NINJA Experiment : Neutrino Interaction research with Nuclear emulsion and J-PARC Accelerator

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1 NINJA Experiment : Neutrino Interaction research with Nuclear emulsion and J-PARC Accelerator Tsutomu Fukuda (Nagoya Univ.) on behalf of the NINJA collaboration J-PARC 素粒子原子核セミナー, 23th Feb. 2017@Tokai 10μm

2 2 Contents Introduction Nuclear Emulsion Technology NINJA Experiment

3 Profile: 福田努 ( ふくだつとむ ) 年 OPERA 実験が正式に承認参加検出器準備 2003 年 ~ OPERA フィルムの大量生産開始東濃鉱山地下にて Refresh 処理解析体制準備 2005 年 ~ KEK,Fermi Lab でテスト実験開始 OPERA の解析リハーサルを実施ニュートリノビーム照射 2006 年 CERN からニュートリノビームのテスト照射 OPERA で初めて原子核乾板上にニュートリノ反応からの飛跡を検出 me CS に記録された飛跡 80 m me 飛跡が見つかった瞬間 / 年 ~ 検出器完成ニュートリノビーム本格照射 OPERA 実験本番開始 1 st ν 2010 年 1 st タウニュートリノ反応候補検出 2012 年 2 nd タウニュートリノ反応候補検出 2 nd ν

4 th done 発見から精密測定へ

5 5 原子核乾板 Nuclear Emulsion

6 What is Nuclear Emulsion? 6 ~100μm 3D tracking detector with submicron position accuracy

Photographic Film technology 7 Nuclear Emulsion is a special

through line Film camera Merit High resolution ハロゲン化銀 (Sliver

7 Photographic Film technology 7 Nuclear Emulsion is a special photographic film. Signal is amplified by chemical process. Resolution of 0.3 μm Recorded as silver grains along the particle passing through line Film camera Merit High resolution ハロゲン化銀 (Sliver halide) Image detection 光のエネルギーが起こす化学変化を利用した光化学反応 Digital camera Real time 電荷結合素子 (Charged-Coupled Device) 光のエネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換する光電変換 7

8 Largest Digital Camera ATLAS detector (~1.6 x 10 8 image sensors) 8 human Largest Film Camera OPERA detector (~10 20 AgBr crystals) 9000,000 emulsion films human 8

9 Contribution for fundamental physics 1896 (A. H. Becquerel ) Discovery of Radioactivity 1947 (C. F. Powell et al.) Discovery of 1971 (K.Niu et al.) Discovery of charm particle in cosmic-ray 2001 (K.Niwa et al.) Direct observation of ν π μ π 1947 μ Flight Length:280um decay decay mm Iron DONUT event 9

10 Nuclear Emulsion Detector 3D reconstruction Reconstruction of track data Scalability 10 OPERA 検出器 (1.25kton) 4π detection Analysis on an event by event basis Momentum, de/dx measurement 150 μm Ultra precise measurement Low BG from NC 0 production

11 Nuclear Emulsion Detector Charged Particle Polymer (C, (N,O)) Silver halide crystal (AgBr) Ag + + e - Ag 1 Ag n e - e - e - e - e - e - e - e - 11 Development treatment Ionized electrons concentrated on the electron trap to form the latent image specks in a crystal Silver grains (size : several 10 nm ~ 1 µm)

Nuclear Emulsion Detector Charged Particle Polymer (C, (N,O)) Silver halide crystal (AgBr) Nuclear spallation reaction by heavy ion 12 Development treatment Silver grains (size :

12 Nuclear Emulsion Detector Charged Particle Polymer (C, (N,O)) Silver halide crystal (AgBr) Nuclear spallation reaction by heavy ion 12 Development treatment Silver grains (size : several 10 nm ~ 1 µm) 100 µm Spatial resolution - silver halide crystal size - number density of silver halide crystal Sensitivity - Chemical treatment - Crystal defect and doping etc.

Microscope view 13 Objective 35x ~3 m Depth of Field Emulsion (front side)

13 Nuclear emulsion film/plate Readout of tracks in Emulsion Microscope Z-axis Image sensor Image sensor Resolution 512x512 pixels Field of View 230x230 m 2 Microscope view 13 Objective 35x ~3 m Depth of Field Emulsion (front side) 45~100 m Sensitivity 35 silver grains /100 m Film base 200~800 m Emulsion (back side) 45~100 m

14 14

15 Long history in Neutrino Research Fermilab E531 ~ 100kg charm physics, oscillation <20GeV> CERN WA95 CHORUS ~ 1 ton oscillation, charm physics <27GeV> Fermilab E872 DONuT ~ 1 ton first direct observation <80GeV> CERN CNGS01 OPERA 1250 ton oscillation <17GeV>

16 Recent technical improvements 16 Readout technique High Speed Scanning High Sensitive film Detector technique Time resolution HTS 9,000cm 2 /h, x100 faster Large angle tracking technique Charge sign ID RMS=1.5sec ν e /ν e identification

17 17

18 Gel Production Machine at Nagoya Univ. 18 Crystal size Crystal shape Sensitivity Stability

19 NINJA Experiment 19

20 20 Current situation on neutrino physics OPERA Neutrino oscillation δ CP, mass hierarchy T2K DayaBay Sterile Neutrinos 4th generation? Dark matter? LSND MiniBooNE JUNO DUNE MicroBooNE T2HK ICARUS JSNS 2 0νdouble beta decay majorana / dirac? νmass meas. Cosmic neutrinos Ultra-high energy, Supernova, PeVν SN1987A CANDLES KamLAND-ZEN SuperNEMO GERDA2 SKGd KM4NeT この他にも多くの実験が計画実施遂行されている IceCube-Gen2

We started a new experiment at J-PARC to study low energy neutrino interactions by introducing nuclear emulsion technique.

21 Motivation 21 Precise neutrino-nucleus interaction measurement is important to reduce the systematic uncertainty in future neutrino oscillation experiments. We started a new experiment at J-PARC to study low energy neutrino interactions by introducing nuclear emulsion technique. The emulsion technique can measure all the final state particles with low energy threshold for a variety of targets (H 2 O, Fe, C, ). Furthermore its ultimate position resolution allow to measure ν e cross section and to explore of a sterile neutrino. MiniBooNE Water Target Emulsion Chamber

Other interaction modes contaminate due to final state interaction in nucleon and detector inefficiency.

22 Precise measurement of neutrino-nucleus interactions CCQE interaction events are used as signal to reconstruct energy in T2K/SK. Other interaction modes contaminate due to final state interaction in nucleon and detector inefficiency. Energy can t be reconstructed correctly with these interaction modes. Need precise understanding about neutrino interaction. ν 2p-2h interaction in CCQE samples (Meson Exchange Current: MEC) μ p 22

23 NINJA 実験 Neutrino Interaction research with Nuclear emulsion and J-PARC Accelerator 23 OPERA T2K MEC MEC NINJA T2K 原子核乾板は MEC 反応を測定する極めて有効な手段ニュートリノ反応の精密測定

24 ν exposure status of NINJA 24 PAC July/15/2015 Detector Run Physics Run A few kg Water A few kg Iron 60kg Iron Data-MC comparison with high statistics ν e CC interaction detection Emulsion Demonstration of ν event detection Hybrid analysis with T2K near detector ν Water interaction detection with Emulsion Detector We have demonstrated the basic experimental concept at J-PARC site. Detector performance run was started from last Jan.

25 Future plan NINJA Roadmap 25 Preliminary measurements RUN Feasibility study at J-PARC J-PARC T60/T66 experiment Detector RUN Detector performance check Target mass: 30-60kg Physics RUN Ⅰ Neutrino-nucleus interaction study Target mass: kg Physics RUN Ⅱ Search for sterile neutrino Target mass: 1-3ton Target mass: 6-10ton The aim of T60/T66 is a feasibility study and detector performance check to make a future plan. We will expand the scale of detector gradually, step by step.

26 Status review of NINJA 26

Status review of NINJA Conceptual detector design

2015) Emulsion Cloud Chamber is a sandwich

Emulsion detector is placed in front of T2K near

Emulsion Shifter is re-used from GRAINE project

27 Status review of NINJA Conceptual detector design 27 2kg iron target ECC SS (Jan. 2015) Emulsion Cloud Chamber is a sandwich structure of emulsion films and iron plates. Emulsion detector is placed in front of T2K near detector, INGRID. Emulsion Shifter is re-used from GRAINE project to give a timing info. to emulsion tracks. Muon ID is possible by combined analysis with INGRID.

Status review of NINJA Reconstructed track data 28 All

First of all, noise tracks were rejected by evaluating the

all tracks ν Track Quality Selection ( tanθ < 0.1 ) (1.

28 Status review of NINJA Reconstructed track data 28 All emulsion films were scanned by HTS. First of all, noise tracks were rejected by evaluating the quality of each tracks. Then tracks were reconstructed. all tracks ν Track Quality Selection ( tanθ < 0.1 ) (1.4< tanθ ) PL41 PL01 Iron 2.0cm Penetrated tracks Plate by plate, angle by angle track efficiency

29 Track reconstruction 29 Two base track segments are tried to be connected assuming cut off momentum. They are connected if the position and angular difference within the allowance. - Position difference between two segments extrapolating at middle place. - Angular difference Continue to all possible combination of two tracks all tracks are reconstructed.

30 Status review of NINJA Event analysis sample 30

31 Automatic procedure 31 Opening angle of 2MIP e + e - pair from Gamma-rays

32 de/dx Status review of NINJA Systematic emulsion analysis Interacted in emulsion region 32 Proton Identification Momentum measurement Multiple Coulomb Scattering momentum measurement

Position difference from reference point = Timing information 33 Spot 13 Mar.12 2:23:35 ~ Mar.

33 Status review of NINJA Time stamp for ν event with Emulsion Shifter Emulsion films are set on moving stages controlled by stepping motor. Time stamp is given by coincidence of tracks on each stage. Position difference from reference point = Timing information 33 Spot 13 Mar.12 2:23:35 ~ Mar.14 14:23:57 Spot 7 Mar.21 2:25:49 ~ Mar.23 14:26:12 Information from Top stage All tracks Neutrino event tracks

34 Status review of NINJA Emulsion-INGRID Hybrid analysis <Event time> 2015/Mar./13 1:42: <Event time> 2015/Mar./22 15:06:35.0 Event topology is clearly matched. Expected range for each tracks is consistent with INGRID hits. Time resolution for emulsion tracks

Status review of NINJA ν exposure in May

原子核乾板検出器 Frame type plastic spacer ( 2mm

35 Status review of NINJA ν exposure in May Water target emulsion detector 35 水標的原子核乾板検出器 Frame type plastic spacer ( 2mm thickness) Emulsion films (vacuum packed) Interacted in Water region 陽子 Range~2cm Sandwich structure of Emulsion films and Frame type spacers Pouring water First detection of ν - Water interaction with Emulsion Detector

36 Status review of NINJA 36 Detector Run We are starting Detector Run to compare MC with high statistics.

37 37 Detector construction ν beam exposure Hardware treatment and Scan Detector preparation

38 38 Detector construction ν beam exposure Hardware treatment and Scan Detector installation INGRID 2016.Jan. 14

39 39 Detector construction ν beam exposure Hardware treatment and Scan Condition of the emulsion film

40 40 Detector construction Dark room (Nihon Univ.) ν beam exposure Hardware treatment and Scan Developing

41 41 Detector construction ν beam exposure Hardware treatment and Scan 2. Surface silver cleaning Emulsion swelling Recovering of emulsion thickness emulsion Beam exposure development After swelling Before wiping After wiping 60μm 70.0±3.0μm More than 300 films were completed. Glycerol water

42 42 Detector construction ν beam exposure Hardware treatment and Scan Tracking efficiency of one area (plate by plate, angle by angle) :0.0< tanθ <0.3 :0.4< tanθ <0.6 :0.9< tanθ <1.1 :1.4< tanθ <1.6 Data quality check and track reconstruction is under progress.

43 Status review of NINJA Event analysis is now in progress! 43 Neutrino event candidates Very preliminary Multiplicity>3 Track multiplicity (218 events) First result will be reported at JPS meeting (March) ~80% of event have proton 0 MIP events are detected. neutron interaction?

44 44 Examples of neutrino event one by one

45 Detector Run(T66) ν beam exposure:dec Apr R&D for Water target Emulsion detector 45 Detector structure ~100 ν- Water int. expected 大型水標的検出器によるニュートリノ - 水反応の精密測定に向けて検出器 R&D を継続中 2018 年後半に 100kg 級の検出器を設置予定

46 46 Summary We are performing a neutrino experiments at J-PARC to study low energy neutrino - nucleus interactions with nuclear emulsion (NINJA!). We are carrying out a test experiment at J-PARC to check the feasibility and detector performance. Beam exposure and film development for the 60kg iron target ECC was successfully done and the event analysis is now in progress. R&D for Water target ECC is performing. Now we are discussing about next Physics Run with a large scale water target emulsion detector.

47 Back up 47

emulsion chamber Cool box (wine cellar) to

Removal of air bubbles SS floor down stream

48 Feasibility study: 1.5kg Water target ECC 48 Water target emulsion chamber Cool box (wine cellar) to keep a good environment for emulsion tracks Removal of air bubbles SS floor down stream of T2K near det. Interacted in Water region 1 (tanθx, tanθy)=(-0.040, 0.845) 2 (tanθx, tanθy)=(-0.589, ) Minimum distance(1 2)=2.4um, depth=620um proton Range~2cm First detection of ν - Water interaction with Emulsion Detector M.I.P proton

# of refreshed films Temperature (deg C)

preparation 49 We carried out Refresh process

Emulsion film Refresh 2015. Dec @Toho Univ.

electron density(/6000um 3 ) before Refreshed

49 # of refreshed films Temperature (deg C) Detector Run: 60kg Iron target ECC Detector preparation 49 We carried out Refresh process to delete noise tracks like OPERA experiment. Emulsion film Refresh Univ. 1 cycle Refresh 24hours -Temperature -Humidity drying 24hours time Humidity (%RH) Film storing for refresh in dark room Compton electron density(/6000um 3 ) before Refreshed 5 refresh process were carried out All 346 films were refreshed. (date)

Detector Run: 60kg Iron target ECC 50 Installation @J-PARC (Jan.

50 Detector Run: 60kg Iron target ECC 50 (Jan ) Detector was floor. T60 emulsion detector is mounted in cooling box to keep good quality (no refresh). compressor PM Emulsion shifter ν Iron target ECC INGRID Fall prevention frame ν Drain hose Laptop PC for operation monitoring

51 Large angle scanning on HTS 51 Univ. Very preliminary x z x tan θ z = 1st trial (Y. Suzuki) We will optimize HTS for LA Scanning

52 Related activity 52 p π + μ + ν μ ニュートリノフラックスの系統誤差の低減ニュートリノフラックスの推定ハドロン生成の詳細研究

Installation Manual WIND TRANSDUCER

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