WORKSHOPS IN COMPUTING Series edited by C. J. van Rijsbergen

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1 WORKSHOPS IN COMPUTING Series edited by C. J. van Rijsbergen

2 Also in this series Z User Workshop, York 1991, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Z User Meeting, York, 1~17 December 1991 J.E. Nicholls (Ed.) Formal Aspects of Measurement Proceedings of the BCS-FACS Workshop on Formal Aspects of Measurement, South Bank University, London, 5 May 1991 Tim Denvir, Ros Herman and R.W. Whitty (Eds.) AI and Cognitive Science '91 University College, Cork, September 1991 Humphrey Sorensen (Ed.) 5th Refinement Workshop, Proceedings of the 5th Refinement Workshop, organised by BCS-FACS, London, 8-10 January 1992 aiff B. Jones, Roger C. Shaw and Tim Denvir (Eds.) Algebraic Methodology and Software Technology (AMAST'91) Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Algebraic Methodology and Software Technology, Iowa City, USA, May 1991 M. Nivat, C. Ranray, T. Rus and G. Scollo (Eds.) ALPUK92, Proceedings of the 4th UK Conference on Logic Programming, London, 30 March -1 April 1992 Krysia Broda (Ed.) Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation Proceedings of LOPS1R 92, International Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation, University of Manchester, 2-3 July 1992 Kung-Kiu Lau and Tim aement (Eds.) NAPA W 92, Proceedings of the First North American Process Algebra Workshop, Stony Brook, New York, USA, 28 August 1992 S. Purushotharnan and Amy Zwarico (Eds.) Arst International Workshop on Larch Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Larch, Dedham, Massachusetts, USA, Julyl992 Ursula Martin and Jeannette M. Wing (Eds.) Persistent Object Systems Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Persistent Object Systems, San Miniato (Pisa), Italy, 1-4 September 1992 Antonio Albano and Ron Morrison (Eds.) Formal Methods In Databases and Software Engineering, Proceedings of the Workshop on Formal Methods in Databases and Software Engineering, Montreal, Canada, May 1992 V.S. Alagar, Laks V.S. Lakshmanan and F. Sadri (Eds.) Modelling Database Dynamics Selected Papers from the Fourth International Workshop on Foundations of Models and Languages for Data and Objects, Volkse, Germany, October 1992 Udo W. Lipeck and Bernhard Thalheim (Eds.) 14th Information Retrieval Colloquium Proceedings of the BCS 14th Information Retrieval Colloquium, University of Lancaster, April 1992 Tony McEnery and Chris Paice (Eds.) Functional Programming, Glasgow 1992 Proceedings of the 1992 Glasgow Workshop on Functional Programming, Ayr, Scotland, ~8 July 1992 John Launchbury and Patrick Sansom (Eds.) Z User Workshop, London 1992 Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Z User Meeting, London, December 1992 J.P. Bowen and J.E. Nicholls (Eds.) Interfaces to Database Systems (IDS92) Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Interfaces to Database Systems, Glasgow, 1-3 July 1992 Richard Cooper (Ed.) AI and Cognitive Science '92 University of Limerick, September 1992 Kevin Ryan and Richard F.E. Sutcliffe (Eds.) Theory and Formal Methods 1993 Proceedings of the First Imperial College Department of Computing Workshop on Theory and Formal Methods, Isle of Thoms Conference Centre, Chelwood Gate, Sussex, UK, March 1993 Geoffrey Bum, Simon Gay and Mark Ryan (Eds.) Algebraic Methodology and Software Technology (AMAST'93) Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Algebraic Methodology and Software Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, June 1993 M. Nivat, C. Rattray, T. Rus and G. Scollo (Eds.) continued on back page...

3 Yves Deville (Ed.) Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation Proceedings of LOPSTR 93, International Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation, Louvain-Ia-Neuve, Belgium, 7-9 July 1993 Published in collaboration with the British Computer Society Springer-Verlag London Berlin Heidelberg New York Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

4 Yves Deville Unite d'informatique Universite Catholique de Louvain Place Sainte-Barbe 2 B-1348 Louvain-Ia-Neuve, Belgium ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: DOl: / British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation: Proceedings of LOPSTR 93. International Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation. Louvain-Ia-Neuve. Belgium, 7-9 July (Workshops in Computing Series) I. Deville, Yves ll. Series ISBN-13: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study. or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act this publication may only be reproduced. stored or transmitted. in any form. or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers. or in the case of repro graphic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. British Computer Society 1994 The use of registered names. trademarks etc. in this publication does not imply. even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names arc exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general usc. The publisher makes no representation. express or implied. with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Typesetting: Camera ready by contributors 34/ Printed on acid-free paper

5 Foreword This volume contains extended versions of papers presented at the Third International Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation (LOPSTR 93) held in Louvain-la-Neuve in July Much of the success of the workshop is due to Yves Deville who served as Organizer and Chair. Many people believe that machine support for the development and evolution of software will play a critical role in future software engineering environments. Machine support requires the formalization of the artifacts and processes that arise during the software lifecycle. Logic languages are unique in providing a uniform declarative notation for precisely describing application domains, software requirements, and for prescribing behavior via logic programs. Program synthesis and transfonnation techniques formalize the process of developing correct and efficient programs from requirement specifications. The natural intersection of these two fields of research has been the focus of the LOPSTR workshops. The papers in this volume address many aspects of software development including: deductive synthesis, inductive synthesis, transformations for optimizing programs and exploiting parallelism, program analysis techniques (particularly via abstract interpretation), metaprogramming languages and tool support, and various extensions to Prolog-like languages, admitting non-horn clauses, functions, and constraints. Despite the progress represented in this volume, the transition from laboratory to practice is fraught with difficulties. Some of the challenges that researchers face include (1) the development of techniques for handling more complex and realistic problems, (2) wider availability of implemented systems that can support experiments and education, and (3) support for software evolution. In future LOPSTR workshops we can look forward to continued progress in these areas and signs that the field is fulfilling its promise of radical improvements to software engineering practice. Palo Alto October 1993 Douglas R. Smith

6 Preface LOPSTR 93, held from 7-9 July 1993, in Louvain-Ia-Ncuve, Belgium, is the third in a series of International Workshops on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation. The aim of these meetings is to present recent work and to discuss new ideas and trends in logic program synthesis and transformation, as well as related fields. This year, the LOPSTR workshop was held jointly with the Program Development Area Meeting of Compunet, the Esprit Network in Computational Logic. The workshop brought together 55 researchers from 12 different countries, and 28 talks were presented. This volume contains 19 original contributions in logic program synthesis and transformation, including an invited paper from Douglas R. Smith. Our thanks to all the contributors to the workshop who made LOPSTR 93 a success. We would like to thank the other Program Committee members for their contribution and fruitful collaboration during the preparation of the workshop and the selection of papers. We thank them and the other referees for their detailed and timely refereeing of the submitted papers. We are most grateful to the Esprit Network in Computational Logic, and the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research for their financial support. Special thanks to Vincent Lombart for his help in organizing the workshop and preparing these proceedings. Louvain-Ia-Neuve October 1993 Yves Deville

7 Program Committee Danny De Schreye Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Yves Deville (Chair) Universite Catholique de Louvain, Belgium Laurent Fribourg L.I.E.N.S., France John Gallagher University of Bristol, UK Kung-Kiu Lau University of Manchester, UK Baudouin Le Charlier University of Namur, Belgium Maurizio Proietti IASI - CNR Roma, Italy Referees M. Bouattour D. Boulanger M. Bruynooghe T. Clement L. De Raedt D. De Schreye Y. Deville P. Flener L. Fribourg J. Gallagher P. Hill J.-M. Jacquet J. Jones K.-K. Lau B. Le Charlier V. Lombart E. Marakakis B. Martens R. Moolenaar A. Pettorossi

8 Contents Toward the Synthesis of Constraint Propagation Algorithms D.R. Smith (Invited Speaker)... 1 A Formal View of Specification, Deductive Synthesis and Transformation of Logic Programs K.-K. Lau and M. Ornaghi Reachability Analysis for the Extension Procedure - A Topological Result G. Neugebauer Inductive Synthesis of Logic Programs and Inductive Logic Programming F. Bergadano and D. Gunetti Induction of Prolog Programs with Markus M. Grobelnik A General Technique for Automatically Generating Efficient Programs Through the Use of Proof Planning (Abstract) P. Madden. J. Hesketh. I. Green and A. Bundy Guiding Synthesis Proofs V. Lombart. G. Wiggins and Y. Deville Combining Prolog Programs in a Techniques Editing System (Abstract) M. Vargas-Vera. D. Robertson and R. Inder Designing Prolog Programming Techniques W. Weber Vasconcelos Interactive Program Derivation Using Program Schemata and Incrementally Generated Strategies A.-L. Johansson The Power of Partial Evaluation D.A. de Waal Specialising the Ground Representation in the Logic Programming Language GMel C.A. Gurr

9 xii Contents Synthesis of Programs from UnfoldlFold Proofs M. Proietti and A. Pettorossi Some Further Issues in Finite Unfolding (Abstract) B. Martens and D. De Schreye A Transformation Based on the Equality Between Terms U. Neumerkel Automatic Exploitation of Non-Determinate Independent And-Parallelism in the Basic Andorra Model M. Olmedilla. F. Bueno and M. Hermenegildo Memoing with Abstract Answers and Delphi Lemmas P. Tarau and K. De Bosschere Using Abstract Interpretation for Goal Replacement D. Boulanger and M. Bruynooghe Mechanical Transformation of Logic Definitions Augmented with Type Information into Prolog Procedures: Some Experiments P. De Boeck and B. Le Charlier Author Index