Protective Relaying of Power Systems Using Mathematical Morphology

Transcription

1 Q.H. Wu Z. Lu T.Y. Ji Protective Relaying of Power Systems Using Mathematical Morphology Springer

2 List of Figures List of Tables xiii xxi 1 Introduction Introduction and Definitions Historical Background of Digital Protective Relaying Algorithms Development of Protective Relaying Algorithms Sinusoidal Waveform-Based Algorithms Digital Filtering Techniques Least Squares-Based Methods Differential Equation Methods Protection Based on Transient Signals Adaptive Protection Artificial Neural Networks for Protective Relaying Wavelet Transform Methods Introduction of Mathematical Morphology to Protective Relaying of Power Systems of This Book 10 2 Mathematical Morphology Introduction Basic Morphological Operators Definitions for Binary Operations Set Representations of Functions Grey-Scale Dilation and Erosion Morphological Filters Definitions of Morphological Filters Opening and Closing Alternating Sequential Filters The Lifting Scheme and Morphological Wavelets 25 ix

3 x The Multi-resolution Decomposition Scheme The Lifting Scheme Morphological Wavelets The Multi-resolution Morphological Gradient Algorithm Summary 37 3 Phasor Measurement Introduction Phasor Measurement Methods The Mann and Morrison Algorithm The Rockefeller and Udren Algorithm The Full-Cycle Fourier Transform The Half-Cycle Fourier Transform The Least Squares Error Algorithm Power System Faults Fault Characteristics Influence of Exponentially Decaying DC Offset on FT Accuracy Morphological Transform for DC Offset Removal Results of Simulations and Discussions Summary 56 4 Protection of Transmission Lines Introduction The Adaptive Distance Relaying Algorithm Fault Detection Fault Classification Fault Location Implementation of ADRA Calculation of the Fault Distance by RLS Settings for the Variable Tripping Zone Simulation Studies and Results of ADRA Ground Faults with Ground-Fault Resistance Other Types of Faults External Faults Protection of a Double Circuit Transmission Line The Fault Phase Selector Simulation Results and Discussions on Fault Phase Selection Single Line Faults Line-to-Line Faults Simultaneous Faults on Both Line Circuits Summary 89

4 xi 5 Transformer Protection Introduction Transformer Differential Protection Transformer Magnetising Inrush The Magnitude of Magnetising Inrush Current Harmonics of Magnetising Inrush Current The Second-Harmonic Restrained Differential Protection of Transformers Morphological Identification of Inrush A Morphological Decomposition Scheme for Inrush Detection A Multi-resolution Decomposition Scheme for Inrush Identification Simulation Studies and Results Analysis A Transformer Model Application of MDS for Inrush Detection Evaluation of MRDS for Inrush Identification Further Discussion of the MM-Based Schemes for Inrush Identification Summary Bus Protection Introduction Bus Differential Protection Current Transformers for Bus Protection Current Transformer Problems Saturation of Current Transformers A Morphological Lifting Scheme for Detection of CT Saturation A Compensation Algorithm for Distorted Secondary Current Case Studies Tests Undertaken at Different Levels of Residual Flux Compensation Results Summary Ultra-High-Speed Protection Introduction Principles of UHS Protection Transient-Based Directional Protection Faults in the Forward Direction Faults in the Reverse Direction Fault Phase Selection UHS Directional Protective Relaying A Solid Fault in the Forward Direction A High Ground-Fault Resistance Fault in the Forward Direction 150

5 xii A Fault with Low Inception Angle in the Reverse Direction A Solid Fault at the Busbar in the Reverse Direction Faults of Different Types, Locations, Directions and Inception Angles Phase Selection with Different Fault Types Summary Fault Location on Transmission Lines Introduction Principles of Fault Location Transient-Based Positional Protection Type A: A Passive Method Single-Ended Fault Locator Type D: A Passive Method Double-Ended Fault Locator Type E: An Active Method Single-Ended Fault Locator Online Measurement of the Transient Wave Propagation Speed Noise Removal of Transients The Edge-Avoiding Prediction Morphological Edge Reorganisation Noise Filtering Accurate Fault Location by Morphological Filters A Solid Phase-A-Ground Fault A Double-Phase-to-Ground Fault A Fault Close to the Busbar A Fault with a Stable Low Resistance Switching-In Transients Calculated Transient Wave Propagation Speed and Fault Locations Morphological Undecimated Wavelet Decomposition for Fault Location Morphological Undecimated Wavelets Fault Location Using MUDW Summary 190 A Electromagnetic Transient Analysis of Transmission Lines 191 A.l Distributed Parameter Model of Transmission Lines 191 A.2 Transient Wave Propagation Characteristics 193 A.3 Incidence, Reflection and Refraction of Transients 195 References 197 Index 205