Avionics Navigation Systems, Second Edition Myron Kayton and Walter R. Fried John Wiley & Sons, Inc (Navtech order #1014)

Transcription

1 Avionics Navigation Systems, Second Edition Myron Kayton and Walter R. Fried John Wiley & Sons, Inc (Navtech order #1014) Table of Contents Preface... xvii Acknowledgments... xxi List of Contributors...1 Chapter I: Introduction... 1 Myron Kayton 1.1 Definitions Guidance versus navigation Categories of navigation The vehicle Civil aircraft Military aircraft Phases of flight Takeoff Terminal area En route Approach Landing Missed approach Surface Weather Design trade-offs Evolution of air navigation Integrated avionics All aircraft Military avionics Architecture Human navigator Chapter 2: The Navigation Equations Myron Kayton 2.1 Introduction Geometry of the Earth Coordinate frames Dead-reckoning computations Positioning Radio fixes Line-of-sight distance measurement Ground-wave one-way ranging Ground-wave time-differencing... 36

2 2.6 Terrain-matching navigation Course computation Range and bearing calculation Direct steering Airway steering Area navigation Navigation errors Test data Geometric dilution of precision Digital charts Software development Future trends Problems Chapter 3: Multisensor Navigation Systems James R. Huddle, R. Grover Brown 3.1 Introduction Inertial system characteristics An integrated stellar-inertial system Integrated Doppler-inertial systems An airspeed-damped inertial system An integrated stellar-inertial-doppler system Position update of an inertial system Noninertial GPS multisensor navigation systems Filtering of measurements Single sensor, stationary vehicle Multiple sensors, stationary vehicle Multiple sensors, moving vehicle Kalman filter basics The process and measurement models The error covariance matrix The recursive filter Open-loop Kalman filter mechanization Closed-loop Kalman filter mechanization GPS-INS mechanization Linearizing a nonlinear range measurement GPS clock error model state GPS/INS linear error model Elaboration of the 11-state GPS/INS error model Practical considerations Federated system architecture Future trends Problems Chapter 4: Terrestrial Radio-Navigation Systems Bahar J. Uttam, David H. Amos, Joseph M. Covino, Peter Morris 4.1 Introduction General principles Radio transmission and reception... 99

3 4.2.2 Propagation and noise characteristics System design considerations Radio-navigation system types System performance parameters Point source systems Direction-finding Nondirectional beacons Marker beacons VHF omni directional range (VOR) Doppler VOR Distance-measuring equipment (DME) Tactical air navigation (Tacan) Hyperbolic systems Loran Omega Decca Chayka Future trends Problems Chapter 5: Satellite Radio Navigation A.J. Van Dierendonck 5.1 Introduction System configuration The basics of satellite radio navigation Ranging equations Range-rate (Change-in-range) equations Clock errors Orbital mechanics and clock characteristics Orbital mechanics Clock characteristics Atmospheric effects on satellite signals Ionospheric refraction Tropospheric refraction NAVSTAR Global Positioning System Principles of GPS and system operation GPS satellite constellation and coverage Space vehicle configuration The GPS control segment GPS signal structure The GPS navigation message GPS measurements and the navigation solution Aviation receiver characteristics Differential GPS GPS accuracy Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) GLONASS orbits GLONASS signal structure The GLONASS navigation message...261

4 5.6.4 Time and coordinate systems GLONASS constellation GNSS integrity and availability Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) Combined GPS/GLONASS Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) Pseudolite augmentation Future trends Problems Chapter 6: Terrestrial Integrated Radio Communication Navigation Systems Walter R. Fried, James A. Kivett, Edgar Westbrook 6.2 Introduction General principles JTIDS system characteristics Clock synchronization Coordinate frames and community organization Operational utility Mechanization Error characteristics System accuracy Position location reporting system General principles System elements Control network structure Waveform architecture Measurements Position location and tracking Tracking filter Network and traffic management System capacity and accuracy PLRS user equipment characteristics System enhancements Future trends Problems Chapter 7: Inertial Navigation Daniel A. Tazartes, Myron Kayton, John G. Mark 7.1 Introduction The system Instruments Accelerometers Gyroscopes Optical gyroscopes Mechanical gyroscopes Future inertial instruments Platforms Analytic platform (strapdown)...348

5 7.4.2 Gimbaled platform Inertial specifications Mechanization equations Coordinate frames Horizontal mechanization Vertical mechanization Error analysis Purpose Simulation Error propagation Total system error Alignment Leveling Gyrocompass alignment Transfer alignment Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS) Fundamental limits Future trends Problems Chapter 8: Air-Data Systems Stephen S. Osder 8.1 Introduction Air-data measurements Conventional Intrusive probes Static pressure Total pressure Air temperature Angle of attack and angle of sideslip Air-data transducers Air-data equations Altitude Mach number Calibrated airspeed True airspeed Altitude rate Air-data systems Accuracy requirements Air-data computers Architecture trends Specialty designs Helicopter air-data systems Optical air-data systems Hypersonic air data Calibration and system test Ground calibration Flight calibration Built-in test (BIT)...423

6 8.7 Future trends Problems Chapter 9: Attitude and Heading References Myron Kayton, Willis G. Wing 9.1 Introduction Basic instruments Gyroscopes Gravity sensors Vertical references The averaging vertical reference Rate compensations Acceleration corrections The magnetic compass needle Heading references Earth s magnetic field Aircraft magnetic effects The magnetic compass needle Magnetometers Electrical swinging The directional gyroscope Initial alignment of heading reference Future trends Problems Chapter 10: Doppler and Altimeter Radars Walter R. Fried, Heinz Buell, James R. Hager 10.1 Doppler radars Functions and applications Doppler radar principles and design approaches Signal characteristics Doppler radar errors Equipment configurations Radar altimeters Functions and applications General principles pulsed radar altimeters FM-CW radar altimeter Phase-coded pulsed radar altimeters Future trends Problems Chapter 11: Mapping and Multimode Radars Jack O. Pearson, Thomson S. Abbott,, Jr., Robert H. Jeffers 11.1 Introduction Radar pilotage Semiautomatic position fixing Semiautomatic position fixing with synthetic aperture radars Unfocused systems Focused systems...516

7 Motion compensation Precision velocity update Mechanization PVU measurement errors PVU Kalman filter PVU mode observability concerns Terrain following and avoidance Radar mode and scan pattern implementation Terrain measurement Aircraft control Multimode radars Signal processing Airborne weather radar Radar reflectivity of weather formations Weather radar processing Radar detection of microburst and wind shear Future trends Electronic scanned arrays Radar processing Radar receiver/exciter function Interfaces and packaging Displays Problems Chapter 12: Celestial Navigation Edward J. Knobbe, Gerald N. Haas 12.1 Introduction Evolution of celestial navigation General system description Star observation geometry Theory of stellar-inertial navigation Modeling and Kalman filtering Information and observability Stellar sensor design characteristics Telescope parameters Star-signal power Sky background power Star-light detection Focal plane array processing Celestial navigation system design Time reference Star observation and pointing errors Stabilized platform configuration Strapdown IMU configurations Star catalog characteristics Star catalog contents Star catalog size Planet and moon avoidance Star position corrections...586

8 12.7 System calibration and alignment Factory calibration Pre-flight and in-flight calibration and alignment Future trends Problems Chapter 13: Landing Systems D.B. Vickers, Richard H. McFarland, William M. Waters, Myron Kayton 13.1 Introduction Low-visibility operations The mechanics of the landing The approach The flare maneuver The decrab maneuver and touchdown Rollout and taxi Automatic Landing Systems Guidance and control requirements Flare guidance Lateral guidance The Instrument Landing System ILS guidance signals The localizer The glide slope ILS marker beacons Receivers ILS limitations The Microwave Landing System Signal format The angle functions Data functions Aircraft antennas and receivers Mobile MLS Precision DME (DME/P) Satellite landing systems Augmentation concepts Position solutions Research issues Carrier-landing systems Description of the problem Optical landing aids Electronic landing aids Future trends Pilot aids Satellite landing aids Airport surface navigation Carrier landing Problems Chapter 14: Air Traffic Management

9 Clyde A. Miller, John A. Scardina Introduction Services provided to aircraft operations Government responsibilities Flight rules and airspace organization Visual and instrument flight rules Altimetry Controlled airspace Uncontrolled airspace Special use airspace Airways and procedures Victor airways and jet routes Random routes Separation standards Terminal instrument procedures Standard instrument departures and arrivals Phases of flight Pre-flight planning Departure En route Approach and landing Oceanic Subsystems Navigation Radar surveillance Automatic dependent surveillance Air-to-ground data ink communications Aviation weather Automation and display subsystem Airborne ATM subsystems Facilities and operations National traffic management En-route facilities Terminal facilities Airport facilities Flight service facilities Oceanic facilities System capacity Reducing peak demand Increasing system capacity Airborne collision avoidance systems Future trends Problems Chapter 15: Avionics Interfaces Cary R. Spitzer 15.1 Introduction Data buses Crew displays...694

10 15.4 Power Maintenance Physical interface Future trends Problems References Index...741