Earth Remote Sensing using Surface-Reflected GNSS Signals (Part II)
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1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California Earth Remote Sensing using Surface-Reflected GNSS Signals (Part II) Stephen T. Lowe Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology Presented at: 12 th Meeting of the International Committee On Global Navigation Satellite Systems Kyoto, Japan Dec 2-7, 2017
2 What is GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R)? From GNSS Transmitter Direct Signal Reflected Signal Specular Point GNSS-R Radar with separate transmitter and receiver (bistatic radar) Forward-scattering Specular Point: Earliest arrival at receiver
3 Space-Based GNSS-R System GNSS-R Multi-bistatic Next few years: >100 GNSS transmitters Dense surface coverage Many Advantages Multiple, simultaneous observations - High spatial / temporal resolution Free high-quality signals Leveraging huge global infrastructure No transmitter - Relatively low cost, low power - Constellation possibilities (CyGNSS) Forward scattering (where the power goes) ~Same hardware as Radio-Occultations
4 Surface Coverage Coverage Simulation: 6-satellite constellation High inclination orbit (72 deg) 1 day GPS + Glonass + Galileo 4
5 Signal Effect: Autocorrelation Function Iso-Delay Ellipses Locations near specular point contribute first Points further away contribute later in time For delays of order l => Fresnel Zone For delays of order t (chip) => Iso-Delay Ellipses (code) - 1 MHz chip rate (GPS C/A code) => 293 m Sept, 2008 ESTEC Noordwijk, The Netherlands GNSS-R 2008 Workshop JPL/Caltech S. Lowe, 5
6 Receiver Effect: Velocity, Model Frequency, t int Iso-Doppler Hyperbolas Signals arriving from forward direction arrive with higher frequency Sept, 2008 ESTEC Noordwijk, The Netherlands GNSS-R 2008 Workshop JPL/Caltech S. Lowe, 6
7 GNSS Transmitter GNSS-R Scatterometry GNSS Receiver Power Received Signal Smooth surface Specular Time GNSS Transmitter GNSS Receiver Power Received Signal Rough Surface Specular Time Smooth surface: Higher peak, faster rise Rough surface: Lower peak, slower rise 7
8 GNSS-R Altimetry θ t GNSS Receiver H τ = 2H cosθ t Direct Signal Power JPL 2003 Monterey-Bay aircraft test Time delay (t) between direct and ocean-reflected signal gives information on receiver height over surface Reflected Signal Specular Point Time/Lag 8
9 GNSS-R Bistatic Radar Equation W (t) = c 0 s G(ρ)Λ 2 (t t spec )sinc 2 (T I Δf (ρ)) σ p 4πR 2 2 o (ρ)ds t R r Zavorotny, V. U. and A. G. Voronovich, Scattering of GPS Signals from the Ocean with Wind Remote Sensing Application, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 38, No. 2, , Scatterometry (oceans) This technique measures surface Mean-Squared Slopes (MSS) MSS related to wind speed through empirical model Altimetry Altimetry Specular timing relative to direct-signal reception Scatterometry 9
10 Signal Incoherence Imag Received signal is sum over all surface facets Rough surface: resulting phasor has random phase Resulting power is exponentially distributed => Power SNR = 1 (speckle) Real As geometry changes (receiver movement) the phasor sum changes. Average time for phasor sum to be uncorrelated to previous sum is the signal s correlation time. Aircraft: ~10 msec Spacecraft: ~1 msec 10
11 What Measurements Can GNSS-R Make? Oceanography Surface winds (CyGNSS Mission: Cyclones) Mesoscale topology Tsunami science/warning Geoid / Mean Sea Surface Red: Demonstrated from space Green: Ground, aircraft experiments Land Soil Moisture Wetland Extent Freeze/Thaw State Vegetation Characteristics Cryosphere (assuming high-inclination orbit) Sea-Ice Extent Ice freeboard snow depth Ice roughness / age
12 What s Happening in the GNSS-R Field? Mission/Satellite Year # Space GNSS Reflections SIR-C 2003 (obtained) 2 SAC-C 2003 ~6 UK-DMC TechDemoSat ~100M SMAP (GNSS-R) 2015-present >2.3M /day CyGNSS (8 sats) 2017-present >125M + 0.5M/day Explosion of data in last 2 years
13 What s Happening in the GNSS-R Field? CyGNSS Satellite CyGNSS: NASA Earth Venture Mission $157M to study Cyclone Science Goal: Improved cyclone intensity forecast 8 small-sats Observe GPS L1 C/A signals after reflecting from the ocean Observations of Hurricane Harvey Prior to Landfall on August 25, 2017 Courtesy Chris Ruf (PI) CYGNSS Level 3 gridded surface wind speed data product (v1.1) at and UTC on 25 Aug 2017, prior to landfall at ~0300 UTC on 26 Aug 2017
14 What s Happening in the GNSS-R Field? NASA s Soil Moisture: Active & Passive (SMAP) Dedicated soil-moisture mission Active L-band radar + passive radiometer Radar transmitter failed 7/7/15 On 8/20/15, radar receiver moved to collect GPS L2 Delay-Doppler Map (DDM) has aliased images due to data blanking Unique GNSS-R data set High gain antenna (~30 db) Dual polarization (H/V) Raw sampled data downloaded - Look at phase, coherence, integration times, etc. Hope to make DDM + metadata public soon Created unique GNSS-R data set from failed radar system
15 What s Happening in the GNSS-R Field? SMAP GNSS-R Observes Freeze/Thaw Vertical Polarization Winter Summer Horizontal Polarization Winter Summer Winter Temp (blue frozen) Vegetation Type From Chew et al, Remote Sen Env 198, 2017
16 What s Happening in the GNSS-R Field? HydroSheds Database CyGNSS Data: SNR vs location Amazon Rainforest White: Outside CyGNSS delay window Courtesy Clara Chew (UCAR)
17 What s Happening in the GNSS-R Field? Change in SNR: Aug - Mar SMAP Radiometer (J. Du, et al) CyGNSS Data ΔInundation Amazon Rainforest ΔSNR (db) Courtesy Clara Chew (UCAR)
18 What s Happening in the GNSS-R Field? SMAP Radiometer: Level 3 Change in SNR: Apr - Mar CyGNSS Data: SNR Change India Courtesy Clara Chew (UCAR)
19 What s Happening in the GNSS-R Field? TechDemoSat-1 Data Higher power over ice leads and polynyas Up to 10 db increase Not seen in passive microwave Increased P on ice edges Highest P intermediate sea ice conditions Courtesy Clara Chew (UCAR)
20 What s Happening in the GNSS-R Field? Wetland Inundation Extent Connection to methane production - Potent greenhouse gas Can forward-scattered GNSS-R signals penetrate vegetation to sense underlying inundation? May 2017 aircraft experiment: Caddo Lake LA - 20 db blue to red scale - Light green: Giant Salvia - Dark green: Cypress - Backscatter radar shows little water
21 Summary GNSS-Reflectometry is a new Earth-remote sensing technique Explosive growth since 2015: TDS-1, SMAP, CyGNSS Many unique advantages compared to other remote sensing techniques - High spatial/temporal coverage, forward scattering, GNSS-RO-compatible, long-term SI-traceable signals Active research underway: - Ocean winds, soil moisture, wetland extent, freeze-thaw state, sea ice extent, ocean altimetry
22 Backup Slides
23 Global Methane Cycle Contributions to Atmospheric Methane Wetlands ( Tg/yr) Fossil Fuels ( Tg/yr) Livestock (87-94 Tg/yr) Landfills (67-90 Tg/yr) Wetlands has largest contribution Wetlands has largest uncertainty range IPCC (2013), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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