The SKA - Challenges, Opportunities, and Industry Involvement. Phil Crosby SKA Program Development Office

Transcription

1 The SKA - Challenges, Opportunities, and Industry Involvement Phil Crosby SKA Program Development Office

2 The SKA will be the largest scientific instrument on the planet A next generation global radio astronomy facility To be built in either Southern Africa, or Australia Will operate between around 70 MHz to 25 GHz 50 times the sensitivity and 8000 times the survey speed of current instruments a collecting area of around 1 million square meters over a vast unpopulated area a combination of dishes and wide FoV antennas will employ beam forming technology on a scale not previously explored Needs data transport system and computing power beyond that available today Will address fundamental questions about the universe

3 SKA Key Science Questions When & how were the first stars and galaxies formed? What is the large scale structure of the universe? Dark Energy Dark Matter What is the origin and evolution of cosmic magnetic fields? Was Einstein right? Can we detect gravitational waves? Planet formation and the Cradle of Life Will we find ET? EXPLORATION OF THE UNKNOWN

4 Target construction SKA cost: Pathfinders for Phases 1+2Complete Reference Design selected Concept Des n Preliminary SKA specs The SKA timeline & estimated project costs Civil works External Engineering Antennas & RF systems Review of design Signal transmission Signal processing Software development & computing System hardware Design Establish SKA Organisation Site Select Phase 1 complete Phase 1 implementation low & mid freq SKA-mid+low Complete Design, integration, testing, and management Contingency 1.5 billion (2007) Concept & Tech Development for Phase 3 - SKA-hi Expected operating costs: Salaries ( staff) Power Materials & services Early Science SKA mid+low including dark fibre lease Renewal of instrumentation and Phase computing 2 construction mid + low freq (science centres additional) System design SKA-hi 150 million /year Phase 3 - Construction

5 The SKA Global Network Canada NRC Laval U McGill U Queens U U Calgary U Montreal U Toronto York U ACURA CASCA United States of America CIT / JPL Cornell U / NAIC Harvard U / Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics MIT / Haystack Observatory NRAO Naval Research Lab SETI U Cal Berkley U Illinois U New Mexico U Winsconsin Virginia Tech Funding Agencies NRC NSERC Funding Agencies NASA NSF United Kingdom U Manches ter (JBO) Oxford U Cambrid ge U U Glasgow Leeds U Cardiff U Po rtu gal IS SpainT- Fundacio Ce n Alcala ntr Nat. a Astrono my Observat ory U Valencia France Paris Observat ory U d Orlean s Centre National de la Recherc he Scientifiq ue OMMIC Sweden Onsala Space Observat ory Chalmer s U of Tech Netherla nds Astron JIVE Kapteyn Astro Inst Leiden U U Gronega n Italy National Institute for Astrophy sics Poland Torun Centre for Astrono my Germany Max- Planck Institute for Radio Astrono my Russia Pushchin o Astro Space Centre Funding Agencies European Union National Government s via Research Councils RadioNet Over 100 Organisations 8 SKA Consortia Indian Consortium Raman Research Institute TATA Inst for Radio Astronomy Nat. Centre for Radio Astronomy China NAO, Chinese Academy of Sciences Funding Agencies Dept of Atomic Energy Dept of Science & Tech Korea Korean VLBI Network Funding Agencies Chinese Academy of Sciences MoST Dept Science & Tech Tsing hua U Japan Kagoshima U NAOJ SKA Program Development Office Based at University of Manchester, UK Group of domain specialists Mission to deliver a costed design by 2012 South Africa NRF U KwaZulu -Natal Funding Agencies Dept Science & Tech Dept Trade & Industry NRF Australia CSIRO- ATNF ICRAR Swinburne U U NSW U Melbourne U Sydney U Adelaide U Tasmania U WA New Zealand Auckland U of Tech Funding Agencies ARC DIISR CSIRO WA Gov

6 SKA Movie 3 minutes

7 The Challenges of Radio Astronomy The signals are extremely weak. We need huge antennas to capture them They need to be in special places Astronomers compete with noise From radio, TV, phones, machines, etc From the equipment itself, amplifiers etc Signals are buried in the noise Need smart techniques to resolve This means huge computing power Large amounts of data to handle Pushing boundaries in capacity, speed and storage

8 VLA (USA) E-MERLIN Array Telescopes Australia Telescope

9 But better instruments needed to answer the key science questions ALMA ELT LOFAR JWST SKA IXO

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11 SKA System Diagram on a Page LNA Int. receivers AA Station Station DSP AA infrastructure Correlator AA Tiles.... AA-lo Intra-station data links AA-hi Analog links.. DSP DSP.. DSP DSP DSP 1 st Stage DSP Digital links O-E... O-E Station Beamform g Station Beamform g Station Beamform g Control Proc. 2.1.x SKA system design SKA computing & software spec To ~250 AA Stations 16 Tb/s Central Processing Facility - CPF Correlator AA & Dish Data management Mass Storage Post Processor Software engineering Calibration Science post processing Wide-band single pixel feeds Dishes LNA Phased array feeds Cryo systems Power Supplies DSP & Control 2.4.x Dish design DSP & Control Station DSP 80 Gb/s Phase transfer Green SKA To ~2400 Dishes... Time Standard Station-core data links Non-imaging processors Control Processors & User interface Monitor & control Computing hardware Data management User interface via Internet Diagram by Andrew Faulkner

12 SKA as e-science Antenna Array DSP ( correlator ) Pb/s Post-processing HPC ( imaging ) Tier 0 (SKA) Tb/s Europe USA Australia South Africa Tier 1 (National) E-science: Global collaboration in key areas of science, and the next generation of infrastructure that will enable it. More data, more computation, faster networks, more collaboration, exploration of data and models in silico discovery, floods of public data, GRID computing,.. Tier 3 (Institute) Tier 4 (Researcher) Gb/s Tier 2 (Regional)

13 Interferometry using arrays Each pair of antennas is called a baseline The more different baselines there are, the more detailed the astronomical image. Short baselines - antennas are close to each other - provide coarse structure. Long baselines provide the fine detail, the longer, the finer the detail. Correlator Data Processor

14 SKA is an aperture synthesis telescope - A large aperture telescope is synthesized by sampling the wave-front in the aperture plane 3 km

15 Possible Site Schematic Comms links Central Processing Facility Dishes spread along spiral Station Dishes Dense AA Sparse AA Max. Distance for Dense AAs Max. Distance for Central Power Dist n

16 Concise Picture of Technology Options Numbers of dishes ( ) depends on whether Phased Array Feeds and/or Aperture Arrays are used in the SKA. Each technology is characterized by a frequency range and field of view.

17 Aperture Array Technology Production Thinking ASTRON Prototype The Netherlands Electronic Sensor Courtesy ASTRON, OPAR

18 Phased Array Feed Prototype One of three prototypes under development.

19 from Dave Deboer Multi-pixel phased array feeds

20 Dishes+Single Pixel Feeds USA Allen Telescope Array 42x6m hydroformed dishes Canada prototype 10 m composite dish South Africa Prototype 15 m composite dish

21 Composite Dish Manufacturing (Canada) Final Mould Alignment rms error: 0.25 mm rms error: 0.25 mm Removing from Mould Mounted on Drive

22 Metal Dish Manufacturing Novel Sheet Metal Structure 12m antenna Patriot Systems stretch-formed panels

23 Base model SKA Allen Telescope Array Parkes Wide field-of-view

24 Correlators Ultimately Built in Industry

25 Electrical power not solved yet Solar potential is high on both sites. 24-hour coverage is needed. requires storage or alternative night-time power source. Cost likely to be an issue if not subsidized MW required for full SKA Role for small scale (~100 kw) systems if they exist.

26 Other Power Issues Systems must withstand occasional flooding. Priority power not needed for SKA but power-outage notice might be needed. Safety grounding issues in desert areas. Lightning protection required Equipment subject to unusually high temperatures and large diurnal swings. Power for redundant communication needed for emergency shut-down Staggered antenna slewing is standard practice for arrays. Some equipment will require local UPS systems that may need remote control.

27 The Pre-Cursor Projects

28 South Africa + 7 countries

29 Australia

30 Spectrum Measurements: 80 MHz 1.6 GHz Sydney Pop. 4 million Narrabri Pop. 6,000 Boolardy 100 MHz 200 MHz

31 Industry Opportunities Summary of Opportunities in the SKA Signal Path From P. Hall

32 The SKA will be the largest scientific collaboration on the planet To meet the SKA timelines, a very high level of industry involvement will be needed, especially R & D, and economical mass production and deployment. Benefits to industry include opportunities to: -Grow and hone the creative energies of the best professionals -Perfect leading-edge techniques and products in a very demanding application, - Generate and share information in a benign and commercially nonthreatening environment -Raise company profile/visibility by association with an innovative, high profile, international mega-science project - Gain early involvement and favourable positioning in a 1.5 billion (2007) project spanning a wide range of engineering and computing disciplines.

33 Industry Opportunities and the SKA Site works and Infrastructure Site studies, and infrastructure engineering Site works for design & construction of antennas, support buildings (offices, equipment, accommodation, etc), cable roll-out, and repeaters Electrical supply to chosen site, in order of 50 MW (with a proportion of green energy (TBD)) High-speed (Tb/s) digital fibre optic links for distance regimes extending from 100 m to 3000 km

34 SKA Project Support, Tools, Operations & Maintenance Outreach and public education Project management, site supervision (works management), and Systems engineering support Radio-frequency interference mitigation using coherent and incoherent techniques High dynamic range (>60 db) image formation using sparsely-sampled Fourier plane data SKA scheduling, operations and maintenance models

35 High volume production & deployment Low-cost manufacturing of small to medium diameter dishes Advanced mechatronic systems for feed positioning and antenna control Decade bandwidth feed antennas for dish flux concentrators Broadband, active, phased arrays for aperture and focal plane applications Low noise wideband RF amplifiers for both cryogenic and uncooled applications Low-noise, highly integrated, receivers for both cryogenic and uncooled applications Low-cost, high-speed (Gs/s) analog to digital converters

36 Low-medium volume production & deployment High-speed digital signal processing engines (correlator) at 24 peta-flops/sec Ultra-fast supercomputing at 200 peta-ops/sec High speed data transmission at 160 Gb/sec Software engineering for robust, intelligent, array control and data processing Master oscillator time standards, and distribution

37 Informatio 1High-spee 2ICT 3ICT 4ICT 5ICT 6ICT 7ICT 8Integrated 9Telecomm Building 12 Electrical Environme 15 Fibre 16 Infrastruct 17 Land 18 Remote 19 Site 20 Surveying Antenna 23 Image 24 Radio 25 Receiver RFI 28 Computer Networkin Advanced 34 Engineerin Schedulin Systems Other 42 Regional 43 Transport 44 device mitiga / softw datab distrib mana perfo acce optic goo pro c mi id f What kinds of firms should consider participating in the SKA? Information & Communication Technology (ICT) - hardware, software, digital fibre systems, data management, high-speed / high-volume data processing, control systems, modelling and simulation systems, networked enabled system deployment & management, integrated circuit design, fabrication, and test, telecoms systems. Engineering Construction & Maintenance (ECM) building construction, electrical and mechanical services, R & D services, environmental services, fibre optic, power, civil engineering, land access consultants, remote infrastructure operations and maintenance, site management & planning, surveying services. Advanced Aerospace & Radar Technology and Equipment antenna design and manufacture, image processing, radio astronomy, receiver feed systems, wideband phased arrays, RF devices, RFI mitigation. Advanced Materials and Manufacturing - advanced materials, composites, sheet metal fabrication. Systems Integration & Maintenance project design, execution, interface management, risk management, scheduling, operations and maintenance of complex distributed systems. Transport, Training, and Other Goods & Services regional support, recruitment and training, transport and logistics, community consultation and studies, regulatory monitoring.

38 Intellectual Property SKA has developed a Statement of Intent on IP. Signed by organizations participating in the SKA. Establishes ground rules on protection, licensing, and donation of foreground and background IP for the SKA project. An IP strategy will be developed, with registered ownership Negotiations in the spirit of scientific cooperation. Signed by legal entities, when that becomes possible. SKA must have access to IP developed in the national & regional projects: Some of this will be generated in industry. Where possible, IP licensed early for the SKA, so that it can be used in open bidding, rather than giving advantage to a particular supplier.

39 The SKA is an icon project a BIG leap. Answers to key science questions Global collaboration institutes & industry Challenges yet to be solved Potential for industry spin-off products & IP To Summarise

40 Thank You Phil Crosby SKA Program Development Office