Evaluating Transformer Heating due to Geomagnetic Disturbances
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1 Evaluating Transformer Heating due to Geomagnetic Disturbances Presented by: Brian Penny, American Transmission Company 53 rd Annual Minnesota Power Systems Conference November 7, 2017 atcllc.com
2 Presentation Summary Solar Activity and GMD NERC TPL-007 Transformer GIC Susceptibility Transformer GIC Effects GIC Heating Analysis Summary of Main Points Questions atcllc.com 2
3 Solar Activity and GMD Geomagnetic Disturbance (GMD) Interaction of the sun and earths magnetic fields Solar Activity Cycle Measured using K p - Index The Space Weather Environment NASA atcllc.com 3
4 Solar Activity and GMD K p K p - Index: GMD Storm Severity NOAA Level Description Comments Inactive No fluctuations observed on power grid 5 G1 Minor Weak power grid fluctuations can occur 6 G2 Moderate May cause voltage alarms at high latitudes 7 G3 Strong 8 G4 Severe 9 G5 Extreme May require voltage corrections and trigger false alarms on some protection devices Possible widespread voltage control problems and some assets tripped by false protective system actions Widespread voltage control and protective system problems with possible blackout and transformer damage atcllc.com 4
5 Solar Activity and GMD Geomagnetic Induced Current (GIC) Interactions with the Electrical System: GMD induced GIC Interacts with electrical system (quasi DC) Part-cycle core saturation in transformers The Space Weather Environment (DC NASAoffset) atcllc.com 5
6 NERC TPL-007 Regional Geoelectric Field Peak Amplitude E peak = E x α x β (volts/km) o E Reference geoelectric field amplitude o α Scaling factor for local geomagnetic latitude o β Scaling factor for local earth conductivity structure atcllc.com 6
7 NERC TPL-007 Benchmark Event (TPL-007-1) E = 8 volts/km at reference geomagnetic latitude of 60 α = x e (0.115 x L) or Table II-1 L is the geomagnetic latitude in degrees β B = Table II-2 Thermal assessment for GIC > 75 amps per phase atcllc.com 7
8 NERC TPL-007 Supplemental Event (TPL-007-2) E = 12 volts/km at reference geomagnetic latitude of 60 α = x e (0.115 x L) or Table II-1 L is the geomagnetic latitude in degrees β S = Table II-2 Thermal assessment for GIC > 85 amps per phase atcllc.com 8
9 NERC TPL-007 Table II-1: α for Benchmark and Supplemental Geomagnetic Latitude (Degrees) Scaling Factor (α ) > < atcllc.com 9
10 NERC TPL-007 Table II-2: β B - Benchmark β S - Supplemental USGS Earth Model Benchmark Scaling Factor (β B ) Supplemental Scaling Factor (β S ) AK1A AK1B AP AP BR CL CO CP CP FL CS IP IP IP IP NE PB PB PT SL SU BOU FBK PRU BC PRAIRIES SHIELD ATLANTIC atcllc.com 10
11 Transformer GIC Susceptibility Transformer in AC operation subjected to DC: Unidirectional DC flux in core Additive for one half of cycle Subtractive for other half of cycle Reluctance of flux path Amplitude and duration of GIC Result is a flux density shift atcllc.com 11
12 Transformer GIC Susceptibility Designs strongly susceptible to GIC: Single Phase Shell and Core Form Three Phase Shell Form Three Phase 5 Leg Core Form Three phase Shell type Three phase 5 Leg Core type atcllc.com 12
13 Transformer GIC Susceptibility Designs weakly susceptible to GIC: Three Phase 3 Leg Core Form 3 Leg Core type atcllc.com 13
14 Transformer GIC Effects Transformer Impacts: Generation of harmonics Increased reactive power consumption Winding hotspots Hotspots in steel structures atcllc.com 14
15 Transformer GIC Effects Part cycle core saturation: DC offset of AC Sine Wave Stray flux Audible noise Vibration atcllc.com 15
16 Transformer GIC Effects Heating of materials: Long thermal time constant (hours) Oil Short thermal time constant (minutes) Windings and leads Steel clamps and structures atcllc.com 16
17 GIC Heating Analysis Analysis to be performed by manufacturer: Design information is proprietary Tools, models and expertise to perform analysis Historical archives of old designs Design records for defunct manufacturers atcllc.com 17
18 GIC Heating Analysis Specifying GIC Requirements: Ambient Temperature Load Condition DC Current Amplitude Duration Temperature Limits Oil Core & Windings Tank & Steel structures atcllc.com 18
19 GIC Heating Analysis ATC s EHV transformer GIC requirements: Conditions 40 C ambient temperature 70% of maximum MVA load 0 amps dc prior to and after event GIC magnitude: time and duration 5 amps dc (neutral) - 30 minutes 100 amps dc (neutral) - 2 minutes Repeated cycle over 8 hours Temperature Limits 110 C: Top Oil 140 C: Winding or Metallic Hot Spot Neutral GIC Current (amps) Time (minutes) atcllc.com 19
20 GIC Heating Analysis Example 1: 3 Leg Core Form Autotransformer 300/400/500 MVA HV 345 kv LV 138 kv atcllc.com 20
21 GIC Heating Analysis Harmonic Currents atcllc.com 21
22 GIC Heating Analysis Reactive Power Consumption Neutral GIC (Amps) Reactive Power (MVA) atcllc.com 22
23 GIC Heating Analysis Top Oil Temperature vs. Time Maximum Top Oil Temperature = 75.7 C vs. 110 C Limit atcllc.com 23
24 GIC Heating Analysis Winding Hot Spot Temperature vs. Time Maximum Hot Spot Temperature = 90.5 C vs. 140 C Limit atcllc.com 24
25 GIC Heating Analysis Flitch-Plate Hot Spot Temperature vs. Time Maximum Hot Spot Temperature = 80.1 C vs. 140 C Limit atcllc.com 25
26 GIC Heating Analysis Example 2: 5 Leg Core Form Autotransformer 300/400/500 MVA HV 345 kv LV 138 kv atcllc.com 26
27 GIC Heating Analysis Exciting Current Waveform: 0 Amps/phase GIC Harmonic Currents Reactive Power Consumption = 0.20 MVA atcllc.com 27
28 GIC Heating Analysis Exciting Current Waveform: 5 Amps/phase GIC Harmonic Currents Reactive Power Consumption = 1.36 MVA atcllc.com 28
29 GIC Heating Analysis Exciting Current Waveform: 100 Amps/phase GIC Harmonic Currents Reactive Power Consumption = MVA atcllc.com 29
30 GIC Heating Analysis Thermal Results: Maximum Top Oil Temperature = 87.5 C vs. 110 C Limit Maximum Hot Spot Temperature = C vs 140 C Limit Upper Core Clamp atcllc.com 30
31 Summary of Main Points GIC and effect on electrical system is not consistent Heating effects on transformers are design specific System instability from VAR consumption Reference IEEE C57.163: IEEE Guide for Establishing Power Transformer Capability while under Geomagnetic Disturbances atcllc.com 31
32 Questions Thank you for your attention Questions? Brian Penny Consultant Engineer & Transformer Subject Matter Expert for American Transmission Company atcllc.com 32
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