3G Evolution. OFDM Transmission. Outline. Chapter: Subcarriers in Time Domain. Outline
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1 Chaptr: 3G Evolution 4 OFDM Transmission Dpartmnt of Elctrical and Information Tchnology Johan Löfgrn G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 2 Subcarrirs in Tim Domain A numbr of diffrnt, orthogonal frquncis ar transmittd simultaniously Rquirs full priod for ach subcarrir Th numbr of carrirs varis Numbr of carrirs dnotd N c G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 4
2 OFDM Symbol in Tim Domain Subcarrir Orthogonality Combind symbol looks random Givs good spctral ffincy In th frquncy domain th orthognality is sn by zros All othr subcarrirs ar zro whn on subcarrir paks G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 6 Concptual Transmittr and Rcivr j2πf0t j2πf1t j2πf t Nc 1 x (t) r(t) Th transmittr can b sn as a numbr of singl carrir systm addd togthr Th rcivr is in th sam way thought of as a st of indpndnt corrlators, on for ach subcarrir j2πf0t j2πf1t j2πf t Nc 1 K K K G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 8
3 IFFT/FFT Implmntation In an actual OFDM systm, thr is only on transmit path Th structur with orthogonal subcarrirs nabls an implmntation using an IFFT that translats th diffrnt frquncis into a combind tim signal Th rciv sid is also simplifid An FFT unit rplacs th N c corrlators Th diffrnt subcarrirs still hav to b dtctd sparatly Th IFFT/FFT implmnation rquirs sufficint sampling If so, th OFDM signal can b dscribd mathmatically as x = x( nt ) = n s N 1 c a k k = 0 j2πkδfnts = N 1 c a k k = 0 j2πkn/ N N 1 ' = k = 0 a k j2πkn/ N a ' k ak = 0 0 k Nc N k N c G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 10 Multi-path Componnts Cyclic Prfix Oftn thr ar many rflctions of a signal snt btwn a transmittr and a rcivr Ths ar sn as diffrnt paths for th signal to travl Diffrnt paths hav diffrnt dlays which might pos a problm Sinc th paths do not arriv simultaniously th orthogonality btwn th diffrnt subcarrirs will b dstroyd. Whn intgrating ovr a full priod th non-wantd subcarrirs do not cancl Th solution is to pro-long th symbol with a so calld cyclic prfix (CP) Copy of th final pic of ach sub-carrir insrtd in bginning Rstors th orthogonality G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 12
4 Frquncy Domain Modl n * H 0 0 H 0 H 1 H Nc 1 n 1 n Nc 1 * H 1 H * N c 1 With a sufficint CP it is possibl to dcoupl th N c diffrnt subcarrirs Each subcarrir is tratd sparatly Indpndnt channl paramtrs and nois Th rcivr can qualiz th indpndntly On-tap qualizr Maximum Liklihood Estimation (pr subsymbol) G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 14 Tim Frquncy Grid Th diffrnt subsymbols ar thus tim and frquncy indpndnt Thy can b illustratd in a tim frquncy grid Each squar is an indpdnt subsymbol G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 16
5 Fading and Channl Coding Anothr ffct du to multi path is frquncy fading Som frquncis will b much wakr du to cancling wav fronts This may lad to poor SNR at crtain frquncis Problm in OFDM sinc ach subcarrir hav diffrnt data Calls for channl coding Channl coding sprads th information ovr many subcarrirs G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 18 OFDM Paramtrs Subcarrir Bandwidth Whn dssigning an OFDM systm a numbr of diffrnt paramtrs hav to b considrd Subcarrir bandwidth Numbr of subcarrirs Lngth of cyclic prfix Th subcarrir bandwidth (or spacing) is affctd by Cost of cyclic prfix A small spacing lads to long symbol duration hnc lss cost of cyclic prfix Dopplr sprad A small bandwidth lads to high rlativ dopplr sprad thus snsitivity to movmnt Th systm dsignr has to trad off ths contradicting dmands dpnding on th systm How mobil is th systm? What data rats ar ndd? t c G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 20
6 Numbr of subcarrirs Cyclic Prfix Lngth Whn th subcarrir sparation is dcidd th numbr of subcarrirs can b calculatd If th systm has a limitd bandwidth this will giv th maximum numbr of subcarrirs Som slack is ndd to nsur low nough out-of-band transmission If instad a crtain througput is ndd, th numbr of subcarrirs can b calculatd basd on constllation and coding This will thn st th total bandwidth of th systm Th cyclic prfix should b long nough to nsur orthogonality of th systm Multipath sprad has to b considrd Longr transmission distancs normally call for longr CPs Howvr at long distancs,.g. at cll dgs, othr ffcts may limit th prformanc and thrfor it is possibl to allow a systm which is not compltly orthogonal vrywhr Som systms support multipl cyclic prfix lngths to handl diffrnt nvironmnts G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 22 Channl Estimation In th rcivr th channl nds to b qualizd so that th transmittd information can b corrctly intrprtd For this to b possibl, th channl must b known Sinc th channl constantly changs du to movmnt of both th mobil unit and th surroundings, th channl cannot b known onc and for all Th channl has to b r-stimatd vry onc in a whil So calld pilots ar usd to stimat th channl Ths ar data that ar known to th rcivr G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 24
7 Channl Estimation Sinc th systm should also transmit unknown data, pilots cannot b transmittd continously Pilots ar placd in diffrnt, stratgic placs in th tim frquncy grid Th othr valus hav to b intrpolatd from th known valus Simpl linar intrpolation MMSE stimation FIR stimation G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 26 Usr Multiplxing and OFDMA Many usrs can shar th sam bandwidth in a systm FDMA TDMA CDMA In OFDM an advancd FDMA schm, that uss th orthogonality of th systm is availabl. Diffrnt usrs ar allowd to us diffrnt substs of th subcarrirs Both in downlink and uplink An uplink lik this is rfrd to as OFDMA Th uplink rquirs som coordination so that th information of th diffrnt units rachs th bas station at approximatly th sam tim (within th cyclic prfix) and sam powr Usr Multiplxing and OFDMA Th subcarrirs for ach usr can ithr b bundld togthr or distributd Bundld subcarrirs may lad to simplr implmntation,.g. a smallr FFT siz, but is pron to fading dips G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 28
8 OFDM and Multicast Transmission Oftn many usrs want th sam information To not wast bandwidth th usrs can listn to th sam subcarrirs for this information Rquirs that th systm is robust nough to handl th worst usr condition To improv worst cas at th cll bordr a usr can listn to mor than on bas station at a tim In OFDM all bas stations can transmit th sam information at th sam frquncy and tim G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 30 Chaptr summary A corrctly dsignd OFDM systm can b dcoupld into a numbr of singl carrir systms This maks OFDM an attractiv choic for nw systms Howvr th this coms at a pric of wastd powr and bandwidth for th cyclic prfix It also rquirs channl coding to avoid information loss du to frquncy fading It is important to know what conditions th systm is dsignd for sinc diffrnt nvironmnts call for diffrnt systm paramtrs Subcarrir sparation Numbr of subcarrirs Lngth of cyclic prfix G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 32
9 Chaptr summary Th channl nds to b known in ordr to xtract th information In OFDM corrlation btwn diffrnt subcarrirs and tim instancs can b usd in ordr to stimat th channl Th pilots must thus not b availabl on all subcarrirs In multi usr systms OFDM can b usd as an accss mthod whr th frquncy spctrum is dividd btwn th usrs. This is an advancd typ of FDMA, that uss th orthogonality of th OFDM subcarrirs To mak this possibl in th uplink, OFDMA, crtain car has to b takn to nsur that th information from diffrnt units rachs th bas station at approximatly th sam tim (within th cyclic prfix) and sam powr G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobil Broadband 33
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