Fundamentals of Power Quality
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1 NWEMS Fundamentals of Power Quality August 20 24, 2018 Seattle, WA Track D Anaisha Jaykumar (SEL) Class Content» Introduction to power quality (PQ)» Causes of poor PQ and impact of application» PQ characteristics» Tools for monitoring» Case Studies 2 1
2 PQ Refers to Voltage and Current Characteristics Poor PQ refers to changes in electric power supply that can cause equipment to fail, misoperate, or degrade Noisy transformers Overheating Blown fuses 3 What Is the Cost of Poor PQ? Power frequency Supply voltage variations Flicker Supply voltage unbalance Harmonics Rapid voltage changes Voltage dips and interruptions Temporary overvoltages Pass Pass Pass Pass Fail Concern Concern Pass Failure, misoperation, and degradation of equipment 4 2
3 PQ Problems May Affect Metering Accuracy ANSI C , Accuracy Class 0.1 Adds New Tests Test 39: 90 phase fired waveform Test 40: quadriform waveform Test 41: peaked waveform Current Voltage Test 42: pulse waveform Test 43: multiple zero crossing Test 44: multiple zero crossing Current Voltage Phase angle Phase angle Phase angle 5 Several Factors Affect PQ Nonlinear loads Large load changes Faults 6 3
4 Nonlinear Loads Distort Waveforms Incandescent Bulb With Dimmer Current 0.15 A peak 0.07 A rms Voltage 169 V peak 120 V rms 7 LED Lights Provide Energy Efficiency But Distort Waveforms Current (A) LED light 0.11 A peak 0.04 A rms Incandescent bulb with dimmer 0.60 A peak 0.44 A rms Time 8 4
5 High Sampling Rates Accurately Capture Waveform Content LED Light Bulb Waveforms 8 khz 1 khz 0% Error 2.2% Error 9 Customer and Utility Share Responsibility» Customer limits current distortion» System owner or operator limits voltage distortion by modifying supply system impedance characteristics IEEE applies to point of common coupling 10 5
6 EPRI 2001 Study of Typical PQ Phenomena Line noise Outages Spikes, transients 10% 5% 5% Harmonics Frequency variations 5% 5% 46% Voltage sags Overvoltage 7% Undervoltage 7% 10% 11 Voltage swells Voltage Sag, Swell, and Interruption (VSSI) 12 6
7 Analyze Sag Event Using Waveform or RMS Plots 100% 50% 50 ms 1,000 ms V A rms V B rms V C rms 0% Time stamps 13 VSSI Are Described by Depth and Duration Voltage (V) V sag peak 60 V rms 100 ~3 cycles Sag event waveform 7
8 Combined Waveform and RMS Plot V rms V inst Voltage (V) Overvoltage and Undervoltage Are Long Term Phenomena PQ Phenomena Amplitude Range Duration Sag 10 90% 0.5 cycles up to 1 minute Undervoltage 80 90% >1 minute Swell 110% 0.5 cycles up to 1 minute Overvoltage % >1 minute 16 8
9 Lightning Strikes Cause Voltage Sags Lightning strikes power pole Insulators flash over and fault current flows Flashover Instantaneous voltage drop occurs Protective relays operate Circuit breakers open 17 Power System Faults Can Cause Voltage Sags Voltage Profile of a Three Phase Fault 18 Effect of voltage disturbance is more at the fault point of fault and less away from it 9
10 Fault on Transmission Line Causes Sag and Interruption 120 Sag Voltage Voltage (V) 60 0 Int Current Time (seconds) 19 Restoration Event Causes Damage to 3D Printer A peak Time (ms) Asymmetric waveform indicates presence of second harmonic 20 10
11 Motor Operation Can Cause Voltage Sags Motor Mechanical load 21 University Uses Voltage Sag Data to Continue Operations and Buy Planning Time 700 hp pump 22 11
12 Optimized Motor Shutdown Reduces Sag and Eliminates Problems Startup Shutdown Before After Startup Shutdown Current Voltage 23 Voltage Sag Ride Through Characteristics 24 12
13 Voltage Events Damage Motors and Sensitive Processing Equipment $1,300 $1,300 $65, Voltage Events Damage Motor Fan and Compressor and Degrade Power Supply 26 13
14 VSSI Data Reveal Stuck Load Tap Changer 41 minutes Time stamps 27 IEC Standardizes PQ Measurements Class A: For contractual applications and verifying compliance Class S: For surveys and assessment IEC specifies functional test requirements for IEC
15 Voltage Unbalance Damages Motors» Causes temperature rise» Reduces life expectancy Photo courtesy of Electrical Apparatus Service Association 29 Unbalance Occurs When V A + V B + V C 0 V V B V C V A 120 Magnitude (pu) Unbalanced Balanced Three Phase Waveforms A Phase B Phase C Phase Unbalance Cycles 30 15
16 Typical Voltage Unbalance Levels in U.S. Three Phase Power Delivered to Industrial Plants <1% Operates normally 1 3% Causes overheating and premature aging >3% Can cause significant damage 66% 32% 2% 31 Facilities Operator Uses Data to Balance Loads 32 16
17 Common Causes of Unbalance» Faulty distribution equipment» Random phase loading (arc furnaces)» Unbalanced distribution feeders 33 Unbalanced Magnitude Phasor Magnitude (V) Time (t) A Phase B Phase C Phase V
18 Harmonics Occur as Multiples of 60 Hz 35Voltage (pu) Fundamental: 60 Hz Third harmonic: 60 x 3 = 180 Hz Harmonics Occur as Multiples of 60 Hz 36Voltage (pu) Fundamental: 60 Hz Fifth harmonic: 60 x 5 = 300 Hz 18
19 Harmonics Cause Humming in Transformers 37 Spectral Analysis Displays Harmonics, Subharmonics, and Interharmonics 60 Hz fundamental harmonic component Subharmonic components Second harmonic component Interharmonics 65 to 115 Hz 38 19
20 Harmonics Described as Percent of Fundamental Frequency Harmonic Order Frequency (Hz) RMS Value Fundamental (1) rd th th Sum of squares of harmonics THD 6.9% Amplitude of fundamental Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Is High Under Low Load Conditions Although Impact Can be Low LED light Current THD: 45% 0.04 A rms Incandescent bulb with dimmer Current THD: 20% 0.44 A rms 40 20
21 IEEE Uses Total Demand Distortion (TDD) TDD Sum of squares of harmonics 100 Maximum demand load current 41 Third Order, Odd Harmonics (Triplens) Align With Other Phases Peaks align with fundamental peaks of A, B, and C Phases 42 21
22 Harmonic Currents Produce Heat and Cause Damage Losses = l 2 R Use K factor measurements from advanced meters to size transformers to serve distorting loads without overheating 43 Fifth Harmonic Counters Torque V C Normal, ABC V A 120 V B Rotate angles to 5x position Fifth harmonic, ACB 44 22
23 Harmonic Trending Pinpoints Cause of Lighting Ballast Failures Image 2016 Google 45 Electronic Ballasts Cause Fifth Harmonic Disturbance Current harmonics (%) :30 a.m. 5:30 a.m. 5:30 a.m. Day 1 Day 2 Day
24 Adjustable Speed Drives Cause Harmonics Current (amperes) 6 pole adjustable speed drive creates fifth and seventh harmonics 47 HVdc and Industrial Interties Cause Harmonic Issue for Georgia 48 24
25 Low Harmonics Are More Common in Power System Third order Fifth order 49 Fiftieth order High Crest Factor (CF) Indicates Reduced Lamp Life» CF = peak / rms» For ideal sine wave RMS = peak / 2 CF = peak / rms = y t Ym cos t 2 f 2 t 2 / period
26 Higher Order Harmonics Are Lower in Magnitude Maximum Energy vs. Harmonics 51 Identify Sources of Harmonics» Nonlinear loads» HVdc interties» Saturated transformers» Arcing devices» Renewable energy generation» Electronic ballast fluorescent lights 52 26
27 Turning on Water Results in Voltage Variation That Affects Lights Variable-frequency drive (VFD) for constant water pressure 53 VFD Not Running 512 Samples Per Cycle 54 27
28 VFD Running 512 Samples Per Cycle 55 Reduce Harmonic Disturbances» Isolate voltage sources for sensitive devices from harmonic generating devices» Use K rated transformer or derate transformer» Install filters between drive and power system 56 28
29 Flicker Affects Human Eye Brain Response Amplitude modulation of voltage when signal carries another signal Voltage (V) 57 Nonlinear Loads Cause Unwanted Zero Crossings That Affect Digital Clocks 58 29
30 Summary» PQ issues are changes in electric power supply that can cause equipment to fail, misoperate, or degrade» Common PQ phenomena are VSSI, harmonics, voltage unbalance, and transients» PQ characteristics can be described by amplitude, duration, frequency, and wave shape 59 Troubleshooting Summary» Look for patterns in disturbances by noting time of day, duration, and how often events occur» Correlate PQ events with load changes, switching capacitor banks, and so on» Remember that PQ events are typically worse near the source of the problem» Note that a high neutral current can indicate third harmonics 60 30
31 NWEMS Questions? 31
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