2D rendgenski (X-ray) vizijski sustavi
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1 2D rendgenski (X-ray) vizijski sustavi o Komponente sustava računalne radiografije o Tehničke karakteristike mogućnosti primjene primjeri iz prakse o Zaključni osvrt svrha i zahtjevi kontrole raspoloživost tehnologija i ekonomski aspekti osiguravanje kvalitete rezultata Prof.dr.sc. Damir Markučič
2 Film radiografija vs. digitalna radiografija o U industrijskoj primjeni uz konvencionalna radiografska ispitivanja na film svjedočimo sve većoj primjeni tehnika digitalne radiografije direktna radiografija (DDR Direct to Digital Radiography) računalna radiografija (CR - Computer Radiography) o Svrha radiografskih ispitivanja: detekcija - uočavanje - pregled unutarnjih, oku nedostupnih volumena i geometrija zahtjev utvrđivanja položaja i veličine mjerenje
3 Izvori zračenja Komponente računalne radiografije (CR) konvencionalni industrijski RTG uređaji & izotopi! ključne teh.karakteristike = veličina fokusa, raspon energija Slikovne ploče (Imaging Plates) jednaka uporaba kao i filmova različite dimenzije i klase osjetljivosti CR skener veličina rezolucije (pixel) bit depth resolution brzina skeniranja veličina formata skeniranja
4 RTG cijev (X-ray tube) o Veličina fokusa (Focal spot size) (ne)oštrina - unsharpness - image definition microfocus X-ray tubes uvećanje - image enlargement
5 RTG cijev (X-ray tube) o Veličina fokusa (Focal spot size) (ne)oštrina - unsharpness - image definition microfocus X-ray tubes uvećanje - image enlargement
6 RTG cijev (X-ray tube) o Veličina fokusa (Focal spot size) (ne)oštrina - unsharpness - image definition microfocus X-ray tubes uvećanje - image enlargement
7 Energija izvora zračenja o X-ray energy = photon energy, kev, kv prodornost zračenja (penetration power / depth)
8 Energija izvora zračenja o Izotopi (gamma-ray) veličina fokusa Characteristic Cobalt Caesium Iridium Symbol Co Cs Ir Isotope Half life 5.27 yrs 30.1 yrs 74.3 days Number of gamma quanta spectra lines Gamma quanta energies of spectra lines (MeV) * Half Value Layer (mm) Lead Concrete Equivalent kv in X-ray tubes (effective voltage)
9 Slikovne ploče (Imaging plates) o Fleksibilni detektori o višestruko eksponiranje (cca 1000 ekspozicija) o podložne meh.oštećenjima o klase osjetljivosti GP, HR, Blue
10 Slikovne ploče (Imaging plates) o Dose Quantum Efficieny (DQE) o osjetljivost dinamički raspon
11 Slikovne ploče (Imaging plates) o dinamički raspon veći raspon - debljina/propusnosti - manji kontrast od filma
12
13 CR scanner o laser spot size (pixel) o bit depth (grayscale) o scan speed
14 CR scanner o laser spot size (pixel) o bit depth (grayscale)
15 Image Quality o spatial resolution o contrast resolution o noise level
16 Image Quality SNR Signal to noise ratio, CNR Contrast to noise ratio
17 za razliku od konvencionalne FILM radiografije
18 za razliku od konvencionalne FILM radiografije o snimak = radiogram o kemijsko razvijanje o trajanje
19 Mjerenje debljine stijenke preko izolacije o pixel calibration o spatial resolution o SNR - CNR Nazivna debljina stijenke = 3,5 mm
20 Mjerenje promjera o pixel calibration o spatial resolution o SNR - CNR
21 Spatial resolution o referentni etaloni duplex wire
22 Spatial resolution o referentni etaloni duplex wire
23 Mjerenje intenziteta o Skala sivih tonova (pixel intensity, greyscale)
24 ANALIZA HOMOGENOSTI STRUKTURE - DETEKCIJA
25
26 PRIMJENA U UMJETNOSTI
27
28 Usporedba. CR Laser spot sizes in the range of μm A/D conversion up to 16 bit (grayscale) spatial resolution lower than film, but greater dynamic range than film off-line (scanning) image application on site/in Lab. DDR Pixel sizes are in the range of μm Fill factors in the range 50-80% A/D conversion even more than 16 bit spatial resolution lower than film, but greater dynamic range than CR real time ( instantly ) image application in Lab./enclosure
29 Razvoj 2.5 D tehnika? stereo-radiografija
30 DDR radioskopija promatranje radiografske slike u realnom vremenu; provodi operater ili može biti automatizirano; vremensko trajanje detektori zračenja krute ploče: Direct Digital Array, Flat panel detectors kontrola parametara u realnom vremenu: zoom, okretanje objekta, parametri X-zračenja raspon osjetljivosti ploča dubina sadržaja slikovnih zapisa
31 Završni osvrt o svrha i zahtjevi kontrole: pregled "prohodnosti/ispunjenosti" unutarnjih geometrija/volumena/otvora ispitivanje volumena materijala detekcija volumnih i planarnih nepravilnosti: pora, uključina, pukotina mjerenja značajki: dimenzija i oblika (u 2D projekciji) (2,5 D?) i strukturnih značajki prolazak zračenja = intenzitet piksela (denzitometrija ) vremenski zahtjevi = opseg kontrole i takt
32 Završni osvrt o ekonomski aspekt minimalno potrebna oprema; nadogradivost i fleksibilnost sustava razvoj tehnologije - "krojenje" sustava o osiguravanja kvalitete rezultata osigurati sljedivost za mjerenja, ali i za uspješnost detekcije PoD o Mjeriteljski CT umjeravanje radiografskih 2D tehnika
33 FSB-Zagreb, ZAVOD ZA KVALITETU Laboratorij za nerazorna ispitivanja
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