-.'I r INTERNATIONAL SIXTH EDITION MICROELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Transcription

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2 Microelectronic Circuits

3 WMIIiiiUlllll INTERNATIONAL SIXTH EDITION Microelectronic Circuits Adel S. Sedra University of Waterloo Kenneth C. Smith University of Toronto New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2011

4 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works thai ftirther Oxford University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright 2011 Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue. New York, New York Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. ISBN: On the Cover: Accelerometer Copyright Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. An accelerometer is an electromechanical device that will measure acceleration forces. These forces may be static, like the constant force of gravity pulling at your feet, or they could be dynamic caused by moving or vibrating the accelerometer. In the computing world, IBM and Apple have recently started using accelerometers in their laptops to protect hard drives from damage. If you accidentally drop the laptop, the accelerometer detects the sudden freefall, and switches the hard drive off so die heads don"t crash on the platters. In a similar fashion, high g accelerometers are the industry standard way of detecting car crashes and deploying airbags at just the right time. Printing number: Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

5 BRIEF CONTENTS Preface xix PARTI DEVICES AND BASIC CIRCUITS 1 Electronics and Semiconductors 2 2 Operational Amplifiers 84 3 Diodes Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) MOS Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) 354 PART II INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT AMPLIFIERS 6 Building Blocks of Integrated-Circuit Amplifiers Differential and Multistage Amplifiers Frequency Response Feedback 770 PART III ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 10 Operational Amplifier Circuits Filters and Tuned Amplifiers Signal Generators and Waveform-Shaping Circuits Output Stages and Power Amplifiers 1038 PART IV DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 14 CMOS Digital Logic Circuits Advanced MOS and Bipolar Logic Circuits Memory Circuits 1304 Appendixes A VLSI Fabrication Technology A-1 (on CD) B SPICE Device Models and Design and Simulation Examples Using PSpice and Multisim B-1 (on CD) C Two-Port Network Parameters C-1 (on CD) D Some Useful Network Theorems D-1 (oncd) E Single-Time-Constant Circuits E-1 (on CD) F s-domain Analysis: Poles, Zeros, and Bode Plots F-1 (oncd) G Bibliography G-1 (oncd) H Standard Resistance Values and Unit Prefixes H-1 I Answers to Selected Problems 1-1 Index IN-1

6 CONTENTS Preface xix DEVICES AND BASIC CIRCUITS Electronics and Semiconductors 2 Introduction Signals Frequency Spectrum of Signals Analog and Digital Signals Amplifiers Signal Amplification Amplifier Circuit Symbol Voltage Gain Power Gain and Current Gain Expressing Gain in Decibels The Amplifier Power Supplies Amplifier Saturation Symbol Convention Circuit Models for Amplifiers Voltage Amplifiers Cascaded Amplifiers Other Amplifier Types Relationships Between the Four Amplifier Models Determining/?; and/?^ Unilateral Models Frequency Response of Amplifiers Measuring the Amplifier Frequency Response Amplifier Bandwidth Evaluating the Frequency Response of Amplifiers Single-Time-Constant Networks Classification of Amplifiers Based on Frequency Response Intrinsic Semiconductors Doped Semiconductors Current Flow in Semiconductors Drift Current Diffusion Current Relationship Between D and/i The pn Junction with Open-Circuit Terminals (Equilibrium) Physical Structure Operation with Open-Circuit Terminals The pn Junction with Applied Voltage Qualitative Description of Junction Operation The Cun-ent-Voltage Relationship of the Junction Reverse Breakdown Capacitive Effects in the/?7i Junction Depletion or Junction Capacitance Diffusion Capacitance 69 Summary 71 Problems 74 Operational Amplifiers 84 Introduction The Ideal Op Amp The Op-Amp Terminals Function and Characteristics of the Ideal Op Amp Differential and Common-Mode Signals The Inverting Configuration The Closed-Loop Gain Effect of Finite Open-Loop Gain Input and Output Resistances An Important Application; The Weighted Summer The Noninverting Configuration The Closed-Loop Gain Effect of Finite Open-Loop Gain 101 VII

7 viii Contents Input and Output Resistance The Voltage Follower Difference Amplifiers A Single Op-Amp Difference Amplifier A Superior Circuit: The Instrumentation Amplifier Integrators and Differentiators The Inverting Configuration with General Impedances The Inverting Integrator The Op-Amp Differentiator DC Imperfections Offset Voltage Input Bias and Offset Currents Effect of V^^ and /^^ on the Operation of the Inverting Integrator Effect of Finite Open-Loop Gain and Bandwidth on Circuit Performance Frequency Dependence of the Open- Loop Gain Frequency Response of Closed-Loop Amplifiers Large-Signal Operation of Op Amps Output Voltage Saturation Output Current Limits Slew Rate Full-Power Bandwidth 138 Summary 139 Problems Diodes 154 Introduction The Ideal Diode Current-Voltage Characteristic A Simple Application: The Rectifier Another Application: Diode Logic Gates Terminal Characteristics of Junction Diodes The Forward-Bias Region The Reverse-Bias Region The Breakdown Region Modeling the Diode Forward Characteristic The Exponential Model Graphical Analysis Using the Exponential Model Iterative Analysis Using the Exponential Model The Need for Rapid Analysis The Constant-Voltage-Drop Model The Ideal-Diode Model The Small-Signal Model Use of the Diode Forward Drop in Voltage Regulation Operation in the Reverse Breakdown Region Zener Diodes Specifying and Modeling the Zener Diode Use of the Zener as a Shunt Regulator Temperature Effects A Final Remark Rectifier Circuits The Half-Wave Rectifier The Full-Wave Rectifier The Bridge Rectifier The Rectifier with a Filter Capacitor The Peak Rectifier Precision Half-Wave Rectifier The Superdiode Limiting and Clamping Circuits Limiter Circuits The Clamped Capacitor or DC Restorer The Voltage Doubler Special Diode Types The Schottky-Barrier Diode (SBD) Varactors Photodiodes Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 204 Summary 205 Problems Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) 218 Introduction Device Structure and Physical Operation Simplified Structure and Modes of Operation Operation of the npn Transistor in the Active Mode Structure of Actual Transistors 229

8 Contents IX Operation in the Saturation Mode The/7«;7 Transistor Current-Voltage Characteristics Circuit Symbols and Conventions Graphical Representation of Transistor Characteristics Dependence of i^^ on the Collector Voltage The Early Effect An Alternative Form of the Common-Emitter Characteristics BJT Circuits at DC Applying the BJT in Amplifier Design Obtaining a Voltage Amphfier The Voltage Transfer Characteristic (VTC) Biasing the BJT to Obtain Linear Amplification The Small-Signal Voltage Gain Determining the VTC by Graphical Analysis Locating the Bias Point Q Small-Signal Operation and Models The Collector Current and the Transconductance The Base Current and the Input Resistance at the Base The Emitter Current and the Input Resistance at the Emitter Voltage Gain Separating the Signal and the DC Quantities The Hybrid-TT Model The T Model Small-Signal Models of the pnp Transistor Application of the Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits Performing Small-Signal Analysis Directly on the Circuit Diagram Augmenting the Small-Signal Model to Account for the Early Effect Summary Basic BJT Amplifier Configurations The Three Basic Configurations Characterizing Amphfiers The Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier The Common-Emitter Amplifier with an Emitter Resistance The Common-Base (CB) Amplifier The Common-Collector Amplifier or Emitter Follower Summary and Comparisons Biasing in BJT Amplifier Circuits The Classical Discrete-Circuit Biasing Arrangement A Two-Power-Supply Version of the Classical Bias Arrangement Biasing Using a Col lee tor-to-base Feedback Resistor Biasing Using a Constant-Current Source Discrete-Circuit BJT Amphfiers The Basic Structure The Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier The Common-Emitter Amplifier with an Emitter Resistance The Common-Base (CB) Amphfier The Emitter Follower The Amplifier Frequency Response Transistor Breakdown and Temperature Effects Transistor Breakdown Dependence of j3 on If- and Temperature 332 Summary 333 Problems MOS Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) 354 Introduction Device Structure and Physical Operation Device Structure Operation with Zero Gate Voltage Creating a Channel for Current Flow Applying a SmallWo Operation as v^^ Is Increased Operation for v^^ - '^ov Thep-ChannelMOSFET Complementary MOS or CMOS 370

9 X Contents Operating the MOS Transistor in the Subthreshold Region Current-Voltage Characteristics Circuit Symbol The iu-v^^ Characteristics The i^-v^s Characteristic Finite Output Resistance in Saturation Characteristics of the p-channel MOSFET MOSFET Circuits at DC Applying the MOSFET in Amplifier Design Obtaining a Voltage Amplifier The Voltage Transfer Characteristic (VTC) Biasing the MOSFET to Obtain Linear Amplification The Small-Signal Voltage Gain Determining the VTC by Graphical Analysis Locating the Bias Point Q Small-Signal Operation and Models The DC Bias Point The Signal Current in the Drain Terminal The Voltage Gain Separating the DC Analysis and the Signal Analysis Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Models The Transconductance ^^ The T Equivalent Circuit Model Summary Basic MOSFET Amplifier Configurations The Three Basic Configurations Characterizing Amphfiers The Common-Source (CS) Configuration The Common-Source Amplifier with a Source Resistance The Common-Gate (CG) Amplifier The Common-Drain Amplifier or Source Follower Summary and Comparisons Biasing in MOS Amplifier Circuits Biasing by Fixing V^s Biasing by Fixing V^j and Connecting a Resistance in the Source Biasing Using a Drain-to-Gate Feedback Resistor Biasing Using a Constant-Current Source A Final Remark Discrete-Circuit MOS Amplifiers The Basic Structure The Common-Source (CS) Amplifier The Common-Source Amplifier with a Source Resistance The Common-Gate (CG) Amphfier The Source Follower The Amplifier Bandwidth The Body Effect and Other Topics The Role of the Substrate The Body Effect Modeling the Body Effect Temperature Effects Breakdown and Input Protection Velocity Saturation The Depletion-Type MOSFET 450 Summary 452 Problems 453 [SSm INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT AMPLIFIERS 6 Building Blocks of Integrated- Circuit Amplifiers 468 Introduction IC Design Philosophy The Basic Gain Cell The CS and CE Amplifiers with Current-Source Loads The Intrinsic Gain Effect of the Output Resistance of the Current-Source Load Increasing the Gain of the Basic Cell The Cascode Amplifier Cascoding The MOS Cascode Distribution of Voltage Gain in a Cascode Amplifier The Output Resistance of a Source- Degenerated CS Amplifier Double Cascoding 494

10 Contents xi The Folded Cascode The BJT Cascode The Output Resistance of an Emitter- Degenerated CE Amplifier BiCMOS Cascodes IC Biasing Current Sources, Current Mirrors, and Current-Steering Circuits The Basic MOSFET Current Source MOS Current-Steering Circuits BJT Circuits Current-Mirror Circuits with Improved Performance Cascode MOS Mirrors A Bipolar Mirror with Base-Current Compensation The Wilson Cunrent Mirror The Wilson MOS Mirror The Widlar Current Source Some Useful Transistor Pairings The CC-CE, CD-CS, and CD-CE Configurations The Darlington Configuration The CC-CB and CD-CG Configurations 526 Summary 529 Appendix 6.A Comparison of the MOSFET and BJT A. 1 Typical Values of IC MOSFET Parameters A.2 Typical Values of IC BJT Parameters A.3 Comparison of Important Characteristics A.4 Combining MOS and Bipolar Transistors; BiCMOS Circuits A.5 Validity of the Square-Law MOSFET Model 545 Problems Differential and Multistage Amplifiers 558 Introduction The MOS Differential Pair Operation with a Common-Mode Input Voltage Operation with a Differential Input Voltage Large-Signal Operation Small-Signal Operation of the MOS Differential Pair Differential Gain The Differential Half-Circuit The Differential Amplifier with Current-Source Loads Cascode Differential Amplifier Common-Mode Gain and Common- Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) The BJT Differential Pair Basic Operation Input Common-Mode Range Large-Signal Operation Small-Signal Operation Common-Mode Gain and CMRR Other Nonideal Characteristics of the Differential Amplifier Input Offset Voltage of the MOS Differential Pair Input Offset Voltage of the Bipolar Differential Amplifier Input Bias and Offset Currents of the Bipolar Differential Amplifier A Concluding Remark The Differential Amplifier with Active Load Differential to Single-Ended Conversion The Active-Loaded MOS Differential Pair Differential Gain of the Active- Loaded MOS Pair Common-Mode Gain and CMRR The Bipolar Differential Pair with Active Load Multistage Amphfiers A Two-Stage CMOS Op Amp A Bipolar Op Amp 629 Summary 638 Problems Frequency Response 656 Introduction Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source and Common Emitter Amplifiers The CS Amplifier The CE Amplifier 664

11 XII Contents 8.2 Internal Capacitive Effects and the High- Frequency Model of the MOSFET and the BJT The MOSFET The BJT High-Frequency Response of the CS and CE Amplifiers The Common-Source Amplifier The Common-Emitter Amplifier Useful Tools for the Analysis of the High-Frequency Response of Amplifiers The High-Frequency Gain Function Determining the 3-dB Frequency fn Using Open-Circuit Time Constants for the Approximate Determination of/^ Miller's Theorem A Closer Look at the High-Frequency Response of the CS and CE Amplifiers The Equivalent Circuit Analysis Using Miller's Theorem Analysis Using Open-Circuit Time Constants Exact Analysis Adapting the Formulas for the Case of the CE Amplifier The Situation when/?5ig is Low High-Frequency Response of the CG and Cascode Amplifiers High-Frequency Response of the CG Amphfier High-Frequency Response of the MOS Cascode Amplifier High-Frequency Response of the Bipolar Cascode Amplifier High-Frequency Response of the Source and Emitter Followers The Source Follower The Emitter Follower High-Frequency Response of Differential Amplifiers Analysis of the Resistively Loaded MOS Amplifier Analysis of the Active-Loaded MOS Amplifier Other Wideband Amplifier Configurations Obtaining Wideband Amplification by Source and Emitter Degeneration The CD-CS, CC-CE and CD-CE Configurations The CC-CB and CD-CG Configurations Multistage Amplifier Examples Frequency Response of the Two- Stage CMOS Op Amp Frequency Response of the Bipolar Op Amp of Section Summary 754 Problems Feedback 770 Introduction The General Feedback Structure Some Properties of Negative Feedback Gain Desensitivity Bandwidth Extension Interference Reduction Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion The Four Basic Feedback Topologies Voltage Amplifiers Current Amplifiers Transconductance Amplifiers Transresistance Amplifiers A Concluding Remark The Feedback Voltage-Amplifier (Series- Shunt) The Ideal Case The Practical Case Summary The Feedback Transconductance- Amplifier (Series-Series) The Ideal Case The Practical Case An Important Note The Feedback Transresistance-Amplifier (Shunt-Shunt) The Ideal Case The Practical Case Summary The Feedback Current-Amphfier (Shunt- Series) The Ideal Case The Practical Case 824

12 Contents Xlll 9.8 Summary of the Feedback Analysis Method Determining the Loop Gain An Alternative Approach for Finding Aj Equivalence of Circuits from a Feedback-Loop Point of View The Stability Problem The Transfer Function of the Feedback Amplifier The Nyquist Plot Effect of Feedback on the Amplifier Poles Stability and Pole Location Poles of the Feedback Amplifier Amplifier with a Single-Pole Response Amplifier with a Two-Pole Response Amplifier with Three or More Poles Stability Study Using Bode Plots Gain and Phase Margins Effect of Phase Margin on Closed-Loop Response An Alternative Approach for Investigating Stability Frequency Compensation Theory Implementation Miller Compensation and Pole Splitting 854 Summary 858 Problems 858 ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 10 Operational Amplifier Circuits 874 Introduction The Two Stage CMOS Op Amp The Circuit Input Common-Mode Range and Output Swing Voltage Gain Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) Frequency Response Slew Rate Power-Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR) Design Trade-offs The Folded Cascode CMOS Op Amp The Circuit Input Common-Mode Range and Output Swing Voltage Gain Frequency Response Slew Rate Increasing the Input Common- Mode Range: Rail-to-Rail Input Operation Increasing the Output Voltage Range: The Wide-Swing Current Mirror The 741 Op-Amp Circuit Bias Circuit Short-Circuit Protection Circuitry The Input Stage The Second Stage The Output Stage Device Parameters DC Analysis of the Reference Bias Current Input-Stage Bias Input Bias and Offset Currents Input Offset Voltage Input Common-Mode Range Second-Stage Bias Output-Stage Bias Summary Small-Signal Analysis of the The Input Stage The Second Stage The Output Stage Gain, Frequency Response, and Slew Rate of the Small-Signal Gain Frequency Response A Simplified Model Slew Rate Relationship Between/and SR Modem Techniques for the Design of BJT Op Amps Special Performance Requirements 931

13 XIV Contents Bias Design Design of Input Stage to Obtain Rail-to-Rail V;cw Common-Mode Feedback to Control the DC Voltage at the Output of the Input Stage Output-Stage Design for Near Rail-to-Rail Output Swing 945 Summary 950 Problems Filters and Tuned Amplifiers 958 Introduction Filter Transmission, Types, and Specification Filter Transmission Filter Types Filter Specification The Filter Transfer Function Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters The Butterworth Filter The Chebyshev Filter First-Order and Second-Order Filter Functions First-Order Filters Second-Order Filter Functions The Second-Order LCR Resonator The Resonator Natural Modes Reahzation of Transmission Zeros Realization of the Low-Pass Function Realization of the High-Pass Function Realization of the Bandpass Function Realization of the Notch Functions Realization of the All-Pass Function Second-Order Active Filters Based on Inductor Replacement The Antoniou Inductance- Simulation Circuit The Op Amp-RC Resonator Realization of the Various Filter Types The All-Pass Circuit Second-Order Active Filters Based on the Two-Integrator-Loop Topology Derivation of the Two-Integrator- Loop Biquad Circuit Implementation An Alternative Two-Integrator- Loop Biquad Circuit Final Remarks Single-Amplifier Biquadratic Active Filters Synthesis of the Feedback Loop Injecting the Input Signal Generation of Equivalent Feedback Loops Sensitivity A Concluding Remark Switched-Capacitor Filters The Basic Principle Practical Circuits A Final Remark Tuned Amplifiers The Basic Principle Inductor Losses Use of Transformers Amplifiers with Multiple Tuned Circuits The Cascode and the CC-CB Cascade Synchronous Tuning Stagger-Tuning 1027 Summary 1031 Problems 1032 \ 12 Signal Generators and Waveform-Shaping Circuits 1038 Introduction Basic Principles of Sinusoidal Oscillators The Oscillator Feedback Loop The Oscillation Criterion Nonlinear Amplimde Control A Popular Limiter Circuit for Amplitude Control Op-Amp-RC Oscillator Circuits The Wien-Bridge Oscillator The Phase-Shift Oscillator The Quadrature Oscillator The Active-Filter-Tuned Oscillator A Final Remark 1053

14 Contents XV 12.3 LC and Crystal Oscillators LC-Tuned Oscillators Crystal Oscillators Bistable Multivibrators The Feedback Loop Transfer Characteristics of the Bistable Circuit Triggering the Bistable Circuit The Bistable Circuit as a Memory Element A Bistable Circuit with Noninverting Transfer Characteristics Application of the Bistable Circuit as a Comparator Making the Output Levels More Precise Generation of Square and Triangular Waveforms Using Astable Multivibrators Operation of the Astable Muhivibrator Generation of Triangular Waveforms Generation of a Standardized Pulse The Monostable Multivibrator Integrated-Circuit Timers The 555 Circuit Implementing a Monostable Multivibrator Using the 555 IC An Astable Muhivibrator Using the 555 IC Nonlinear Waveform-Shaping Circuits The Breakpoint Method The Nonlinear-Amplification Method Precision Rectifier Cu-cuits Precision Half-Wave Rectifier The "Superdiode" An Alternative Circuit An Application: Measuring AC Voltages Precision Full-Wave Rectifier A Precision Bridge Rectifier for Instrumentation Applications Precision Peak Rectifiers A Buffered Precision Peak Detector A Precision Clamping Circuit 1090 Summary 1090 Problems Output Stages and Power Amplifiers 1100 Introduction Classification of Output Stages Class A Output Stage Transfer Characteristic Signal Waveforms Power Dissipation Power Conversion Efficiency Class B Output Stage Circuit Operation Transfer Characteristic Power-Conversion Efficiency Power Dissipation Reducing Crossover Distortion Single-Supply Operation Class AB Output Stage Circuit Operation Output Resistance Biasing the Class AB Circuit Biasing Using Diodes Biasing Using the Vgg Multiplier CMOS Class AB Output Stages The Classical Configuration An Alternative Circuit Utihzing Common-Source Transistors Power BJTs Junction Temperature Thermal Resistance Power Dissipation Versus Temperature Transistor Case and Heat Sink The BJT Safe Operating Area Parameter Values of Power Transistors Variations on the Class AB Configuration Use of Input Emitter Followers Use of Compound Devices Short-Circuit Protection Thermal Shutdown 1145

15 XVI Contents 13.9 IC Power Amplifiers A Fixed-Gain IC Power Amplifier Power Op Amps The Bridge Amplifier MOS Power Transistors Structure of the Power MOSFET Characteristics of Power MOSFETs Temperature Effects Comparison with BJTs A Class AB Output Stage Utilizing Power MOSFETs 1155 Summary 1157 Problems 1158 PART IV DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 14 CMOS Digital Logic Circuits 1164 Introduction Digital Logic Inverters Function of the Inverter The Voltage Transfer Characteristic (VTC) Noise Margins The Ideal VTC Inverter Implementation Power Dissipation Propagation Delay Power-Delay and Energy-Delay Products SihconArea Digital IC Technologies and Logic-Circuit Families Styles for Digital-System Design Design Abstraction and Computer Aids The CMOS Inverter Circuit Operation The Voltage-Transfer Characteristic The Situation When (2;, and 0p Are Not Matched Dynamic Operation of the CMOS Inverter Determining the Propagation Delay Determining the Equivalent Load Capacitance C Inverter Sizing Dynamic Power Dissipation CMOS Logic-Gate Circuits Basic Structure The Two-Input NOR Gate The Two-Input NAND Gate A Complex Gate Obtaining the PUN from the PDN and Vice Versa The Exclusive-OR Function Summary of the Synthesis Method Transistor Sizing Effects of Fan-In and Fan-Out on Propagation Delay Implications of Technology Scaling: Issues in Deep-Submicron Design Scaling Implications Velocity Saturation Subthreshold Conduction Wiring The Interconnect 1234 Summary 1236 Problems Advanced MOS and Bipolar Logic Circuits 1244 Introduction Pseudo-NMOS Logic Cu-cuits The Pseudo-NMOS Inverter Static Characteristics Derivation of the VTC Dynamic Operation Design Gate Circuits Concluding Remarks Pass-Transistor Logic Circuits An Essential Design Requirement Operation with NMOS Transistors as Switches Restoring the Value of V^;^ to VDD The Use of CMOS Transmission Gates as Switches Pass-Transistor Logic Circuit Examples 1266

16 Contents xvii A Final Remark Dynamic MOS Logic Circuits The Basic Principle Nonideal Effects Domino CMOS Logic Concluding Remarks Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) The Basic Principle ECL Families The Basic Gate Circuit Voltage-Transfer Characteristics Fan-Out Speed of Operation and Signal Transmission Power Dissipation Thermal Effects The Wired-OR Capability Final Remarks BiCMOS Digital Circuits The BiCMOS Inverter Dynamic Operation BiCMOS Logic Gates 1295 Summary 1297 Problems Memory Circuits 1304 Introduction Latches and Flip-Flops The Latch The SR Flip-Flop CMOS Implementation of SR Flip-Flops A Simpler CMOS Implementation of the Clocked SR Flip-Flop D Flip-Flop Circuits Semiconductor Memories: Types and Architectures Memory-Chip Organization Memory-Chip Timing Random-Access Memory (RAM) Cells Static Memory (SRAM) Cell Dynamic Memory (DRAM) Cell Sense Amphfiers and Address Decoders The Sense Amplifier The Row-Address Decoder The Column-Address Decoder Pulse-Generation Circuits Read-Only Memory (ROM) A MOS ROM Mask-Programmable ROMs Programmable ROMs (PROMs andeproms) 1345 Summary 1348 Problems 1349 Appendixes 1352 A VLSI Fabrication Technology (by Wai Tung Ng) A-1 (on CD) B SPICE Device Models and Design and Simulation Examples Using PSpice and Multisim B-1 (on CD) C Two-Port Network Parameters C-1 (onco) D Some Useful Network Theorems D-1 (on CD) E Single-Time-Constant Circuits E-1 (onco) F s-domain Analysis: Poles, Zeros, and Bode Plots F-1 (on CD) G Bibliography G-1 (on CD) H Standard Resistance Values and Unit Prefixes H-1 I Answers to Selected Problems 1-1 Index IN-1

17 TABLES FOR REFERENCE AND STUDY Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Table 1.3 Table 2.1 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 6.1 Table 6.A.1 Table 6.A.2 Table 6.A.3 Table 8.1 Table 8.2 Table 9.1 Table 10.1 Table 11.1 Table 11.2 Table 14.1 Table 14.2 Table 14.3 Table 15.1 The Four Amplifier Types 25 Frequency Response of STC Networks 32 Summary of Important Equations in Semiconductor Physics 73 Characteristics of the Ideal Op Amp 88 BJT Modes of Operation 221 Summary of the BJT Current-Voltage Relationships in the Active Mode 235 Conditions and Models for the Operation of the BJT in Various Modes 247 Small-Signal Models of the BJT 291 Characteristics of BJT Amplifiers 314 Regions of Operation of the Enhancement NMOS Transistor 373 Regions of Operation of the Enhancement PMOS Transistor 381 Small-Signal Equivalent-Circuit Models for the MOSFET 414 Characteristics of MOSFET Amplifiers 430 Gain Distribution in the MOS Cascode Amplifier for Various Values ofr, 492 Typical Values of CMOS Device Parameters 530 Typical Parameter Values for BJTs 532 Comparison of the MOSFET and the BJT 533 The MOSFET High-Frequency Model 676 The BJT High-Frequency Model 681 Sunmiary of Relationships for the Four Feedback-Amplifier Topologies 832 DC Collector Currents of the 741 Circuit (pa) 913 Design Data for the Second Order Circuits Based on Inductor Simulation 996 Design Data for the the Tow-Thomas Biquad 1002 Important Parameters of the VTC of the Logic Inverter 1169 Implications of Device and Voltage Scaling 1227 Summary of Important Characteristics of the CMOS Logic Inverter 1237 Regions of Operation of the Pseudo-NMOS Inverter 1249