INDEX PAGE WHERE LIGHT CREATES COLOUR SERIES, EDITION 01

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1 INDEX PAGE WHERE LIGHT CREATES COLOUR SERIES, EDITION 01 Page Technical Profile Lighting terminology TECHNICAL PROFILE

2 WHERE LIGHT CREATES COLOUR SERIES, EDITION 01 Accommodation (Term of physiology), the process by which the eye changes focus from one distance to another. Adaptation (A specific state of eye sensitivity resulting from this process.), the process by which the visual system changes its sensitivity, depending on the luminance s prevailing in the visual field. The system becomes accustomed to processing higher or lower light levels in its environment than it was exposed to before. Transient adaptation is a special case, where the human eye has to adapt from low to high light levels and back in short intervals. This happens when the visual environment has very high contrasts, eg. a computer monitor (< 200 cd/m2) and a sunlit wall outside a window (> cd/m2) can be seen next to each other without turning the head. Excessive transient adaptation soon results in eye fatigue. Light adaptation is the special case when the visual system becomes adapted to luminance of more than about 3.4 cd/m2. Dark adaptation is the special case when the visual system becomes adapted to luminance of less than about cd/m2. Adaptive colour shift is the change in the perceived object colour caused by the change of the state of chromatic adaptation. AMP, AMP is an abbreviation for ampere which is the basic unit of measurement for electricity. Calculating the speed of an electric current with the basic unit that was adopted under the SI (Systeme International d Unites). 1

3 Aluminium, aluminium is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. LM6 (UK) and/or EN44100 (EUROPE) Aluminium Alloy: This alloy conforms to BS 1490:1988 LM6. LM6/EN44100 exhibits excellent resistance to corrosion under both ordinary atmos pheric and marine conditions. LM20 Aluminium Alloy (UK): This alloy conforms to BS 1490:1988 LM20. LM20 exhibits high resistance to corrosion under both ordinary atmospheric and marine conditions. Suitable for thin walled castings due flow characteristics. ADC12 Aluminium Alloy (ASIA): ADC12 is a general-purpose alloy suitable for the manufacture of almost any die-cast part. This means that applications for this alloy are quite wide and varied, which dictate to a high corrosionresistance Aluminium Alloy: 6063 aluminium alloy is normally used in intricate extrusions. It has a good surface finish, high corrosion-resistance, is readily suited to welding and can be easily anodised. 2

4 WHERE LIGHT CREATES COLOUR SERIES, EDITION 01 Ballast, the ballast regulates the current to the lamps and provides sufficient voltage to start the lamps. Without a ballast to limit its current, a fluorescent lamp connected directly to a high voltage power source would rapidly and uncontrollably increase its current draw. Within a second the lamp would overheat and burn out. During lamp starting, the ballast must briefly supply high voltage to establish an arc between the two lamp electrodes. Once the arc is established, the ballast quickly reduces the voltage and regulates the electric current to produce a steady light output. Also known as a control gear. Beam Angle (The Beam Angle is the angle between the two directions opposed to each other over the beam axis for which the luminous intensity is half that of the maximum luminous intensity.), the luminous intensities are measured in a plane normal to the nominal beam centerline. The beam angle is usually given in two planes at 90 of each other, possibly the maximum and minimum angles. The beam lumen s are the total luminous flux that is emitted within the region of space, where the luminous intensity is more than half the maximum luminous intensity. The beam spread is a general term, describing the angle between the two directions opposed to each other over the beam axis for which the luminous intensity is a certain fraction of that of the maximum luminous intensity. Brightness / Luminance (Term of photometry), the subjective description of luminance. A perceived characteristic of objects which does not vary directly in a simple mathematical relationship with their physical or measured brightness, which is correctly termed luminance. Candela, the candela is the SI base unit of luminous intensity; that is, luminous power per unit solid angle emitted by a point light source in a particular direction. 3

5 CFL, a compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL) is a fluorescent light bulb that has been compressed into the size of a standard-issue incandescent light bulb. Chip-on-board / COB, COB (Chips on Board), is a new technology of LED packaging for LED light engine. Multi LED chips are packaged together as one lighting module. Circuit Breaker, a circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Colour Rendering Index (CRI) (General Color Rendering Index, Term of photometry), a phrase for describing the effect of a light source on the colour appearance of objects, compared to a reference source of the same colour temperature (CCT). It serves as a quality distinction between light sources emitting light of the same colour. The highest CRI attainable is 100. The general colour rendering index Ra is a measure of the average appearance of eight standardised colors chosen to be of intermediate saturation and spread throughout the range of hues. (See image below) Colour rendering graph 4

6 WHERE LIGHT CREATES COLOUR SERIES, EDITION 01 Colour Temperature / CCT / Kelvin Rating (Term of photometry), colour temperature is a simplified way to characterise the spectral properties of a light source. While in reality the colour of light is determined by how much each point on the spectral curve contributes to its output, the result can still be summarised on a linear scale. Low colour temperature implies warmer (more yellow/red) light while high colour temperature implies a colder (more blue) light. Daylight has a rather low colour temperature near dawn, and a higher one during the day. Therefore it can be useful to install an electrical lighting system that can supply cooler light to supplement daylight when needed, and fill in with warmer light at night. This also correlates with human feelings towards the warm colours of light coming from candles or an open fireplace at night. Standard unit for colour temperature is Kelvin (K). The kelvin unit is the basis of all temperature measurement, starting with 0 K (= C) at the absolute zero temperature. The size of one kelvin is the same as that of one degree Celsius, and is defined as the fraction 1/ of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water, which positions 0 Celsius at K.) Warm white Cool white 1000K 2000K 3000K 4000K 5000K 6000K 7000K 8000K 9000K K Colour temperature graph with reference to OSRAM 5

7 Contrast / Luminance Contrast (Terms of photometry/physiology), luminance Contrast is the relationship between the luminance of a brighter area of interest and that of an adjacent darker area. Mathematically, the difference between the two luminance s divided by the lower luminance. This definition is also called Weber Contrast, and is the most commonly useful one in the context of lighting. C = (Lmax - Lmin) / Lmin Control Gear, the control gear transforms the 230v mains electrical supply into one which the lamp requires. The role of the control gear is for the preservation of the lamp. Also referred to as a ballast or driver (LED). Daylight Factor (Term of lighting design/daylighting), the ratio of interior illuminance at a given point on a given plane (usually the work plane) to the exterior illuminance (reference) under the same overcast sky conditions. This is one of the key values when analysing the quantitative aspects of daylighting. Since the outside illuminance varies a lot with weather conditions (between and lx). The acceptability of the amount of daylight reaching an interior space for a specific task can only be determined in relation to the situation outside. Unit of daylight factor is percent (%). Direct / Indirect Lighting (Term of lighting design), lighting that is mixed from direct sources and indirect reflection. Luminaries of different types are installed, or there are luminaries that emit light both up to the ceiling and down to the workspace. 6

8 WHERE LIGHT CREATES COLOUR SERIES, EDITION 01 Glare (Glare is an interference with visual perception caused by an uncomfortably bright light source or reflection; a form of visual noise.), glare is a consequence of the normally helpful capability of the human eye to adapt to different light levels. Glare is measured according to the Unified Glare Ratio (UGR). Direct glare is glare resulting from high luminance s in the visual environment that are directly visible from a viewers position. Reflected glare is a reflection of incident light that partially or totally obscures the details to be seen on a surface by reducing the contrast. Discomfort glare is glare which is distracting or uncomfortable, which interferes with the perception of visual information required to satisfy biological needs. Disability glare is glare which reduces the ability to perceive the visual information needed for a particular activity. Disability glare is caused by light scattered within the eye, causing a haze of veiling luminance. Blinding glare is glare which is so intense that for an appreciable length of time after it has been removed, no visual perception is possible. UGR Diagram 7

9 Inverse Square Law (Term of photometry/radiometry), the measured luminous flux density (or radiant flux density) from a point light source decreases along any line from the source. It falls in inverse proportion to the square of the relative distance. An illuminance measurement 2 meters from the light source will be 1/4 of the measurement 1 meter from the source. The law holds because the energy from the source radiates in all directions, in effect spreading itself over the surface of a sphere. At a greater distance, the same amount of energy is spread over a larger surface, and thus any one area of the surface will receive less. The increase in surface area is proportional to the square of the radius. L b = 4 d 2 b: Apparent brightness (W/m 2 ) L: Luminosity in Watts d: Distance in meters Inverse Square Law Calculation 8

10 WHERE LIGHT CREATES COLOUR SERIES, EDITION 01 IP Rating (IP rating = Ingress Protection), IP classifies and rates the degree of protection provided against intrusion (body parts such as hands and fingers), dust, accidental contact, and water by mechanical casings and electrical enclosures. The first indicates the degree of protection (of people) from moving parts, as well as the protection of enclosed equipment from foreign bodies. The second defines the protection level that the enclosure enjoys from various forms of moisture. (See IP Ratings on the following page). Mechanical Impact Resistance, This is an international numeric classification for the degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment against external mechanical impacts. It provides a means of specifying the capacity of an enclosure to protect its contents from external impacts. Impact protection category tests that focus on the extent to which external influences such as foreign bodies and water can penetrate enclosures play a key role in this regard. The impact protection specified by the empty enclosure manufacturer must ensure the IP protection category (protection against contact/foreign bodies and water)specified by the manufacturer is maintained. It is possible to specify a lower IP protection category with a higher IK code. (See IK Ratings on the following page). 9

11 1st Figure 2nd Figure IP Solid Particle Protection IP Liquid Particle Protection IK Mechanical Impact Resistance IK 0 0 No Protection. 0 0 No Protection No Protection mm Any large surface of the body > 50mm, such as the back of a hand. 1 Dripping water (vertically falling drops) kg 75mm mm Fingers or similar objects >12.5mm. 2 Water dripping at any angle up to 15º from the vertical kg 100mm 3 Tools, thick wires, etc. >2.5mm. 3 Water falling as a spray at any angle up to 60º from the vertical kg 175mm Most wires, screws, etc. 4 >1mm. 4 Water splashing from any direction kg 250mm Protected against dust No ingress of dust (dust tight). 6 7 Water projected by a nozzle from any direction. Water projected in powerful jets from any direction. Immersion in water kg 0.2kg 0.2kg 350mm 200mm 400mm 8 + Continuous and prolonged immersion in water kg 295mm kg 200mm kg 400mm 10

12 WHERE LIGHT CREATES COLOUR SERIES, EDITION 01 Insulation classifications, the electrical insulation system for wires used in generators, electric motors, transformers, and other wire-wound electrical components is divided into different classes by temperature and temperature rise. The electrical insulation system is sometimes referred to as insulation class or thermal classification. Class 1: Luminaires are electrically insulated and are provided with an earth connection. Exposed metal that could become live in the event of basic insulation failure is protected by earthing. Class II: Luminaires are constructed so that protection against electric shock does not rely on basic insulation only, but also provides additional safety precautions known as double insulation. Therefore no earthing is required. Class III: Protection against electric shock relies on supply safe extra low voltage (SELV) and in which voltage higher than SELV is not generated. F Mark: Luminaires are suitable for direct mounting on normally flammable surfaces. 11

13 Lighting (Term of photometry), the natural agent that stimulates the sense of sight. The radiant energy that excites the human visual system. The visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extends from about 380 to 770 nm. Luminance (Term of photometry), Unit: Candela per square meter (cd/m²). Symbol: L. Luminance is a measure of the light reflected from it or transmitted by it. It is the impression of relative brightness which the eye receives from an illuminated or luminous surface. Luminaire, a lighting unit consisting of one or more electric lamps with all of the necessary parts and wiring. Luminous (Term of photometry), emitting light, especially, emitting self-generated light (as opposed to reflected light). Luminous Flux (Term of photometry), Standard unit of luminous flux is Lumen (lm). The total light emitted by a light source, whether lamp/led or luminaire. A lumen is a measured of light flux irrespective of direction. Luminous Intensity (Term of photometry), the power of a light source to emit light in a given direction. It is the light density within a very small solid angle in a specific direction. Luminous efficiency, Unit: Light output ratio (LOR). The lumen output of the light source is compared to the lumen output for the luminaire. 12

14 WHERE LIGHT CREATES COLOUR SERIES, EDITION 01 Illuminance (Term of photometry), The measured light falling on a surface or the flux (lumen) density per unit of surface area. Illuminance indicates the quantity not quality. Illuminance (usually E in formulas) is the total amount of visible light illuminating (incident upon) a point on a surface from all directions above the surface. Standard unit for illuminance is Lux (lx) which is lumens per square meter (lm/m2). Luminous existance or is the total amount of visible light leaving a point on a surface into all directions above the surface. Therefore luminous existance is equivalent to radiant existence weighted with the response curve of the human eye. Unit for luminous existence is lumens per square meter (lm/m2). Lamps & luminous flux, artificial light can be created in different ways. Reference to OSRAM data. Discharge: the generation of light occurs within a gas filled envelope that is driven by an electric circuit. (e.g. Fluorescent). Types of discharge lamps: -Fluorescent lamps: Fluorescent lamps are supplied in tubular or compact forms. These lamps warm up to full brightness is quick; usually less than one minute. It is an efficient source, with typical efficacy around 80 lumens per watt. Fluorescents have good colour rendering ability. T5 Fluorescent Tube G5 Cap 14W: 1140 lm to 1230 lm (549mm) 21W: 1770 lm to 1910 lm (849mm) 24W: 1600 lm to 1750 lm (549mm) 28W: 2450 lm to 2640 lm (1149mm) 35W: 3090 lm to 3320 lm (1449mm) 39W: 3200 lm (849mm) 49W: 4100 lm to 4450 lm (1449mm) 54W: 4100 lm to 4460 lm (1149mm) 80W: 6150 lm (1449mm) T8 Fluorescent Tube G13 Cap 18W: 1350 lm (604mm) 36W: 3350 lm (1200mm) 58W: 5200 lm (1500mm) 13

15 2 Pin stick fluorescent Lamp G23 Cap 9W: 600 lm 11W: 900 lm 4 Pin stick fluorescent Lamp with external igniter 2G7 Cap 9W: 600 lm 11W: 250 lm to 1200 lm 2 Pin stick fluorescent Lamp with internal igniter G24D-1/G24D-2/G24D-3 Cap 10W: 600 lm 13W: 900 lm 18W: 1200 lm 26W: 1710 lm to 1800 lm 4 Pin stick fluorescent Lamp with external igniter require with HF gear GX44q-3/4/5/6 Cap 32W: 2400 lm 42W: 3200 lm 57W: 4300 lm 70W: 5200 lm Stick T3 Mini Fluorescent lamp E14/E27 & B22 Cap 9W: 455 lm to 480 lm 11W: 620 lm to 660 lm 15W: 800 lm to 850 lm 20W: 1152 lm to 1200 lm 23W: 1371 lm to 1450 lm 14

16 WHERE LIGHT CREATES COLOUR SERIES, EDITION 01 -High pressure sodium: These lamps are easily identified as the bright golden street lights on many of our motorways; they are also often used in warehouses and floodlighting. High Pressure Sodium Tubular 250W: lm 400W: lm 1000W: lm High Pressure Sodium Elliptical 70W: 5600 lm 100W: 5600 lm 150W: lm 250W: lm 400W: lm -Mercury Vapour: These lamps produce white light with a bluish tinge. They are not very efficient and have poor colour rendering. Mercury Vapour Elliptical E27 & E40 Cap 50W: 1800 lm 80W: 3800 lm 125W: 6500 lm 250W: lm 400W: lm -Metal halide or ceramic metal halide: This group of lamps offers a highly efficient source, typically 80 lumens per watt, in a very large range of power ratings. They have colour rendering from Ra60 right up to Ra90 or more and a lifetime typically around 12,000 hours. 15

17 Metal Halide Double Ended RX7S & RX7S24 Cap 70W: 5500 lm 150W: lm Metal Halide Tubular Clear E40 Cap 250W: lm to lm 400W: lm Solid state: light being generated at the junction of a semi-conductor (e.g. LED): There are two types of solid state lighting; LED (Light Emitting Diodes) and OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diodes) -LED: LEDs are often integrated into the light fixture so there is no lamp replacement. The light output of these devices has developed rapidly over the past few decades, making their use in commercial lighting viable with a long life of hours. -OLED: Still very much in development as a light source so not yet viable for commercial use. OLED is a flat panel giving an even and diffuse light. LED OLED 16

18 WHERE LIGHT CREATES COLOUR SERIES, EDITION 01 Lamp holder, Light bulb sockets, lamp sockets or lamp holders provide electrical connections to the lamps and support it in the lighting fixture. The use of sockets allows lamps to be safely and conveniently replaced re-lamping). The construction of a lamp holder socket defines and limits its intended use. Ceramic insulation can withstand considerably higher operating temperatures than bakelite or other plastics. The electrical components and wires must be designed to carry the intended current plus a safety factor. The contact surface area, thickness and conductivity of the metal, connection methods and maximum operating temperature must all be considered in the design of a new socket. The lamp holder must be located far enough from the filament that the metals with the lowest melting point will remain solid. Due to the thermal changes from ambient temperature to full operating temperature, the design of a socket must allow for a considerable amount of expansion and contraction. Spring elements are required to accommodate these dimensional changes. Lamp holder failures are usually caused by mechanical abuse or by overheating. Types of lamp holder bases: Edison Screw Bases: -Miniature E10 (Flashlight lamp) -Miniature E11 -Candelabra E12 -European E14 -Intermediate E17 -Medium E26/ E27 (sizes are interchangeable) -Mogul E40 -Skirted (PAR-38) -3-Lite (modified medium or mogul socket with additional ring contact for 3-way lamps) 17

19 Bayonet Style Bases: -Miniature bayonet -Bayonet candelabra -Mogul prefocus -Bayonet Candelabra with prefocusing collar -Medium prefocus Bi Post Bases: -Mogul bi-post (G38) -Medium bi-post (G22) -Mini bi-post (G4-G6) B22 Bi Pin Connector Bases: -Medium bi-pin is used on each end of a T12 fluorescent lamp -Mini bi-pin is used with MR16 halogen lamps 18

20 WHERE LIGHT CREATES COLOUR SERIES, EDITION 01 Lighting Controls, techniques for reducing electricity use. Automatic lighting controls generally react to three main stimuli: Movement sensor occupancy control: -Passive infra red PIR -Ultrasonic detection -Microwave detection. Time clock timed schedule: Whilst timed operation used to be an effective method to control lighting based on predicted occupancy levels. Light sensor daylight linking: Light sensors are commonly used in two ways. -The light sensors can be used to observe the external (natural) lighting conditions -Or they can be mounted in the ceiling to observe the lighting conditions immediately below. Mac Adam Binning Strategy, LEDs can be characterised in multiple ways. For colour mixing, the two most important dimensions are color expressed as chromaticity (CCx, CCy), and luminous flux, measured in lumens (lm). These parameters are collected as part of the LED component manufacturing process and are the basis for the component binning. A lighting designer may seek to deliver a warm, neutral or cool illumination source. Knowledge about the lighting application will allow the designer to ensure the correct lighting decisions are made for that space. Understanding the following key concepts that relate colorimetry and LED binning will enable the designer to specify the proper LED solution. 19

21 1. Colour space, the formalism to objectively describe any perceptible colour. 2. Colour temperature, more precisely the correlated colour temperature, characterises the hue of an illumination source as a temperature on the Kelvin scale. 3. The empirical data and models of human perception and variability in colour and vision that provide additional framework for the way in which colour bins are created. Mesopic Vision (Term of physiology), Mesopic vision is the scientific term for a combination between photopic vision and scotopic vision in low but not quite dark lighting situations. The combination of the higher total sensitivity of the rods in the eye for the blue range with the colour perception through the cones results in a very strong appearance of blueish colours around dawn. Optics, LED s are fitted with an optical design to enhance and change the light distribution for an efficient LED light engine. Phosphor Technology, there are two primary ways of producing white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), LEDs that generate high-intensity white light. One is to use individual LEDs that emit three primary colours; red, green, and blue and then mix all the colours to form white light. The other is to use a phosphor material to convert monochromatic light from a blue or UV LED to broad-spectrum white light. Photometry / Photometric, photometry is the science of measuring visible light in units that are weighted according to the sensitivity of the human eye. This is measured in a polar curve. Photopic Vision (Term of physiology), photopic vision is the scientific term for human colour vision under normal lighting conditions during the day. 20

22 WHERE LIGHT CREATES COLOUR SERIES, EDITION 01 Reflectance / Diffuse Reflectance / Albedo (Term of radiometry/photometry/radiance), unit of reflectance is percent (%) or a factor between 0 and 1. Reflectance is the ratio of incident luminous flux upon a surface which is re-radiated in the visual spectrum. Albedo is another Term for Reflectance. Diffuse reflectance is the ratio of the flux re-radiated by diffuse reflection (from a Lambertian surface). Scotopic Vision (Term of physiology), scotopic vision is the scientific term for human vision in the dark Surface mounted technology, Electronic circuit in which components are directly mounted onto the surface of the printed circuit boards (PCB), ans therefore named Surface Mounted Device (SMD). Surge Protection Device / SPD, the Surge Protection Device (SPD) is a component of the electrical installation protection system. Transmittance (Terms of radiometry/photometry), transmittance is the ratio of the total radiant or luminous flux transmitted by a transparent object to the incident flux, usually given for normal incidence. Volt (V), The volt (V) is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force. One volt is defined as the difference in electric potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points. Wattage (W), wattage is amount of power, especially electrical power, expressed in watts (W) or kilowatts (kw). 21

23 Successfully managing the balance of natural and artificial light is key 22

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27 ...where light creates colour