Power Quality Monitoring: Key Component of Comprehensive Power System Monitoring

Transcription

1 1 Power Quality Monitoring: Key Component of Comprehensive Power System Monitoring Daniel Sabin, P.E., M.Eng., IEEE Fellow Principal Engineer & Software Architect Boston, Massachusetts, USA

2 Global Power Technology Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 Traditional Use of Power Quality Monitoring Systems (PQMS) Record/Download PQ Events and Data Logs from PQ Monitors Compliant with IEC Voltage Sags/Swells, Transients, Rapid Voltage Changes THD, Harmonics, Imbalance, Frequency, Flicker Pst/Plt Analyze Single Events and Data Logs Build Summary Reports for Customers Track Voltage Sag Performance (IEEE 1564) Report on Compliance with Regulations (EN 516) Provide Analysis of PQ Events and Data Logs Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

4 Expanded Use of Power Quality Monitoring Systems (PQMS) Integrated Monitoring of Power Quality Monitors, Microprocessor Relays, Digital Fault Recorders, Recloser Controllers, Capacitor Controllers, and More Integration with SCADA or OMS Fault Analysis Incipient Fault Detection Automated Fault Location for Permanent and Momentary Faults Automated Capacitor Analysis Notification and Reporting using Statistical Process Control Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 Dranetz PQNode 81 Monitors Proprietary Dialup InfoNode Servers PQNode Data Files File Share MMS via WAN Dranetz DataNode 553 Monitors HTTP via RAS InfoNode Servers HTTP via LAN Dranetz DataNode 61 Monitors HTTP via Frame Relay InfoNode Servers HTTP via LAN LAN Schneider Electric ION Meters ION Server HTTP via LAN File Share SEL and GE Relays SCADA RTU Sensors Frame Relay GE XA/21 Download Server ECC PI Server COMTRADE Files PI SDK LAN Microsoft SQL Server PQView Databases

6 Single Line to Ground Fault Area Substation Transformer Primary Feeders Secondary Network A B C PQ Monitors at Low Side of Many Area Substation Transformers Digital Relay Data Available at 2% of Primary Feeders Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 Example SLG Fault Recorded by PQ Monitor at Area Substation Voltage (pu) Current (ka) SHERMN4N - 9/9/212 18:59:1.688 I²t=28.85 ka² s 1..5 Operation Point Name SCBX54N.DX Time Stamp 9/9/212 18:59:5.12 Value S_CREEK BKR 54N 1X23 Description CLOSE-TRIP A Time (s) Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

8 Reactance-to-Fault Calculations for PQ Measurement at Substation Voltage (pu) Current (ka) Reactance (Ω) SHERMN4N - 9/9/212 18:59:1.688 Voltage, Current, and Reactance Values Va Vb Vc V V1 V2 Ia Ib Ic XTF A.7469 (k1=3.8) Time (s) Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 Predicted Location of Fault Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 Visualized Location of Fault Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

11 Distribution Fault Location Results at Con Edison On average, use of the reactance-to-fault method for fault location saves one hour per feeder restoration job Mitigates use of capacitive discharge thumpers and DC hi-pot Year -1 MH 1-3 MH 3-5 MH 5-1 MH > 1 MH 29 64% 24% 5% 2% 6% 21 67% 14% 5% 3% 11% % 2% 8% 3% 5% Summer % 14% 4% 4% 1% Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

12 Voltage (pu) Current (ka) Incipient Subcycle Fault Location Using Time-Domain Estimation Voltage (pu) Current (ka) Subcycle Incipient Fault Subsequent Permanent Fault Actual XTF:.3221 Ω Time (s) 5 Estimated XTF:.3235 Ω Time (s) Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

13 Current (A) Current (A) Voltage (%) Current (A) Voltage (%) Voltage (%) Second Fault Detection Plymouth ST TR2-7/3/215 23:59:8.944 Initial Single-Phase Fault 1 Plymouth ST TR2-7/31/215 :1: Second Fault Plymouth ST TR2-7/31/215 :1: Second Fault with Prefault Load Removed Time (c) Electrotek/EPRI Time (c) Electrotek/EPRI Time (c) Electrotek/EPRI 216 Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved. 13

14 Using SCADA and Power Quality Measurements Together kv V MW VVC VVC-MAN MAN-VVC VVC-MAN MAN-VVC VVC-MAN MAN-CMVM CMVM-MAN MAN-VVC VVC-CMVM CMVM-MAN MAN-CMVM CMVM-VVC VVC-MAN Substation A Station PI.LE1VOLT Scheduled Voltage Max Voltage Min Voltage SCADA Voltage Deviation Voltage Deviation LCL Voltage Deviation UCL LE1LODWX Process Control Violation 5.1% UCL-LCL 1 5 Sun Jun 211 Con Edison 6 Mon 7 Tue 8 Wed 9 Thu 1 Fri 11 Sat 12 Sun Time Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

15 Data Integration at Hydro Ottawa Broadband Ethernet Connections ION Server ION Meters ION Enterprise Database Server RTUs SCADA Servers OSISoft PI System Server PQView Database Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

16 Current (A) Current (A) Total Power Factor (pu) Voltage (%) Voltage (V) Analyzing Capacitor Performance Capacitor Switching anomaly when new capacitor bank was put in service Operated 7 times in 1 seconds HO_Ellwood.T1e - 15/1/213 11:37: Duration: 9.437s 1 HO_Ellwood.T2e - 15/1/213 11:37: Duration: 9.437s HO_Ellwood.T2e - 15/1/213 11:37:38.9 Total Power Factor ΔPFa= PF ΔPFb=.644 PF ΔPFc=-.412 PF ΔPFtot PFtotal Time (s).92 Event ID = System Event ID = Electrotek/EPRI Time (s) Event ID = System.86 Event ID = Reference Cycle = Electrotek/EPRI Time (s) 216 Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved. Electrotek/EPRI 16

17 Current (ka) Voltage (%) Current (ka) Voltage (%) Automated Capacitor Analysis Joslyn Closing Analysis 1 5 Cap Name CAP_1A CIS Operation OUT-INSERVIC Channel Time Status Va.7417 ms Synchronous Vb.5516 ms Synchronous Vc.7417 ms Synchronous Capacitor Analysis 5 Electrotek/EPRI -.5 Cap Name Operation Directivity Downline Directivity Confidence Very High Magnification No -5 Peak Voltage %.2 ΔQA Mvar -1.8 ΔQB Time (s) Mvar ΔQC Mvar ΔQTotal Mvar ΔPFA 7.21% ΔPFB 5.42%.5 ΔPFC 6.29% ΔVTHDA.27% ΔVTHDB.26% ΔVTHDC.3% Resonant Frequency Hz Electrotek/EPRI Time (s) 216 Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

18 Current (A) Current (A) Voltage (%) Voltage (%) Current (A) Current (A) Voltage (%) Voltage (%) Waveforms from Defective Tapchanger Transformer 1-21/4/21 6:13: Transformer 1-22/4/21 2:4: Time (s) Hydro Ottawa - Technical Services Transformer 1-25/4/21 1:51: Hydro Ottawa - Technical Services Time (s) Transformer 1-25/4/21 11:5: Time (s) Hydro Ottawa - Technical Services Time (s) Hydro Ottawa - Technical Services Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

19 Voltage Magnitude (pu) Voltage Sags and Damage from Transformer 1 RMS Variation Magnitude Time Scatter Plot Transformer Thu Apr 21 Hydro Ottawa - Technical Services 15 Thu 22 Thu Time Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

20 No Voltage Sags at Transformer 2 There were no sags or transient events recorded during this period. Voltage Trend data showed a frequent number of minor rms voltage changes that were not associated with current inrush or faults. Transformer was taken out of service and inspected and damage was found Jan 212 Transformer 3 - V RMS AB, V RMS BC, V RMS CA From 31/3/21 12:: PM to 15/1/212 Min[V RMS AB] (%) Avg[V RMS AB] (%) Max[V RMS AB] (%) Min[V RMS BC] (%) Avg[V RMS BC] (%) Max[V RMS BC] (%) Min[V RMS CA] (%) Avg[V RMS CA] (%) Max[V RMS CA] (%) 2 Mon Hydro Ottawa - Technical Services Sun Jan 212 Transformer 3 - I RMS A, I RMS B, I RMS C From 31/3/21 12:: PM to 15/1/212 Min[I RMS A] (A) Avg[I RMS A] (A) Max[I RMS A] (A) Min[I RMS B] (A) Hydro Ottawa - Technical Services 3 Tue 4 Wed 5 Thu Time Avg[I RMS B] (A) Max[I RMS B] (A) Min[I RMS C] (A) Avg[I RMS C] (A) Max[I RMS C] (A) 2 Mon 3 Tue 4 Wed 5 Thu 6 Fri Time Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

21 Transformer 2 Tapchanger Damage Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

22 Voltage Plt Flicker Trends at Transformer 3 Transformer 1 - Plt A, Plt B, Plt C From 31/3/21 12:: PM to 15/1/212 Transformer 2 - Plt A, Plt B, Plt C From 31/3/21 12:: PM to 15/1/212 Plt A Plt B Plt C 3. Plt A Plt B Plt C Thu Apr 21 Hydro Ottawa - Technical Services Time 22 Thu Transformer 1 Transformer 2.5 Aug Mon Hydro Ottawa - Technical Services 15 Mon 22 Mon Time Transformer 3 - Plt A, Plt B, Plt C From 31/3/21 12:: PM to 15/1/212 Plt A Plt B Plt C Pst and Plt flicker data identified the start of the serious damage to the tapchanger within hours on all three transformers Thu Dec 211 Hydro Ottawa - Technical Services 22 Thu 1 Sun 8 Sun 15 Sun Time Transformer Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

23 Breaker Asset Management using I²t Voltage (V) Current (A) SLG Fault Evolves into DLG Fault I²t=9.8 ka² s Time (s) Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.

24 Future Trend: Comprehensive Power Quality Monitoring Systems Integrated Monitoring of Many Types of IEDs IEEE PQDIF IEEE C / IEC :213 COMTRADE IEC 6185 Single-Event Analysis IEEE 1159, IEEE 1564 Site-Site and System Indices IEEE 1564, 1453, 519 Automated Summaries & Compliance Reporting EN 516, IEC Fault Analysis & Fault Location IEEE C Real-Time and Historical Data Analytics IEEE Working Group on Power Quality Data Analytics Device Asset Management Electrotek Concepts, Inc. All rights reserved.