Erwin Panofsky Robert M. Levine Images of History 19 th and Early 20 th Century Latin American Photographs as Documents

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1 0 Peter Burke 1 Erwin Panofsky Ernst Gombrich The Image and the Eye Further Studies in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation 198 M Robert M. Levine Images of History 19 th and Early 0 th Century Latin American Photographs as Documents 1990 Francis Haskell History and Its Images Art and the Interpretation of the Past 1993 Edgar Wind Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance 1969 Erwin Panofsky Early Netherlandish Painting 1971 Erwin Panofsky Studies in Iconology Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance Emile Male The Gothic Image Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century 1973

2 Sofonisba Anguissola

3 71 Rene Magritte La trahison des images Les deux mystèries Diego Velazquez Las meninas

4 Decontextuality Recontextuality / the gaze / /

5 73 / / Hélène Cixous Hélène Cixous The Laugh of the Medusa Mark Kishlansky Civilization in the West

6 74 01 Marietta Robusti Lavinia Fontana Lucia Anguissola /

7 75 Virtus Mollitia 1 G Baldesar Castiglione The Book of the Courtier Ⅱ J. J. Lucas Dubreton Daily Life in Florence In the Time of the Medici Leon Battista Alberti The Family in Renaissance Florence Christine Meek Women in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe

8 Domenico Ghirlandaio 1488 Giovanna Tornabuoni 1488 L Lynne Segal Straight Sex The Politics of Pleasure Giovanni Ciappelli Art Memory and Family in Renaissance Florence J

9 J. Gustaaf J. Renier History Its Purpose and Method

10 violated abolitionists free speech and petition rights as stipulated in the First Amendment of the U. S. Constitution. While discussing the gag rule the Congressmen further realized the importance of free speech and petition rights. The rule was finally abolished in Yan Shaoxiang Application of Classical Democratic and Republican Systems by Republicans during the English Revolution in the 17 th Century The environment of the 17 th century English society and culture was deeply classical. In order to criticize the monarchical despotism and advocate the excellencies of the free states the Republicans borrowed a lot from the classical democratic and republican tradition because of the classical primary and higher education the elites familiarity with the classics and the insufficiency of the modern resources. Based on the republican institutions of ancient Greece Sparta and Roma they began to develop the systems and institutions of the modern state. The classical heritage might have encouraged the English rebellion against the kings under some circumstances. In fact Hobbes criticism of the ancient freedom and its attack on eternal war show that the classical republican tradition played a positive role. On the other hand we must admit that the English Revolution was a product of modern society the revolutionary process depended on the social basis of England in the 17 th century Republican was merely a branch of the ideological thoughts at that time and its theoretic basis was mainly inspired by the modern theory of the contract and natural rights. The classical democratic and republican heritage was deemed as an instrument which could make their beliefs and actions more authoritative. Huang He The Uses of Images as Historical Evidence on the Cases of the Gender Framework of Women in Renaissance Whether images can be used as historical evidence is a controversial issue in the history field. The painting of Sofonisba Anguissola one of the famous Renaissance women painters provided a strong entry point for this thesis. This painting not only mirrors the living of female artists and the whole women groups in the society but also reflects the gender identity that could not be ignored. And the role of the definition of gender identity in controlling the women groups on the one hand is attributed to the complex interactions between discipline and body which provides the necessary precondition and on the other hand to the social context providing the fundamental guarantee for such control.