Designing Stability into 1296 MHz and 2304 MHz Low Noise Amplifiers

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1 Optical Navigation Division Designing Stability into 96 MHz and 4 MHz Low Noise Amplifiers By Al Ward W5LUA & Tommy Henderson WD5AGO July 8, 7 Central States VHF Society San Antonio, Texas

2 What do we want from an LNA? Low noise figure <.4 db High gain > 5 db Good input and output match minimizes interactions with other stages Stable must not oscillate when connected to antenna Cascadable Page

3 What makes a good second stage? Low noise figure <.8 db NF Enough gain to make cascade about to 5 db Good broadband match for first stage Stable Page

4 Today s Transistors Today s transistors have very low noise figures and very high gain High gain contributes to stability problems and decreased input intercept point Minimum input VSW and minimum noise figure will generally not occur simultaneously with same matching network. Use of source inductance may help but too much may cause instability Page 4

5 ATF-XXXX Series of PHEMTs Depletion mode PHEMT technology requires negative voltage on gate wrt source Ceramic and plastic surface mount packaging Various gate widths u / 4u / 8u / 6 u At lower frequencies, I.e. GHz or less, larger gate widths offer lower gain and lower impedances which can contribute to improved stability and lower matching circuit losses ATF-677 u S G 6 S ATF-54 4 u ATF-44 8 u ATF-4 6 u D Page 5

6 ATF-5XXXX Series of PHEMTs Enhancement mode PHEMT technology requires positive voltage on gate wrt source Plastic surface mount packaging Various gate widths 4u / 8u and larger Noise figure of enhancement mode devices. to. db higher than depletion mode devices ATF u ATF u Page 6

7 What about S-parameters?!??! A three-terminal two-port, such as the FET shown, has four S-parameters. S nn = voltage reflection coefficient, both amplitude and phase relative to 5 source impedance S and S are commonly displayed on a polar chart. S = input displayed on Smith chart Polar chart S Smith chart S = output displayed on Smith chart S S S Page 7

8 What about Noise Parameters?!??! o (Gamma Opt) is the reflection coefficient of the source impedance presented to the device that allows the device to produce its f min Matching circuit losses often limit the ability of the amplifier to achieve a noise figure equivalent to device f min Impedance Matching Network Q o not necessarily equal to S * which means noise match is not equivalent to a gain match n (Noise esistance) is used to calculate the device s sensitivity in noise figure to changes in source impedance, r n is normalized to 5. For minimum NF, in = o For maximum gain, in = S * in Page 8

9 Other measures of input characteristics VSW = Voltage Standing Wave atio VSW eturn Loss L log Mismatch Loss ML = LOG ( - ) Page 9

10 Input Impedance Match opt S* Match to opt for minimum noise figure Noise degrades in circular contours as match moves away from opt Impedance Matching Network in Q Degree of noise degradation is dependent on n, the noise resistance Most amateur applications aim for minimum noise figure and accept input VSW Page

11 Simultaneous Input VSW and Noise Match new opt new S* Adding source inductance rotates opt towards S * Source inductance is series feedback which effects gain and stability Its effect must be analyzed over as a wide a bandwidth as the device has gain Page

12 Output Impedance Match S'* S* L = S + S S o - S o * S * = L is the reflection coefficient of the output matching network with input terminated in opt, not 5 Match to S * = L for best gain/output VSW LNA may not be unconditionally stable when matched for best output VSW - Some resistive loading may be required to reduce gain to improve stability Best output VSW does not necessarily guarantee best PdB and IP. Page

13 Using AppCAD for Circuit Analysis Available for free download at Page

14 ATF-677 vs ATF-4 Stability Factors vs Freq. Stability Factor K calculated from S parameters at each frequency, K> for unconditional stability ATF-677 K < at all frequencies below GHz ATF-4 K < only below 4. GHz, making the device less sensitive to source grounding better for VHF LNAs K S S S S D D S S S S Page 4

15 ATF-677 vs ATF-4 S vs MAG vs MSG S = 5 Gain MAG = Maximum Available Gain applies when K> MSG = Maximum Stable Gain Page 5

16 Contributions to Source Inductance PCB LL LL. Lead length from edge of transistor package to bypass cap or plated through hole adds inductance. Use of a source resistor bypass capacitor can alter circuit stability. The inductance associated with the bypass capacitor and the equivalent inductance due to the thickness of printed circuit board Page 6

17 AN 8 ATF-677 L Band LNA December 996 Page 7

18 Single stage ATF-677 db(s(,)) m m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= StabFact nf()..5. m freq=.ghz nf()=.49 m db(s(,)) db(s(,)) Page 8

19 Stages ATF-677 Connected with 4.5 inches of 5ΩCoax db(s(,)) m m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= StabFact nf()..5. m freq=.ghz nf()=.54 m db(s(,)) db(s(,)) Simulation suggests potential stability concerns Page 9

20 Page Wireless Semiconductor Division Better approach is a WD5AGO integrated stage amplifier using an ATF-677 followed by an ATF-44 or ATF-544 MSTEP Step W=.mil W=.mil TL L=8.mil W=.mil 4 C=47.pF L=.5nH =.Ohm TL L=7.mil W=.mil =5Ohm L L = L=4nH V5 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=6.mil D=5.mil V6 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=6.mil D=5.mil V7 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=6.mil D=5.mil V8 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=6.mil D=5.mil V4 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=6.mil D=5.mil V W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=6.mil D=5.mil V W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=6.mil D=5.mil V W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=6.mil D=5.mil MSUB MSub ough=mil TanD=. T=.7mil Hu=.9e+4mil Cond=.E+5 Mur= Er=4.5 H=6.mil MSub TL L=.mil W=.mil MSTEP Step W=.mil W=.mil INDQ L dc=.ohm Mode=proportionaltofreq F=.MHz Q=5. L=nH TL4 L=5.mil W=.mil TL5 L=5.mil W=.mil TL6 L=5.mil W=.mil C=pF L=.5nH =.Ohm 7 =75Ohm 6 =5Ohm TL7 L=7.mil W=.mil 9 C=47.pF L=.5nH =.Ohm 8 C=.pF L=.5nH =.Ohm Term Term Noise=yes Z=5Ohm Num= 5 =Ohm 7 C=47pF L=.5nH =.Ohm 6 C=47pF L=.5nH =.Ohm SP SNP File="C:\S_DATA\FET\f44e.sp" ef 4 =5Ohm TL L=5.mil W=8.mil 5 C=.pF L=.5nH =.Ohm TL L=5.mil W=8.mil TL9 L=.mil W=8.mil =Ohm TL8 L=.mil W=8.mil TL L=5.mil W=.mil TL L=5.mil W=.mil StabFact StabFact StabFact=stab_fact(S) StabFact =47Ohm C=47.pF L=.5nH =.Ohm C=7.pF L=.5nH =.Ohm SP SNP File="C:\S_DATA\FET\F677A.SP" ef L L = L=47nH C=.pF L=.5nH =.Ohm Term Term Noise=yes Z=5Ohm Num= esistive Loading Source Inductance

21 ADS Optimized ATF-677 First Stage L L L=4 nh = TL8 SP W=5. mil SNP L=5. mil File="C:\S_DATA\FET\F677A.SP" TL9 W=8. mil L=5. mil TL W=8. mil L=5. mil Term Term Num= Z=5 Ohm Noise=yes MSub MSUB MSub H= mil Er=4.5 Mur= Cond=.E+5 Hu=.9e+4 mil T=.7 mil TanD=. ough= mil =. Ohm L=.5 nh C=. pf =. Ohm L=.5 nh C=. pf =. Ohm L=.4 nh C= pf L L L=47 nh = =5 Ohm ef TL W=. mil L=5. mil V D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7 mil ho=. W=5. mil TL W=. mil L=5. mil V D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7 mil ho=. W=5. mil = Ohm V D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7 mil ho=. W=5. mil TL W=5. mil L=5. mil V4 D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7 mil ho=. W=5. mil =5 Ohm MSTEP Step W=5. mil W=. mil TL 4 =. Ohm W=. mil L=.4 nh L=5 mil C= pf 5 =. Ohm L=.5 nh C= pf Page

22 ADS Optimized ATF-677 First Stage nf() StabFact m m freq= nf()=.54 m5.ghz m5 freq= 9.MHz StabFact= db(s(,)) db(s(,)) db(s(,)) m m m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m m4 freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= This is about the best that can be had in stability if NF is not to be compromised Page

23 Let s take a look at second stage candidates ATF-677 u gate width depletion mode device ATF u gate width depletion mode device ATF-4 8 u gate width depletion mode device ATF u gate width enhancement mode device Other candidates Page

24 Optimized ATF-544 Second Stage nf() m m freq= nf()=.49.ghz db(s(,)) db(s(,)) m m m freq=.ghz db(s(,))=-7.98 m4 freq=.ghz db(s(,))=-4.84 Sta bfact m5 m5 freq= 4.MHz StabFact=.4 db(s(,)) m m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= Page 4

25 Optimized ATF-544 Second Stage TL W=55. mil L=. mil TL TL6 SP W=. mil SNP W=5. mil L=. mil File="C:\S_DATA\FET\af544d[].sp" L=5. mil TL5 W=8. mil L=5. mil TL4 W=8. mil L=5. mil 5 =. Ohm L=.5 nh C=. pf MSTEP TL4 Step INDQ W=. mil L W=. mil L=5. mil L= nh W=. mil Q=5. F=. MHz Mode=proportional to freq dc=. Ohm 4 = Ohm 7 =. Ohm L=.4 nh C= pf V8 D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7 mil ho=. W=5. mil ef TL6 W=. mil L=45. mil V7 D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7 mil ho=. W=5. mil TL5 W=. mil L=45. mil V6 D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7 mil ho=. W=5. mil 8 = Ohm TL7 W=5. mil L=5. mil V5 D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7 mil ho=. W=5. mil 9 =5 Ohm MSTEP Step W=5. mil W=. mil 8 =. Ohm L=.5 nh C=6.8 pf TL8 =. Ohm W=. mil L=.4 nh L=5 mil C= pf = Ohm =. Ohm L= nh C= pf Page 5

26 Page 6 Wireless Semiconductor Division ATF-677 cascaded with improved ATF-544 Second Stage 5 C=.65pF L=.5nH =.Ohm TL L=.mil W=55.mil TL L=5.mil W=8.mil C=.pF L=.5nH =.Ohm 4 C=pF L=.4nH =.Ohm TL L=5mil W=.mil MSTEP Step W=.mil W=5.mil TL L=5.mil W=5.mil =5Ohm C=pF L=.4nH =.Ohm =5Ohm C=.pF L=.5nH =.Ohm TL L=5.mil W=.mil TL L=5.mil W=.mil =Ohm TL8 L=5.mil W=5.mil TL9 L=5.mil W=8.mil V4 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil V W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil V W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil V W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil L L = L=4nH SP SNP File="C:\S_DATA\FET\F677A.SP" ef L L = L=47nH TL6 L=5.mil W=5.mil TL L=.mil W=.mil TL5 L=45.mil W=.mil TL6 L=45.mil W=.mil TL4 L=5.mil W=.mil 4 =Ohm INDQ L dc=.ohm Mode=proportionaltofreq F=.MHz Q=5. L=nH 7 C=pF L=.4nH =.Ohm 8 =Ohm 8 C=6.8pF L=.5nH =.Ohm MSTEP Step W=.mil W=5.mil TL7 L=5.mil W=5.mil C=pF L=nH =.Ohm =Ohm TL4 L=5.mil W=8.mil Term Term Noise=yes Z=5Ohm Num= C=pF L=.4nH =.Ohm TL8 L=5mil W=.mil 9 =5Ohm TL5 L=5.mil W=8.mil MSTEP Step W=.mil W=.mil V7 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil V8 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil V5 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil V6 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil SP SNP File="C:\S_DATA\FET\af544d[].sp" ef MSUB MSub ough=mil TanD=. T=.7mil Hu=.9e+4mil Cond=.E+5 Mur= Er=4.5 H=mil MSub Term Term Noise=yes Z=5Ohm Num=

27 ATF-677 cascaded with improved ATF-544 Second Stage nf() StabFact m m freq= nf()=.59 m5.ghz m5 freq=.59ghz StabFact= db(s(,)) db(s(,)) db(s(,)) m m m freq=.ghz db(s(,))=-4.94 m m freq=.ghz db(s(,))=7.878 m4 freq=.ghz db(s(,))= Still some concern about stability Page 7

28 Page 8 Wireless Semiconductor Division ATF-677 ATF-544 Cascade with Further Improvements TL L=5.mil W=.mil TL L=5.mil W=.mil 5 C=.pF L=.5nH =.Ohm =Ohm =7Ohm MSTEP Step W=.mil W=.mil MTEE_ADS Tee W=5.mil W=.mil W=5.mil TL4 L=.mil W=.mil INDQ L dc=.ohm Mode=proportionaltofreq F=.MHz Q=5. L=47nH TL L=.mil W=5.mil 7 C=pF L=.4nH =.Ohm 4 =5Ohm TL L=5.mil W=5.mil TL L=.mil W=5.mil TL5 L=45.mil W=.mil TL6 L=45.mil W=.mil TL L=mil W=.mil MSTEP Step W=.mil W=.mil TL L=.mil W=.mil 4 C=pF L=.4nH =.Ohm TL L=.mil W=5.mil MTEE_ADS Tee W=5.mil W=5.mil W=5.mil TL L=5.mil W=5.mil TL9 L=5.mil W=5.mil TL8 L=5.mil W=5.mil TL9 L=5.mil W=5.mil =5Ohm C=pF L=.4nH =.Ohm C=5.6pF L=.5nH =.Ohm C=.pF L=.5nH =.Ohm V4 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil V W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil V W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil V W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil L L = L=4nH SP SNP File="C:\S_DATA\FET\F677A.SP" ef L L = L=47nH TL6 L=5.mil W=5.mil 8 =Ohm 8 C=6.8pF L=.5nH =.Ohm MSTEP Step W=.mil W=5.mil TL7 L=5.mil W=5.mil C=pF L=nH =.Ohm =Ohm TL4 L=5.mil W=8.mil Term Term Noise=yes Z=5Ohm Num= C=pF L=.4nH =.Ohm TL8 L=5mil W=.mil 9 =5Ohm TL5 L=5.mil W=8.mil V7 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil V8 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil V5 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil V6 W=5.mil ho=. T=.7mil H=.mil D=5.mil SP SNP File="C:\S_DATA\FET\af544d[].sp" ef MSUB MSub ough=mil TanD=. T=.7mil Hu=.9e+4mil Cond=.E+5 Mur= Er=4.5 H=mil MSub Term Term Noise=yes Z=5Ohm Num=

29 ATF-677 ATF-544 Cascade with Further Improvements Page 9 nf() StabFact m m freq= nf()=.77 m5.ghz m5 freq=.8ghz StabFact= db(s(,)) db(s(,)) db(s(,)) m m m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m m freq=.ghz db(s(,))=4.4 m4 freq=.ghz db(s(,))= At this point d = 7 ohms to get K= but NF.77. This is the best that can be done with ATF-677 driving ATF-544.

30 What would make a better second stage? Maybe a MMIC The WLAN and WiMAX markets have forced semiconductor manufacturers to build sub db noise figure MMICs these might make a good second stage but.. Most are in nasty little hard to see packages with no leads except maybe the MGA-656 Page

31 Effects of nd Stage db NFs System NF with db gain st Stage st NF nd Stage NF Page

32 MGA-656 Low Noise Amplifier Input MGA pf 47 pf 6 4 Output,,5 47 nh 47 pf 5. uf 4 ma Page

33 MGA-656 Measured Demo Board Performance nf() db(s(,)) db(s(,)) m m 4 m freq= 8.MHz nf()=.84 m5 m8 m freq=.5ghz nf()=.5 m6 m7 StabFact db(s(,)) m m m5 freq= 8.MHz db(s(,))=-9.69 m8 freq= 8.MHz db(s(,))=-.64 m6 freq=.5ghz db(s(,))=-8.64 m7 freq=.5ghz db(s(,))= m freq= 8.MHz db(s(,))=.4 m4 Not bad for a MMIC! freq=.5ghz db(s(,))=.6 Page

34 ADS Simulation with ATF-677 MGA-656 Cascade nf() m freq=.ghz nf()=.48 m db(s(,)) db(s(,)) m m m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m4 freq=.ghz db(s(,))=-8.87 StabFact m5 m5 freq=.95ghz StabFact= db(s(,)) m m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= I don t believe K is a problem at 6 GHz but if it is a little d will help Page 4

35 ADS Simulation with ATF-677 MGA-656 Cascade m6 db(s(,)) db(s(,)) m m6 freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m7 freq=.ghz db(s(,))=-8.87 Page 5

36 ADS Simulation with ATF-677 MGA-656 Cascade L L L=4 nh = TL8 SP W=5. mil SNP L=5.mil File="C:\S_DATA\FET\F677A.SP" TL9 W=5.mil L=5. mil TL W=5. mil L=5.mil SP SNP File="C:\S_DATA\MGA-656\m656c[].sp" MTEE_ADS Tee W=5. mil W=5. mil W=5. mil TL6 W=5. mil L=5.mil TL4 W=5. mil L=5. mil Term Term Num= Z=5 Ohm Noise=yes MSub MSUB MSub H= mil Er=4.5 Mur= Cond=.E+5 Hu=.9e+4mil T=.7mil TanD=. ough= mil =. Ohm L=.5 nh C=5.6 pf =. Ohm L=.5 nh C=. pf =. Ohm L=.4 nh C= pf L L L=47nH = TL W=. mil L=5.mil TL9 W=5. mil L=5.mil V D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7 mil ho=. =5Ohm W=5.mil ef V D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7 mil ho=. W=5. mil TL W=. mil L=5.mil =Ohm V D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7mil ho=. W=5. mil MTEE_ADS Tee W=5. mil W=5. mil W=5. mil V4 D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7 mil ho=. W=5.mil TL W=5. mil L=. mil =75Ohm TL W=.mil L=. mil MSTEP Step W=. mil W=. mil TL W=.mil L= mil 5 =. Ohm L=.5nH C= pf 4 =.Ohm L=.4 nh C=pF TL W=5. mil L=5.mil ef V D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7mil ho=. W=5. mil TL W=5.mil L=5. mil V9 D=5. mil H=. mil T=.7mil ho=. W=5. mil = Ohm TL5 W=5. mil L=. mil INDQ L4 L= nh Q=5. F=. MHz Mode=proportional tofreq dc=. Ohm 4 =.5 Ohm L=.4nH C= pf 5 =.5 Ohm L=.4nH C=pF =. Ohm L=.5nH C=5.6 pf Term Term Num= Z=5 Ohm Noise=yes This is the approach taken for a new WD5AGO LNA Page 6

37 Stage ATF-677 & MGA-656 LNA Page 7

38 Stage ATF-677 & MGA-656 # Measured esults db(s(,)) db(s(,)) m m freq=.ghz db(s(,))=7.8 db(s(,)) db(s(,)) m m StabFact StabFact m freq=.ghz m freq=.ghz db(s(,))=-5.4 db(s(,))= m m4 freq=.5ghz StabFact=.97 NF measured.5 db at 96 MHz. K at low frequency erroneous due to lack of S due to poor dynamic range in test equipment. Tough when LNA has 7 db gain! Page 8

39 AP Note 8 Single Stage ATF-677 Measured esults m m db(s(,)) db(s(,)) db(s(,)) db(s(,)) m St abfact m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= Sta bfact m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m4 m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m4 freq= 98.MHz StabFact=.6 Page 9

40 Stage ATF-677 & MGA-656 in Enclosure 4 m db(s(,)) db(s(,)) - -4 db(s(,)) db(s(,)) - - m m -6 - Page 4 StabFact m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= StabFact m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m4 m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m4 freq= 98.MHz StabFact=.7

41 Stage ATF-677 & MGA-656 in Enclosure without Lid 4 m m -5 m db(s(,)) db(s(,)) - -4 db(s(,)) db(s(,)) Page 4 StabFact m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= StabFact m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m4 m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m4 freq= 98.MHz StabFact=.

42 Stage ATF-677 & MGA-656 in Enclosure with Metal Divider Spanning Length of Box db(s(,)) db(s(,)) m db(s(,)) db(s(,)) m m -6-4 StabFact m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m freq=.ghz db(s(,))=-6.8 Metal divider breaks up waveguide moding effect of box StabF act m4 m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m4 freq= 98.MHz StabFact=.8 Page 4

43 Original Stage LNA with ATF-677 and ATF-86 4 m -5 m m db(s(,)) db(s(,)) - -4 db(s(,)) db(s(,)) Stab Fact m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= StabFact m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m4 m freq=.ghz db(s(,))= m4 freq= 98.MHz StabFact=.748 Page 4

44 cm LNA Th - Tc NF db.5.4 Gain... 9 NE84 ATF677 FHC4 NE584 MGF495 MGF49 CFH8 ATF544 8 NF Th NF Tc G Th G Tc TH7 Page 44

45 Summary The MGA-656 provided the additional gain desired while providing a lower noise higher IP second stage LNA noise figures of. db and 7 db of associated gain have been demonstrated Although the ATF-677 / MGA-656 cascade has been shown to provide K greater than, the increased gain is providing new challenges in enclosure design. Any Questions? Page 45

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