The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt,

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1 Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt the National Metrology Institute of Germany The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany snational metrologyinstitute, isa scientific and technical higher federal authority fallingwithinthecompetenceofthefederal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy.

2 Metrology Hermann von Helmholtz Metrology: Science and application of correct measurement Traceability of results to the SI through national standards Determination of results with verification of uncertainty PTB: National Metrology Institute (NMI) Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) 170 Mio. budget, plus third party funding Approx permanent staff and 550 nonpermanent staff including 110 PhD students 600 scientific papers per year

3 PTB locations Braunschweig Berlin-Charlottenburg MLS and PTB-Laborat BESSY II Berlin-Adlershof

4 Fields of activity Basic research for metrology Improvement of national standards Aspects of legal metrology Supporting the verification authorities Technical cooperation International representation of Germany in metrology related issues Thousands of calibrations per year Cooperation projects with industry Technology transfer

5 What characterizes PTB? PTB is not a typical government agency: 60 % research / development 30 % calibration / services 10 % consulting / cooperation in bodies PTB is not a typical research institute: Constitutional mandate ensuring uniformity of metrology in Germany Cutting-edge research required as inherent part of PTB s duties Many tasks are mandated by law. PTB forms an essential part of the scientific and technical infrastructure of Germany

6 International Cooperation Harmonizing metrology, removing trade barriers Worldwide Metrology Cooperation with metrology institutes, international comparisons CIPM-MRA, OIML-MAA, WTO-TBT Large-scale Projects e.g. EMRP/EMPIR, Galileo Collaboration in international committees Meter Convention, legal metrology, standardisation bodies Technical Cooperation Support of developing and threshold countries (49 projects in 81 countries)

7 Guidance and Support Direct Policy Support BMWi: Unit and Time Act, legal metrology BMUB: Commission on radiological protection BMI: Voting machines; central warning of population BMZ: Projects of technical cooperation in total guidance for nine federal ministries Standardisation Collaboration in 219 national Standardisation Committees Collaboration in 303 international Standardisation Committees Others (and 313 other international committees) Technical experts and assessors for accreditation (DAkkS) Cooperation with industry via associations as well as directly Questions from all parts of society

8 SI-Units Research Fundamental research in the field of metrology, e.g. SI units traceable to fundamental constants and constants of nature Quantum effects for the realization of the units Primary standards Development Secondary and transfer standards Dissemination of units

9 PTB Organisation Chart Presidential Board Presidential Staff Press and Information Office Mechanics and Acoustics Electricity Precision Engineering Ionizing Radiation Certification centre QUEST-Institute at PTB Chemical Physics and Explosion Protection Optics Scientific-technical Cross-sectional Tasks Temperature and Synchrotron Radiation Medical Physics and Metrological Information Technology Administrative Services

10 Structure of Optics Division Division 4 Optics F. Riehle FB 4.1 Photometry and Applied Radiometry S. Kück F. Riehle FB 4.2 Imaging andwave Optics E. Buhr FB 4.3 Quantum OpticsandUnit oflength H. Schnatz QUEST P. Schmidt FB 4.4 Time and Frequency E. Peik 131 Employees 97 permanent 34 temporarily January 2013

11 Structure of Department 4.1 FB 4.1 Photometry und Applied Radiomety S. Kück AG 4.11 Spectroradiometry S. Nevas AG 4.12 Photometry A. Sperling S. Kück AG 4.13 Laser Radiometry S. Kück AG 4.14 Solar Cells S. Winter AG 4.15 Goniophotometry M. Lindemann 42 Employees 26 permanent 16 temporarely

12 Department 4.1 Candela: Base unit of luminous intensity The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of watt per steradian. Uncertainty: ~ 10-3

13 Working Group 4.14 Solar Cells Tasks Characterization and calibration of solar cells, photometers and (filtered) radiometers in uniform radiation fields within the wavelength range from 210 nm to 4.0 µm. Fields of work Measurement techniques for photovoltaics (DSR- and LaserDSR-setup) Calibration of reference solar cells under user defined test conditions Calibration of large area photometers and (filtered) radiometers Research Improvement of measurement procedures for solar cells and large area detectors Convergence of indoor and outdoor measurements Advanced calibration methods for solar modules Laboratory calibration of Multijunction space solar cells with lowest uncertainties S. Winter Projects Third-party projects with industrial partners European projects about Energy Rating (coordination), Space solar cell calibration Sun spectrum measurement with highest resolution for ozone column determination

14 Working Group 4.14 Solar Cells

15 Traceability Photovoltaics sp pectral me ethods AG 7.33 AG 5.34 AG 4.14 U rel (%) (k=2) 0.4 % 0.6 % DIN % - 3 % Sunmulators sim 3 % 5 % 15

16 PV calibration Chain λ Laser Cryogenic radiometer Φ, P Current and Voltage Measurement < 0,01% Legende: Source Detector λ, Ε Standard Detector Area s Φ(λ) 0,1% Facility Monochromatic + Bias radiation DSR Facility Reference solar cell s (λ), Ε Ι STC 0,5% Ε Solar simulator IV-Characteristics PV-Module Ι STC

17 DSR-method of PTB E b Solarzelle E(λ) I b + I sc (λ, E b ) W/m² DSR-Messplatz Lock-In technique substitution method monitor stabilized fully automated 160 single measurements duration: 1 to2 days reference solar cells 2x2cm² rel. uncertainty U(I STC ) < 0,6 % W -1 Absolute spectral responsivity, s / AW 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 Photon energy / ev η = 100% a-si GaInAs CdTe GaInP c-si Poly-Si CIS Ge Component Cell Wavelength / nm

18 Calibration Objects Reference solar cells Component solar cells Industry solar cells spectral responsivity, s / AW -1 Absolute s 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 Photon energy / ev η = 100% a-si GaInAs CdTe GaInP c-si Poly-Si CIS Ge Component Cell Wavelength / nm

19 Outdoor facility

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21 Optik mit Bias Türmen 21

22 x-y-z Verschiebetisch + Goniometer 22

23 Thank you for your attention!