Multidisciplinary. developers

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1 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: Number 139 Multidisciplinary know-how for smart-textiles developers Edited by Tilnde Kirstein. The Textile Institute WP WOODHEAD PUBLISHING Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi

2 Contents Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles xi xv 1 The future of smart-textiles development: new enabling technologies, commercialization and market trends 1 T. Kjrstein, TechPublish, Switzerland 1.1 Introduction The technological trade-off between smartness and integration New enabling technologies for smart textiles New approaches in commercialization of smart textiles Future trends Conclusion References 22 Part I Materials 27 2 Types and processing of electro-conductive and semiconducting materials for smart textiles 29 A. Schwarz, RWTH Aachen University, Germany and L. Van Langenhove, Ghent University, Belgium 2.1 Introduction Electro-conductive and semiconductive materials Electro-conductive materials and their properties Metals Carbon: carbon black (CB), graphite and carbon nanotubes (CNT) Intrinsically conductive polymers (ICP) Semiconductive materials and their properties 47 v

3 vi Contents 2.8 Processing electro-conductive and semiconductive materials into textile structures Future trends Sources of further information and advice Notes References 60 3 Optical fibers for smart photonic textiles 70 S. Gorgutsa, J. Berzowksa and M. Skorobogatiy, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada 3.1 Introduction to photonic textiles Total internal reflection (TIR) fiber-based photonic textiles Photonic bandgap (PBG) fiber-based photonic textiles Photonic textile manufacturing Reflective properties of photonic bandgap textiles under ambient illumination Animated photonic bandgap textiles using mixing of ambient and emitted light Potential applications of photonic bandgap textiles Conclusion Acknowledgments References 89 4 Conductive nanofibres and nanocoatings for smart textiles 92 S. M. Shang and W. Zeng, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 4.1 Introduction Conductive nanofibres Conductive nanocoating Application of nanotechnology in smart textiles Future trends Sources of further information and advice References Polymer-based resistive sensors for smart textiles 129 C. Cochrane and A. Cayla, University Lille Nord de France, ENSAIT / GEMTEX, France 5.1 Introduction Mechanical resistive sensors Chemical resistive sensors Temperature resistive sensors Conclusion and future trends References 148

4 Contents vii 6 Soft capacitance fibers for touch-sensitive smart textiles 154 S. Gorgutsa and M. Skorobogatiy, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada 6.1 Introduction: overview of capacitive sensing Soft capacitor fibers for electronic textiles Electrical characterization of the isolated capacitor fiber Capacitor fiber as a one-dimensional distributed touch sensor Fully woven two-dimensional touch pad sensor using a one-dimensional array of capacitance fibers Conclusion References 186 Part II Technologies Textile fabrication technologies for embedding electronic functions into fibres, yarns and fabrics 191 J. Eichhoff, A. Hehl, S. Jockenhoevel and T. Gries, RWTH Aachen University, Germany 7.1 Introduction Fibre and yarn production processes: natural fibres Fibre and yam production processes: continuous (man-made) fibres Functionalisation of fibres and yarns Fabric production: weaving Fabric production: knitting Fabric production: braiding Embroidery Challenges in smart-textile production Notes References Fabrication technologies for the integration of thin-film electronics into smart textiles 227 C. Zysset, T. Kinkeldei, N. MOnzenrjeder and G. TrOster, ETH Zurich, Switzerland and K. Cherenack, Philips Research Eindhoven, The Netherlands 8.1 Introduction Merging flexible electronics and smart textiles Demonstrators Mechanical reliability of contacts 246

5 viii Contents 8.5 Conclusion and future trends Sources of further information and advice Notes References Organic and large-area electronic (OLAE) technologies for smart textiles 253 F. Ellinger and C. Carta, Technische Universitat Dresden, Germany, A. HObler and G. Schmidt, Technische Universitat Chemnitz, Germany, J. Zapf, Siemens, Germany, G. Troster, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, A. Talo, Enfucell, Finland, D. Kozakis, Data Control Systems, Greece, D. Vassiliadis, Exoduss, Greece, R. Paradiso, Smartex, Italy, M. Krebs, Varta, Germany, M. Scharber, Konarka, Germany and M. Tuomikosici, VTT, Finland 9.1 Introduction Flexible technologies for textile integration Circuit design Textile integration Packaging integration and service life issues References Appendix: abbreviations and acronyms Joining technologies for smart textiles 285 I. Locher, SEFAR AG, Switzerland 10.1 Introduction Components of an electronic system in textiles Conductive threads as electrical traces Introduction to joining technologies for electronics Overview of existing jointing technologies in the electronics and in the textile world Summary to the joining technology overview Protection of electrical connections Challenges for electronic systems on textiles Challenges for automated processes in electronic systems on textiles Future trends References Kinetic, thermoelectric and solar energy harvesting technologies for smart textiles 306 S. P. Beeby, Z. Cao and A. Almussallam, University of Southampton, UK 11.1 Introduction Energy sources and storage: key issues 307

6 Contents ix 11.3 Fabrication processes Kinetic energy harvesting for smart textiles Thermoelectric energy harvesting for smart textiles Solar energy harvesting for smart textiles Conclusion References Signal processing technologies for activity-aware smart textiles 329 D. Roggen and G. Troster, ETH Zurich, Switzerland and A. Bulling, University of Cambridge, UK 12.1 Introduction: from on-body sensing to smart assistants Activity-aware applications Sensing principles for activity recognition Principles of activity recognition Signal processing and pattern analysis Experimental aspects Future trends Sources of further information and advice Acknowledgements Notes References 358 Part III Product development and applications Technology management and innovation strategies in the development of smart textiles 369 A. Garlinska and A. Ropert, Interactive Wear AG, Germany 13.1 Introduction Fundamentals of innovation, technology and intellectual property management Business models for smart textiles Opportunities and challenges in the e-textiles business Conclusion Sources of further information and advice References Improving the sustainability of smart textiles 399 S. H. W. Ossevoort, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Switzerland 14.1 Introduction Sustainable production of smart textiles Recycling, a necessity 403

7 x Contents 14.4 Product durability Sustainable design approach for a smart-textile product, an example General guidelines for the design of sustainable smart-textile products References Medical applications of smart textiles 420 S. Coyle and D. Diamond, Dublin City University, Ireland 15.1 Introduction Monitoring of body parameters Challenges in medical smart textiles Trends and applications of medical smart textiles Conclusions References Automotive applications of smart textiles 444 M. Wagner, Daimler AG, Germany 16.1 Introduction The use of textiles in vehicles Smart-textile applications and their potential for use in cars Prototypes of smart-textiles applications in vehicles Key safety and quality requirements The impact of electric vehicles on smart-textiles applications Future trends References Architectural applications of smart textiles 468 A. RiTTER, ritter architekten, Germany 17.1 Introduction: key themes in modern architecture Smart materials Applications Future trends References and further reading 487 Index 489