can cause the breakdown and severe deterioration of the sensor s performance.

More information

MDM5253 DC Motor Driver Module with Position and Current Feedback User Manual

MDM5253 DC Motor Driver Module with Position and Current Feedback User Manual MDM5253 DC Motor Driver Module with Position and Current Feedback User Manual Version: 1.0.3 Apr. 2013 Table of Contents I. Introduction 2 II. Operations 2 II.1. Theory of Operation 2 II.2. Running as

More information

Principles of operation 5

Principles of operation 5 Principles of operation 5 The following section explains the fundamental principles upon which Solartron Metrology s linear measurement products are based. > Inductive technology (gauging and displacement)

More information

Making Basic Strain Measurements

Making Basic Strain Measurements IOtech Product Marketing Specialist steve.radecky@iotech.com Making Basic Strain Measurements using 24-Bit IOtech Hardware INTRODUCTION Strain gages are sensing devices used in a variety of physical test

More information

CHAPTER 9 BRIDGES, STRAIN GAGES AND SOME VARIABLE IMPEDANCE TRANSDUCERS

CHAPTER 9 BRIDGES, STRAIN GAGES AND SOME VARIABLE IMPEDANCE TRANSDUCERS CHPTE 9 BIDGES, STIN GGES ND SOME IBLE IMPEDNCE TNSDUCES Many transducers translate a change in the quantity you wish to measure into a change in impedance, i.e., resistance, capacitance or inductance.

More information

Robot Sensors Introduction to Robotics Lecture Handout September 20, H. Harry Asada Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Robot Sensors Introduction to Robotics Lecture Handout September 20, H. Harry Asada Massachusetts Institute of Technology Robot Sensors 2.12 Introduction to Robotics Lecture Handout September 20, 2004 H. Harry Asada Massachusetts Institute of Technology Touch Sensor CCD Camera Vision System Ultrasonic Sensor Photo removed

More information

Synchronous Machines Study Material

Synchronous Machines Study Material Synchronous machines: The machines generating alternating emf from the mechanical input are called alternators or synchronous generators. They are also known as AC generators. All modern power stations

More information

How to Select the Right Positioning Sensor Solution A WHITE PAPER

How to Select the Right Positioning Sensor Solution A WHITE PAPER How to Select the Right Positioning Sensor Solution A WHITE PAPER Published 10/1/2012 Today s machinery and equipment are continuously evolving, designed to enhance efficiency and built to withstand harsher

More information

MAE334 - Introduction to Instrumentation and Computers. Final Exam. December 11, 2006

MAE334 - Introduction to Instrumentation and Computers. Final Exam. December 11, 2006 MAE334 - Introduction to Instrumentation and Computers Final Exam December 11, 2006 o Closed Book and Notes o No Calculators 1. Fill in your name on side 2 of the scoring sheet (Last name first!) 2. Fill

More information

Industrialization of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems. Werner Weber Infineon Technologies

Industrialization of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems. Werner Weber Infineon Technologies Industrialization of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems Werner Weber Infineon Technologies Semiconductor-based MEMS market MEMS Market 2004 (total 22.7 BUS$) Others mostly Digital Light Projection IR Sensors

More information

Workshop 1 Measurement techniques and sensors

Workshop 1 Measurement techniques and sensors The University of British Columbia GEOG 309 / Andreas Christen January 31, 2008 Workshop 1 Measurement techniques and sensors Goals 1 Use components and a multi-meter to understand measurement principles

More information

MODEL ANSWER WINTER 17 EXAMINATION 17414

MODEL ANSWER WINTER 17 EXAMINATION 17414 Important Instructions to examiners: 1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme. 2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate

More information

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS LABORATORY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS LABORATORY MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS LABORATORY Group 02 Asst. Prof. Dr. E. İlhan KONUKSEVEN FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN MEASUREMENT AND EXPERIMENTATION HOW TO MEASURE? BY MEANS OF SENSING DEVICES OFTEN CALLED:

More information

Question Bank SENSORS AND INSTRUMENTATION [EE-305/405]

Question Bank SENSORS AND INSTRUMENTATION [EE-305/405] UNIT-1 1. Discuss liquid in glass thermometers? 2. Write a short note on strain gauges. 3. Mention the various temperature scales and relation between them. 4. An experiment is conducted to calibrate a

More information