AN ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS INTERFACE FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWERED INDUCTION MOTOR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE

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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET) ISSN (Print) ISSN (Onlin) Volum 5, Issu 1, Dcmbr (14), pp IAEME: Journal Impact Factor (14): (Calculatd by GISI) IJEET I A E M E AN ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS INTERFACE FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWERED INDUCTION MOTOR BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE P.Tulasi Rao 1, CH.Krishna Rao, K.B.Madhu Sahu 3 1 P.G Studnt, Dpt. of EEE, AITAM Enginring Collg, Andhra Pradsh, India, Associat Profssor, Dpt.of EEE, AITAM Enginring Collg, Andhra Pradsh, India, 3 Profssor, Principal Dpt.of EEE, AITAM Enginring Collg, Andhra Pradsh, India, ABSTRACT Intrfacing of powr lctronics is th ky concpt for clan lctrical vhicl tchnology. In this papr a nw intgratd powr lctronics intrfac (IPEI) with battry lctric vhicls (BEVs) is proposd to improv th prformanc of vhicl, to manag th powr-flow for ach oprating mod and to raliz th amalgamation of th DC-DC convrtr, battry chargr, and an invrtr in th BEV. In this papr lithium ion battry is usd. Th fficincy and rliability of th systm ar improvd with this proposd ida and also can ffctivly rduc th currnt rippls and voltag rippls. With this proposd modl th componnts (activ and passiv) siz is rducd thrfor cost is rducd and also this tchniqu rducs th strss in switching dvics.th proposd modl and its controlling stratgy ar analyzd and dsignd by using MATLAB/Simulink. Indx Trms: Battry Elctric Vhicls (Bvs), Dc/Dc Boost Convrtr, Induction Motor, PI Controllr, Powr Train Control Stratgis, Powr Train Modling, Small-Signal Modl. I. INTRODUCTION Th climat changs du to rising nvironmntal pollution, thrfor automobil manufacturrs ar pay attntion toward pollution fr lctrical vhicl tchnologis. Du to svral advancs of battry tchnology with powr lctronics intrfacs (PEIs), and control stratgis, ths Battry lctric vhicls (BEVs) can rplac th IC ngins. In gnral, th BEVs ar nds to b rchargd. It rducs dpndncy on nrgy bcaus of stumpy nrgy consumption and zro local missions thrfor BEVs ar calld zro-mission vhicls. Howvr, th challngs of BEVs still hav to b solvd ar driving rang is limitd, it taks long tim to charg, battry should b rplacd ovr th liftim, th prformanc dpnds on powr lctronics quipmnts, and finally high initial 31

2 cost. Th major componnts which ar usd in EV vhicl systm ar motor, powr sourc, controllr, chargr and driv train. So far th majority of EV systm is dvlopd basd on dc machins but du to th disadvantags of dc machins, EV dvloprs xplor various typs of ac machins. Th induction motor is on which rquirs lss maintnanc, low cost; simpl in construction and ruggdnss thrfor it attracts dvloprs in EV systm. []. Fig. illustrats th schmatic diagram of th BEV powr train. A. Proposd modl of battry lctrical vhicl Fig.1 battry vhicl Fig.. illustrats th schmatic diagram of th BEV powr train. B. DC-DC Boost Convrtr Th boost convrtr convrts th availabl fixd DC supply into variabl DC voltag. Usually th dc-d convrtrs ar usd to stp up th voltag thrfor ths convrtrs also calld boost convrtrs. Ths boost convrtrs ar undr th catgory of non-isolatd convrtrs. Th rason for vrsatil us of boost convrtrs is bcaus of its continuous currnt high output voltag mod of 311

3 oprations. In this papr DC-DC boost convrtr is usd [17]. Th opration of boost convrtr Oprats ithr in charging mod or in discharging mod dpnds on switching controlling i, ON and OFF of switchs. Boost Circuit consists of inductor, high frquncy switch MOSFET, diod and a filtr across load as dpictd in blow fig.3 Th rlation btwn load voltag and sourc voltag is givn as VS V ( 1 D) ton D T MPPT panl array voltag is th input voltag to th Boost convrtr. Th boost convrtr output voltag (Vo) dpnds on th sourc voltag (Vi), th duty cycl (D) [17].Whr, D duty cycl, ton total tim intrval. Th DC-DC Boost convrtr is shown in th blow figur.3 a) Boost convrtr circuit b) Oprating phass c) Fig. 3. DC-DC Boost convrtr Circuit C. Spac-Vctor Puls Width Modulation (SVPWM) SVWPM tchniqu is th ida to gnrat th PWM signals to incras th output voltag of invrtr. This tchniqu was first proposd in -198s.Now it has bcom th most ssntial PWM mthod for thr-phas invrtrs [9]. In this papr SVPWM tchniqu is usd to control th invrtr to maximiz th prformanc of driv and minimiz th powr losss. Microprocssor tchnology hlps to implmnt Svral SVPWM schms. Th switching losss ar rducd, harmonic contnt is lssnd, and finally controlling is vry prcis. SVPWM tchniqu utilizs th DC bus voltag ffctivly whn compard with th SPWM tchniqu, gnrats lss THD [1]. SVPWM invrtr capacity is Pak fundamntal magnitud is 9.6%. Maximum voltag incrasd by SVPWM is 15.5% [1]. A rfrnc vctor is rotating around th stat diagram thr by SVPWM is accomplishd. A 31

4 circl can b cratd insid th stat map by touching all th maximum points of vctors. Thr ar two rgions in th rprsntation of SVPWM, undr- modulation rgion and ovr-modulation rgion, ths rgions dpnds on modulation th indx. Fig.4. Spac Vctor Rprsntation D. DC-AC Thr-Phas Invrtr DC to AC convrtr is calld as an Invrtr. Invrtr gnrats rquird voltag or frquncy by oprat it at propr switching control tchniqu. For high powr applications thr-phas invrtrs ar commonly usd [9]. Thr half-bridg units maks this invrtr and consists of switching dvics lik IGBTs, BJTs, GTOs tc. th switching control dpnds on th powr lvl and dsird frquncy. Th switchs on th sam lg should not turn on at a tim [11]. Gating pulss in 3-ph invrtrar dlayd by 1 dgrs. Six possibl mods of opration in ach cycl and has tim priod of 6 dgrs. Thrfor 3-ph voltags ar lag by 1 dgrs. Th output of invrtr is a squar wavform whn it is not connctd to a transformr. This squar wavform can b convrtd to sin wavform by using LC low pass filtr. E. Control Stratgy of Induction Motor In this litratur control tchniqus of Induction motor drivs ar proposd. Th most popular and advancd on is vctor control tchniqu usd in automotiv applications. In this cas, th torqu control is xtndd to transint stat and allows bttr dynamic prformancs. In this papr DTC is proposd for EV applications du to its simplicity [7]. Spd or position ncodrs do not involvd in DTC and it only masurs currnt to stimat flux, torqu. Rfrnc spd as th input to th motor controllr, this rfrnc spd is dirctly applid with pdal of th vhicl. In this modl PI controllr is usd in a closd loop to rgulat th spd of th motor and also rduc th stady stat rror. Th rror signal is gnratd in a closd loop systm by comparing actual spd of th motor with th rfrnc spd. Diffrnc btwn th actual and dsird spd givs th amplitud and polarity of th rror signal. To ovrcom this gnratd rror signal, th PI controllr gnrats th corrctd stator frquncy of IM [14]. In DTC th switching loss and torqu rippls ar high bcaus of th us of hystrsis band. SVPWM tchniqu is usd to rduc th rippl and also to control th induction motor in a closd loop mannr. Th advantag of this closd loop controlling is basd on output spd, th frquncy and amplitud of th rfrnc signals will chang [5]-[8]. II.DYNAMIC MODELING OF POWER TRAIN A. Dynamic Modling of th Battry Systm Th battry is a dvic which stors nrgy in th form of lctrochmical form. All EV systms widly us this storag dvic. In this litratur lithium-ion battris usd as an optimal 313

5 choic for storag of nrgy in EV applications [17-18]. Th mathmatical modling of th Li-Ion battry is usd in this papr, Thvnin battry modl is dfind in simulation program. Th Thvnin battry modl has an intrnal rsistanc Rint, ovr voltag rsistanc (Rp, polarization rsistanc), polarization capacitanc Cp, and opn circuit voltag V oc [1].Th lmnts which ar modld ar th functions of th battry stat of charg (SoC). Fig. 5 shows th modl of Thvnin battry. In this modlnbatts clls ar connctd in sris and Nbattp clls ar connctd in paralll. By using look-up tabls th paramtrs of Li-Ion battry ar dtrmind basd on xprimntal data. Hr VBatt is th trminal voltag of th battry pack. Fig.5. Thvnin battry modl. B. Dynamic Modling of EM IM is th most suitabl choic in automotiv industry for EV systms, du to thir, ruggdnss, rliability and low cost. Stator currnt of induction motor is dcoupld into flux and torqu by using fild-orintd control (FOC) and it givs indpndnt commands on th motor torqu, spd control is mor accurat, this controlling is similar to that of a sparatly xcitd DC motor [4]-[7]. Th main us of th IFOC is that it compltly dcoupls th dirct and quadratur currnts. That is any chang in torqu may chang th quadratur currnt and any chang in dirct currnt will affct th magnitud of flux linkags. Thrby, to raliz th concpt of th FOC, th dq modl of th IM is rquird in synchronous rfrnc fram. In induction motor th distribution of mmf is sinusoidal along th air gap. Th dq modl of 3- ph IM in a synchronous rfrnc fram is usd in this papr, for a dynamic analysis. As shown in Fig. 6, dq modl is considrd with cor losss and is rprsntd as cor rsistanc R f [5] [8]. All machin variabls transform into th synchronous rfrnc fram. Th synchronous rfrnc fram stator and rotor voltag quations can b writtn asin this fashion [6]: Fig. 6. Th dq quivalnt circuit of th induction motor in synchronous rfrnc fram. 314

6 diqs di qm v qs Rs iqs + Lls + Lm + w ( Llsi ds + Lmi dm) dt dt (5) dids didm v ds Rs ids + Lls + Lm w ( Llsiqs + Lmiqm ) dt dt (6) diqr di qm v qr Rr iqr + Llr + Lm + wsl ( Llri dr + Lmi dm) (7) dt dt ( L i L i ) didr didm v dr Rr idr + Llr + Lm wsl lr qr + m qm (8) dt dt whr th magntizing currnts can b givn as i qm i + i i (9) qs qr qf i dm i + i i (1) ds dr df Th lctrical torqu quation can b xprssd as [ i i i i ] 3 p Lm T qs dr dr qr Lr whr: P numbr of pols of th machin; Vds,Vqs dq axs of th stator voltags; idr,iqr rotor currnts; idm,iqm dq axs magntizing currnts; Rs,Rr stator and rotor rsistancs; Lls,Llr slf-inductanc of th stator and rotor (11) III. SMALL-SIGNAL MODEL OF BMDIC (SSM) To analyz th nonlinar systms such as dc/dc convrtrs, SSM is bst mthod. SSM is ssntial in manipulating of th closd-loop control for PWM dc/dc convrtrs to attain a dfinit prformanc [19], [8]. SSM is drivd in continuous currnt mod (CCM) to modl th propr controllr using bod plot. Th transfr function of th duty cycl and th inductor currnt has bn proposd and also th transfr function of th duty cycl and th output voltag is also prsntd in this papr. Th small-signal transfr functions in CCM ar drivd as follows: G vd ( s) V d 1 + s w v 1 ( s) G z 1 dv ( s) ( s) s w v z (1) G id ( s) i L d ( s) w G z1 di ( s) ( s) s 1 + (13) Hr is th assumption that th paramtrs ar idally th sam valus to simplify th analysis. That is L 1 L L,RL 1 RL RL, and IL 1 IL IL. Thrfor 315

7 ( 1 D) R ( D) v RL + Gdv ( 1 D) δ RL + 1 R (14) zv1 1 CR ω (15) C ( 1 D) R RL (16) ω zv L s s ( s ) (17) ω Qω δl + C ς δlc ( δrl ( R + RC ) + ( 1 D) RRC ) ( R + R ) δr + ( 1 D) R C [ ] L (18) 1 ξ Q (19) 1 D 1 D δ () G di Vo ( + δ ) (1) δ RL + ( 1 D) R 1 ωzi C R C + I L V ( 1 ) Whr, δr ( ) + δ D R, () V R o (3) P L is th inductanc, Vo is output voltag, C is th capacitanc, RC is th intrnal rsistanc of th capacitor, RL is th intrnal rsistanc of th inductor, m is th numbr of th paralll switchs pr phas, n is th numbr of phass, Vin is input voltag, Ro is th rsistanc of th load, Po is th output powr andd is th duty ratio. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig.7. Spd control systm. Th proposd systm, advancd powr lctronics intrfac for solar powrd induction motor driv for lctrical vhicl applications, is analyzd on MATLAB Simulink platform; involvs modlling of solar moduls, dsign of DC-DC convrtr with MPPT algorithm, and invrtr fd spd control of induction motor. Aftr succssful compltion of all th abov mntiond subsctions, rsults hav bn capturd and prsntd blow. 316

8 Ambint Irradiation of solar PV moduls in W/m Irradiation(W/m ) Irradiation Tim(sc) Fig 8. Ambint irradiation of solar PV moduls Th irradiation shown in fig8 is fd to solar moduls, modlld in matlab, producd dc powr. This dc naturd powr supply is fd to dc-dc boost convrtr, which mployd with MPPT algorithm to track maximum powr from PV moduls, output paramtrs ar prsntd in figs. 9 and 1 rspcivly. Fig 9. MPPT basd dc-dc convrtr output voltag 3 MPPT basd DC-DC Convrtr Currnt.5 I DC (A) I dc Tim(sc) Fig 1. MPPT basd dc-dc convrtr output currnt To analyz stability of MPPT basd dc-dc convrtr bod plot is drawn in matlab, found its PM57.5 and GM3.9 rspctivly, rvald that dsignd convrtr is fully satbl. Fig 11. Bod plot of DC-DC convrtr 317

9 This DC powr coming from DC-DC convrtr is fd to invrtr fd induction motor, which oprating in closd loop to control th spd. Invrtr fd induction motor driv is tstd undr diffrnt loading conditions and its output for 1% loading is prsntd blow. Invrtr output currnts ar shown in Fig Stator Currnts I a I b I c I ph (A) Tim(sc) Fig 1. Invrtr output currnts Spd(rad/sc) Actual and Rfrnc Spds of Induction motor driv W Rfrnc W Actual Fig 13. Spd of induction motor driv From fig.13, it can b obsrvd that proposd systm is driving th induction motor at spcifid spd. V. CONCLUSION Matlab basd simulation rvals that, Modlld solar moduls procss dc naturd powr supply fd dc-dc convrtr with MPPT algorithm tracks maximum powr from moduls. Bod plot basd analysis hlpd to judg stability of dc-dc convrtr, found that dsignd dc-dc convrtr is fully stabl. Basd on MATLAB basd simulations, it is found that proposd advancd powr lctronics basd intrfac is suitabl to driv th induction motor at diffrnt rfrnc spds undr diffrnt loading conditions. REFERENCES Tim(Sc) 1. M. Pahlvaninzhad, P. Das, J. Drobnik, P. K. Jain, and A. Bakhshai, A nw control approach basd on th diffrntial flatnss thory for an AC/DC convrtr usd in lctric vhicls, IEEE Trans. Powr Elctron., vol. 7, no. 4, pp , Apr. 1.. A. Emadi, Y. J. L, and K. Rajashkara, Powr lctronics and motor drivs in lctric, hybrid lctric, and plug-in hybrid lctric vhicls, IEEE Trans. Ind. Elctron, vol. 55, no. 6, pp , Jun S. S. Raghavan, O. C. Onar, and A. Khaligh, Powr lctronic intrfacs for futur plug-in transportation systms, IEEE Powr Elctron. Soc. Nwslttr, vol. 3, Third Quartr

10 4. M. Zhang,W. Ma, J.Xu, andw. Li, Vctor control for th linar induction motor basd on th position closd-loop, prsntd at th IEEE Int. Conf. Elct. Control Eng., Wuhan, China, Jun Diaz, R. Saltars, C. Rodriguz, R.F. Nunz, E.I. Ortiz-Rivra, J. Gonzalz-Llornt, Induction motor quivalnt circuit for dynamic simulation, Elctric Machins and Drivs Confrnc, 9. IEMDC '9. IEEE Intrnational, May 9 6. R. Marino, P. Tomi, C. M. Vrrlli, Induction Motor Control Dsign (Advancs in Industrial Control), Springr; 1st Edition, Sptmbr 1 7. Fratta, A. Vagati, and F. Villata, Vctor control of induction motors without shaft transducrs, in Conf. Rc. IEEE PESC 88, 1988, pp A.Diaz, R. Saltars, C. Rodriguz, R. F. Nunz, E.!. Ortiz-Rivra and 1. Gonzalz-Llornt, "Induction motor quivalnt circuit for dynamic simulation," Proc. IEEE Elctric Machins and Driv Confrnc, (IEMDC), May J. Vallon, F. Richardau, H. Fral, Y. Chron, F. Forst, J.-J. Huslstin and C. Joubrt, Convrtr Topology for Rliability Tst Bnch Ddicatd to PWM Invrtrs, in Conf. Rc. Powr Elctronics and Applications, Franc, 3, pp B. Vnugopal Rddy, V.T. Somaskhar, and Y. Kalyan, Dcoupld Spac-Vctor PWM Stratgis for a Four-Lvl Asymmtrical Opn-End Winding Induction Motor Driv with Wavform Symmtris, IEEE Trans. Ind. Elctron., vol. 58, no.11, pp , Nov N. Mndz-Gomz, O. Bousono, R Castanyra, and E.!. Ortiz-Rivra, " Dvlopmnt of a low cost induction motor driv systm using a PWM, boost convrtr and thr-phas invrtr," Proc. IEEE Photovoltaic Spcialist Confrnc (PVSC), pp ,1. 1. Y.-J. L, A. Khaligh, and A. Emadi, Advancd intgratd bidirctional AC-DC and DC-DC convrtr for plug-in hybrid lctric vhicls, IEEE Trans. Vh. Tchnol., vol. 58, no. 8, pp , Oct M. Pahlvaninzhad, P. Das, J. Drobnik, P. K. Jain, and A. Bakhshai, A nw control approach basd on th diffrntial flatnss thory for an AC/DC convrtr usd in lctric vhicls, IEEE Trans. Powr Elctron., vol. 7, no. 4, pp , Apr W. Kramr, S. Chakraborty, B. Kroposki, and H. Thomas, Advancd powr lctronic intrfacs for distributd nrgy systms, Part 1: Systms and topologis, National Rnwabl Enrgy Lab., Goldn, CO, USA, Tch. Rp. F4, Nov O. Hgazy, J. Van Mirlo, and P. Latair, Control and analysis of an intgratd bidirctional DC/AC and DC/DC convrtrs for plug-in hybrid lctric vhicl applications, J. Powr Elctron., vol. 11, no. 4, pp , S. Lacroix, E. Labour, and M.Hilairt, An intgratd fast battry chargr for lctric vhicl, prsntd at th IEEE Vh. Powr Propulsion Conf. Lill, Franc, Chn, M. and Rincon-Mora, G.A. (6), Accurat Elctrical Battry Modl Capabl of Prdicting Runtim and I V Prformanc, IEEE Trans. Enrgy Convrsion., vol. 1, no., pp , Jun Gao, L., Liu, S. & Dougal, R. A. (). Dynamic lithium-ion battry modl for systm simulation. IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Tchnol., vol. 5, no. 3, pp , Sp S. Haghbin, K. Khan, S. Lundmark, M. Alakula, O. Carlson, M. Lksll, and O. Wallmark, Intgratd chargrs for EVs and PHEVs: Exampls and nw solutions, prsntd at th IEEE Int. Conf. Elct. Mach., Rom, taly, Sp. 6 8, 1.. O. Hgazy, J. Van Mirlo, and P. Latair, Analysis, control and comparison of DC/DC boost convrtr topologis for ful cll hybrid lctric vhicl applications, prsntd at th IEEE Eur. Conf. Powr Elctron. Appl., Birmingham, U.K., Aug. 3 Sp. 1,

11 1. S. Kim and S. S. Williamson, Modling, dsign, and control of a ful cll/battry/ultracapacitor lctric vhicl nrgy storag systm, prsntd at th Vh. Powr Propulsion Conf., Lill, Franc, 1.. J. Van Mirlo, G. Magatto, and P. Van dn Bossch, Modls of nrgy sourcs for EV and HEV: Ful clls, battris, ultra-capacitors, flywhls and ngin-gnrators, J. Powr Sourcs, vol. 8, no. 8, pp , 4 3. K. Aissa and K. D. Eddin, Vctor control using sris iron loss modl of induction, motors and powr loss minimization, World Acad. Sci., Eng. Tchnol., vol. 5, pp , A. Abo-Khalil, H.-G. Park, and D.-C. L, Loss minimization control for doubly-fd induction gnrators in variabl spd wind turbins, prsntd at th 33rd Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Elctron. Soc., Taipi, Taiwan, Nov. 5 8, P.Vishnu, R.Ajaykrishna and Dr.S.Thirumalini, Rcnt Advancmnts and Challngs in Plug-In Disl Hybrid Elctric Vhicl Tchnology Intrnational Journal of Elctrical Enginring & Tchnology (IJEET), Volum 3, Issu 1, 1, pp M. Danil Pradp and S.Jbarani Evanglin, A Rviw of Pfc Boost Convrtrs For Hybrid Elctric Vhicl Battry Chargrs Intrnational journal of Elctronics and Communication Enginring &Tchnology (IJECET), Volum 4, Issu 1, 13, pp , ISSN Print: , ISSN Onlin: AUTHORS DETAILS Mr.P.Tulasi Rao rcivd th B.Tch Dgr in Elctrical & Elctronics Enginring from Aditya Institut of Tchnology Managmnt,Tkkali, Srikakulam,India in 1. Currntly prsuing M.tch in Aditya Institut of Tchnology & Managmnt,Tkkali, Srikakulam,India. His rsarch intrsts includ powr quality, powr systms, Powr lctronics. Sri.CH.KrishnaRao obtaind B.Tch Dgr in Elctrical and Elctronics Enginring from Collg of Enginring, GMRIT Rajam and Srikakulam Dt. H also obtaind M.Tch in Powr Elctronics and Elctric Drivs from ASTIET Garividi, Vizayanagaram. H has 1 Yars of Taching Exprinc. Prsntly h is working as associat profssor in th Dpartmnt of Elctrical & Elctronics Enginring, A.I.T.A.M, Tkkali, and SrikakulamDt Andhra Pradsh. H has publishd numbr of paprs in journals, national and intrnational confrncs. His main aras of intrst ar powr lctronics, switchd mod powr supplis, lctrical drivs and rnwabl nrgy sourcs Dr.K.B.Madhu sahu rcivd th B.E. Dgr in Elctrical Enginring from collg of Enginring. Gandhi Institut of Tchnology &Managmnt, Vicakhapatnam, India in 1985 and th M.E Dgr in powr systms from collg of Enginring, Andhra Univrsity and Visakhapatnam in H obtaind his Ph.D from Jawaharlal Nhru Tchnological univrsity.hydrabad. H has 6 yars of Exprinc. Currntly h is working as a profssor & Principal in th Dpartmnt of Elctrical & Elctronics Enginring, AITAM, Tkkali, and Srikakulam. Dt.Andhra Pradsh. His rsarch intrsts includ gas insulatd substations, high voltag nginring and powr systms. H has publishd rsarch paprs in national and confrncs. 3