C.A User's manual. EARTH and RESISTIVITY TESTER E N G L I S H

Transcription

1 ART an RITIVITY TTR N G L I User's manual C.A 6471

2 WARNING, risk of DANGR! Refer to the user s manual. Failure to perform the instructions in this operating manual precee by this symbol, or to perform them correctly, may cause boily injury or amage to the instrument an the installations. quipment protecte throughout by ouble or reinforce insulation. The rubbish bin with a line through it means that in the uropean Union, the prouct must unergo selective isposal for the recycling of electric an electronic material, in compliance with Directive W 2002/96/C. arth terminal. Definition of measurement categories: Measurement category IV correspons to measurements taken at the source of low-voltage installations. Measurement category III correspons to measurements on builing installations. Measurement category II correspons to measurements taken on circuits irectly connecte to low-voltage installations. Measurement category I correspons to measurements taken on circuits not irectly connecte to the network. Thank you for purchasing a C.A 6471 earth an resistivity tester. To obtain the best service from your unit: rea these operating instructions carefully, comply with the precautions for use. PRCAUTION FOR U This instrument is protecte from acciental voltages of not more than 50 V with respect to earth in measurement category IV. The guarantee level of protection of this equipment may be compromise if use in a manner not specifie by the manufacturer. Make no measurements on conuctors likely to be connecte to the network or to earth conuctors that are not isconnecte. Do not excee the maximum rate voltage an current an the measurement category. Never excee the protection limits inicate in the specifications. Comply with the conitions of use, namely the temperature, the humiity, the altitue, the egree of pollution, an the place of use. Do not use the evice or its accessories if they seem amage. Use only the charging unit supplie with the tester to recharge the internal battery. Use connection accessories of which the overvoltage category an service voltage are greater than or equal to those of the measuring evice (50V CAT IV). Use only accessories that comply with safety stanars (IC an 32). Troubleshooting an metrological checks must be one only by accreite skille personnel. Wear the appropriate protective gear (insulating boots an gloves). Forewor: The potentials on the various ros use for an earth measurement may be ifferent if a nearby electrical installation is efective or certain weather conitions prevail (thunerstorms). It is up to the operator to ecie whether to continue or postpone a campaign of measurements in a given situation.

3 CONTNT 1. TART-UP Unpacking Characteristics label Charging the battery Presentation of the evice Functions of the evice Keypa Display unit Operating principle Automatic moe Resistance measurement P earth measurement P earth measurement Measurement of soil resistivity r arth measurements with 2 clamps rror reporting lectroe resistance too high Out of range Misconnection Inicators of limits of use Measurements in manual moe Choice of measurement frequency witching of the measurement voltage Manual settings for the resistance measurement Manual settings for the 3P earth measurement Manual settings for the 4P earth measurement Manual settings for the soil resistivity measurement Manual settings for the measurement with 2 clamps moothing Memory function torage of measurement results Retrieval of store results rasure of the memory Configuration (TUP) Press the CONFIG key Press the DIPLAY key Press the MM key Press the MR key Internal parameters Check of the isplay unit rror messages Connection to a PC an analysis software PCIFICATION AND TCNICAL CARACTRITIC Reference conitions lectrical characteristics Power supply nvironmental conitions Characteristics of contruction Conformity to international stanars lectromagnetic compatibility Terms an efinitions Glossary MAINTNANC Cleaning Replacement of the fuse Replacing the battery Metrological check Repair WARRANTY, RVIC To orer Accessories Replacement parts... 51

4 Ohmmètre e terre F R A N Ç A I Mémento 1. TART-UP 1.1. Unpacking x 5 x 5 x 2 X0056-Z 1 One line power aapter + 2-pole cable to recharge the battery. 2 Data export software + an optical/ub communication cor. 3 User manual in 5 languages, on CD-ROM. 4 5 simplifie user manuals (1 per language). 5 5 characteristics labels (1 per language). 6 2 C182 clamps with 2 safety leas Characteristics label Affix the appropriate characteristics label to the insie of the cover of the evice (labels in five ifferent languages are provie). 4

5 1.3. Charging the battery > 110 Vac < 240 Vac 50 / 60 z ALARM ± DC V Charging time: 3h30 tart by fully charging the battery before the first use. The charging must be one between 0 an 40 C. After prolonge storage, the battery may be fully ischarge. In this case, the first charge may last several hours. To enable the battery to recover its initial capacity, we recommen performing several successive complete charging/ischarging cycles (3 to 5 cycles). For a ischarging cycle, set the switch to m. hort-circuit by connecting a lea between terminals an. witch the evice to manual moe. Press the CONFIG key, then the key, then the CONFIG key 3 times. x 3 m m OFF CONFIG CONFIG tart the measurement by pressing the TART/TOP button. Let the measurement continue until the battery is fully ischarge. + DC V ALARM mvv TART/TOP ma MANUAL 5

6 2. Presentation of the evice Charging of battery Connection terminals, an to configure the measurements an manage the memory 2n Access the seconary functions of the keys MM CONFIG./ FRQUNCY MR DITANC DIPLAY 2n MOOT MM / MR tore measurements an rea the memory T-UP 2 clamps 4 poles 3 poles m OFF Transfer of ata to PC X02870 TART / TOP C.A 6471 ART & RITIVITY TTR DIPLAY / MOOT Display all parameters of the measurement an smooth measurements CONFIG/FRQUNCY DITANC Configure the measurements (expert moe) Choice of measurement function or T-UP To start the measurements an compensate for the leas TART/TOP 6

7 2.1. Functions of the evice The C.A 6471 earth tester is a complete portable measuring evice intene for earth measurements an soil resistivity measurements. It is containe in a housing suitable for fiel use an supplie by a rechargeable battery with built-in charger. Measurement functions : resistance, 2-wire or 4-wire, earth resistance, 3-point or 4-point coupling of earth resistances selective earth resistance soil resistivity earth resistance with 2 clamps Control : 7-position switch, 6-key pa, an a TART/TOP button Display : back-lit 108 x 84mm LCD isplay unit having 3 simultaneous numerical isplay levels 2.2. Keypa When the buzzer is active ( symbol isplaye), the evice confirms each key press by an auible beep. A higher-pitche beep means that the key press is isable or has no effect. A long press (more than 2 secons) is confirme by a secon auible beep. The functions of the keys are escribe briefly opposite. pecial case: To increase a flashing figure or number, press the key. To ecrease a flashing figure or number, press 2n an. The 2n symbol remains isplaye to inicate that the 2n key is still active an oes not have to be presse each time an that the key is irectly accessible. To reverse the irection, press the 2n key again. To change an item or a frequency, press the key. 7

8 2.3. Display unit A A ρ ART COUPLING OK W < DC > mvac km kft ALARM = > < OBJ. TT R 0 DC AC mva kft NOI DITANCFRQUNCY z > MOOT RMOT ma COM < = kft MMMR CONFIG MANUAL 2n ± Fig. 1 1 DANGR symbol. 2 Auible tone On. 3 A flashing «>» or «<» inicates a value that is out of bouns. 4 Inicates the battery charge conition. 5 Inicates whether the 3-pole ART measurement or the ART COUPLING measurement has been selecte. 6 Object (OBJ) an TT no. for the storage of results. 7 Lea compensation for 2-wire measurements is active. 8 The DITANC function use to enter istances is active. 9 The FRQUNCY function for manual frequency changes uring a measurement is active. 10 The 2n key has been presse. 11 The MANUAL or moe is active. 12 NOI interfering with the measurement has been etecte. 13 The CONFIG moe, allowing moification of the measurement parameters, is active. 14 The MR moe, for the isplay of store results, is active. 15 The MM moe (storage of results) is active. 16 Inicates that the evice is remote-controlle by a computer (RMOT). 17 MOOTing of the measurement results is active. 18 Inicates that a clamp must be connecte to terminal (flashing) or is connecte to it (steay). 8

9 19 Display of the measure parameter (R, U, I). 20 Rotating arrows inicate that a measurement is in progress. 21 Inicates that the ALARM function is active. 22 Inicates the istances or/an A. 23 Inicates that a clamp must be connecte to terminal (flashing) or is connecte to it (steay). 24 Inicates which of terminals,,, an are to be connecte accoring to the measurement function chosen (fixe) or are missing (flashing). 25 Display of soil resistivity r measure by the Wenner or chlumberger metho (r W or r ). In this user manual, the symbol inicates flashing Operating principle The evice has 2 operating moes: Automatic moe for routine applications, Manual/xpert moe in which the user can change the parameters of the measurement functions Automatic moe et the switch to the esire function, Make the connections appropriate to the function, Press the TART button. The evice makes the measurement an stops automatically. Rea the measurement result on the isplay unit an the relevant parameters using the DIPLAY key. You can recor all of this information in the internal memory of the evice Manual or expert moe et the switch to the esire function, Make the connections appropriate to the function, elect MANUAL moe. Choose the various measurement parameters using the CONFIG key. Press the TART button. The measurement frequency or the irection of the current (resistance measurement) can be change uring the measurement to view their impact upon the measurement an the parameters relevant to the measurement can be viewe using the DIPLAY key. When the measurement results are acceptable, stop the measurement by pressing the TOP button. View the result on the isplay an toggle through the relevant parameters using the DIPLAY key. You can save all of this information to the internal memory of the evice. 9

10 3. Automatic moe 3.1. Resistance measurement wire measurement et the switch to m. Connect the resistance to be measure between terminals an. It must not be live. m m OFF R ALARM ± DC tart the measurement by pressing the TART/TOP button. ALARM ± DC The evice makes a measurement with a positive current (R+), then reverses the irection of the current an makes another measurement (R-). ALARM ± DC TART/TOP R = (R+) + (R-) 2 DIPLAY To isplay the measurement parameters, press the DIPLAY key several times. The evice isplays the following quantities (see the glossary, 12): R+, R-, +U -, +I -, -U -, -I -, U-Act (U - an its frequency), an R 0 if there is compensation for the measurement leas Compensation for the measurement leas Lea compensation subtracts the resistance of the test leas from the measure result. hort-circuit the measurement leas. tart the measurement by pressing the 2n key, then the TART/TOP button. This value will be eucte from all resistance values measure thereafter. ALARM R 0 ± DC AC 2n TART/TOP Lea compensation is lost when the select switch is turne to another function. 10

11 Alarm function This function exists only for the 2-wire resistance measurement. By efault, the visual alarm (the ALARM symbol flashes) an the auible alarm (the buzzer souns for a few secons) are triggere when R < 2. This threshol can be change using the T- UP function. et the switch to T-UP. T-UP T-UP x 2 ALARM < OFF DIPLAY To turn the alarm On or OFF. To access the irection of the alarm. To choose a low (<) or high (>) alarm. ALARM < To set the value of the alarm between 1 an 999. an To complete the ajustment of the alarm. x 3 DIPLAY 11

12 wire measurement This measurement is use to improve the resolution (10x better than the 2-wire measurement) for weak resistance values; no compensation for the measurement leas is neee. The evice must first be configure for the 4-wire measurement. Press the CONFIG key ± DC ± DC CONFIG CONFIG CONFIG CONFIG ± DC ALARM ± DC CONFIG CONFIG To return to 2-wire measurement, simply repeat this proceure. Connect the resistance to be measure in 4-wire moe. It must not be live. tart the measurement by pressing the TART/TOP button. R ALARM ± DC TART/TOP To isplay the measurement parameters, press the DIPLAY key several times. The evice isplays the following quantities (see the glossary, 12): R+, R-, +U -, +I -, -U -, -I -, U-Act (U - an its frequency, U - an its frequency). DIPLAY 12

13 3.2. 3P earth measurement This function is use to measure an earth resistance with 2 auxiliary electroes. There are several measurement methos. We recommen the 62% metho. et the switch to 3 poles. Plant electroes an to form a straight line with the earth electroe. The istance between electroe an the earth electroe is 62% of the istance between electroe an the earth electroe; the istance between the electroes an shoul be at least 30m. 3 poles 3 poles OFF > 80 m 62% In orer to avoi electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwin the full length of each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the groun, taking care not to form loops, an to avoi placing the cables near or parallel to metallic conuctors (cables, rails, fences, etc.). Connect the cables to terminals an ; isconnect the earth strap, then connect terminal to the earth electroe to be teste. ART tart the measurement by pressing the TART/TOP button. ART mv TART/TOP ma DIPLAY To isplay the measurement parameters, press the DIPLAY key several times. The evice isplays the following quantities (see the glossary, 12): R, U -, I -, U-Act (U - an its frequency, U - an its frequency). Plus R, R if the measurement was starte by a long press of TART/TOP. To measure the resistances of electroes an, or if the resistance of the electroes is too large (see 4), start the measurement with a long press of the TART/TOP button. ART > 2s k TART/TOP k 13

14 3.2.1 Recommenations for a reliable measurement Moving the auxiliary electroes Move electroe towars electroe by a istance equal to 10% of an make another measurement. Then move electroe again by a istance equal to 10% of, but towars the earth electroe. 72% 62% 52% The 3 measurement results shoul be the same to within a few percent. If this is the case, the measurement is vali. If not, electroe is in the zone of influence of the earth electroe. It will be necessary to increase istance an repeat the measurements. Positioning of the auxiliary electroes To make sure that your earth measurements are not istorte by interference, we recommen repeating the measurement with the auxiliary electroes place at a ifferent istance an in another irection (for example rotate 90 from the first alignment). 2 1 If you fin the same values, your measurement is reliable. If the measure values are substantially ifferent, it is likely that they were influence by earth currents or a grounwater course. It may be useful to rive the electroes eeper an/or wet the groun near them to reuce their contact resistance with the soil. Avoi routing the connecting cables of the earth electroes near or parallel to other cables (transmission or supply), metallic conuctors, rails, or fences: high test frequencies may cause cross-talk an affect the measurements. 14

15 3.3. 4P earth measurement Measurement without clamp This function is suite to the measurement of very low earth resistances. It provies better resolution (10x better than 3P measurement) an there is no nee to compensate for the resistance of the measurement leas. et the switch to 4 poles. Place electroes an at least 30m apart. 4 poles 4 poles OFF > 30 m > 30 m In orer to avoi electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwin the full length of each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the groun, taking care not to form loops, an to avoi placing the cables near or parallel to metallic conuctors (cables, rails, fences, etc.). Connect the cables to terminals an ; isconnect the earth strap, then connect terminals an to the earth electroe to be teste. tart the measurement by pressing the TART/ TOP button. mv TART/TOP ma DIPLAY To isplay the measurement parameters, press the DIPLAY key several times. The evice isplays the following quantities (see the glossary, 12): R, U -, I -, U-Act (U - an its frequency, U - an its frequency). Plus R, R, U - if the measurement was starte by a long press of TART/TOP. To measure the resistances of electroes an, or if the resistance of the electroes is too large (see 4), start the measurement with a long press of the TART/TOP button. > 2s k TART/TOP k We recommen repeating the measurement with the auxiliary electroes place at a ifferent istance an in another irection (see 3.2.1). 15

16 Measurement with clamp (selective earth) For this selective earth measurement you nee a current clamp, either a C182 (supplie with the evice) or an MN82 (available as an accessory). The C182 clamp is more precise, suite to the measurement of higher currents (up to 40 Arms) an to being place on thicker conuctors, while the MN82 clamp, which is easier to hanle, accepts currents only up to 10 Arms an can be place on conuctors only up to 20mm in iameter. Use only these two types of current clamp, which are specially esigne to work with the C.A 6471 earth an resistivity tester. et the switch to 4 poles. Place electroes an at least 30m apart so that the potential wells that form aroun them o not intersect. 4 poles 4 poles > 30 m > 30 m OFF R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 In orer to avoi electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwin the full length of each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the groun, taking care not to form loops, an to avoi placing the cables near or parallel to metallic conuctors (cables, rails, fences, etc.). Connect the cables to terminals an. Connect a cable between terminal an the earth. Connect the clamp to terminal ; the evice recognises it automatically. Clamp the path of the earth to be checke. Connect the socket of the current clamp to this same path (connection to terminal ). Take care not to place the cable of electroe too close to the current clamp; this is in orer to avoi any transmission of the AC signal to the clamp (especially if you use an MN82 clamp). tart the measurement by pressing the TART/ TOP button. VA R L = R 1 In the case of the iagram above. TART/TOP ma You can now move the clamp an its lea to measure the other earth resistances, R 2, R 3, etc. DIPLAY To isplay the measurement parameters, press the DIPLAY key several times. The evice isplays the following quantities (see the glossary, 12): R L, U -, I -, R-Act (R PA ), U-Act (U - an its frequency), I-Act (I an its frequency). Plus R, R, R, U - if the measurement was starte by a long press of TART/TOP. 16

17 To measure the resistances of electroes an, or if the resistance of the electroes is too large (see 4), start the measurement with a long press of the TART/TOP button. > 2s k TART/TOP k 17

18 3.4. Measurement of soil resistivity r To measure the resistivity of the soil, you can choose between the Wenner an chlumberger methos. The ifference between the two methos lies in the positioning of the electroes. By efault, the evice selects the Wenner metho, but if you want to vary the istance between the electroes, use the chlumberger metho, which allows you to move only 2 measurement electroes rather than 3. The soil resistivity measurement with ifferent istances, an therefore in ifferent layers (in epth) of the soil, can be use to establish resistivity profiles of the soil in question, which can be useful for geological analysis, the exploration of eposits, hyrological stuies, etc., an to etermine the location of an earth electroe Choice of measurement metho By efault, the Wenner metho is selecte. To select the chlumberger metho, procee as follows: et the switch to ρ. ρ ρ ρ W m ρ W V OFF = m CONFIG CONFIG z ρ W V A ρ V To confirm an exit. x 2 CONFIG CONFIG z CONFIG z CONFIG ρ To switch back to the Wenner metho, simply repeat this proceure. A = m m The last measurement metho selecte (Wenner or chlumberger) is store in memory when the evice is switche off. = m Programming of the istance The istance can be programme before or after the measurement. If it is not programme, only the value of R - will be isplaye, since the value of ρ remains ineterminate. et the switch to ρ. Press the DITANC key. ρ ρ ρ W m + ρ W m DITANC OFF = m 2n CONFIG = m 18

19 To select the hunres (of metres). ρ W To s e l e c t t h e tens. ρ W DITANC m DITANC m = m = m To moify the tens. ρ W = DITANC m m To select an moify the metres an tenths of a metre. puis To terminate the programming of the istance. then In the case of the chlumberger metho, it is also necessary to program istance A. This is one in the same way as for istance. 2n CONFIG Wenner metho et the switch to ρ. Place the 4 earth electroes on a straight line, at a istance from one another an at a epth p < 1/3. Distance must be between 2 an 30m. Connect the cables to the electroes, then to terminals,,, an. ρ ρ OFF p In orer to avoi electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwin the full length of each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the groun, taking care not to form loops, an to avoi placing the cables near or parallel to metallic conuctors (cables, rails, fences, etc.). ρ W m Program istance an start the measurement by pressing the TART/TOP button. ρ W km = m m TART/TOP ρ W = 2.π..R - 19

20 To isplay the measurement parameters, press the DIPLAY key several times. The evice isplays the following quantities (see the glossary, 12): ρ W, R -,, U -, I -, U-Act (U - an its frequency, U - an its frequency). DIPLAY > 2s To measure the resistances of electroes,,, an, or if the resistance of the electroes is too high (see 4), start the measurement by a long press of the TART/TOP button. The evice isplays R P- an R P-, then R P- an R P-. TART/TOP ρ W km ρ W km k k k DIPLAY k Metallic elements in the groun (railway lines, pipes, etc.) or unergroun water courses may influence the resistivity of the soil in a given irection. We therefore recommen making another measurement, with the electroes aligne 90 from the first measurement, to etect any irectional effects. We also recommen making several measurements, with ifferent istances, to eliminate local effects that might interfere with the measurement. The greater the istance between the electroes an the eeper they are riven, the better the result for the eeper layers of the groun chlumberger metho et the switch to ρ. Place electroes an at a istance A apart. Then place electroes an in the same straight line, at a istance measure from the mipoint of istance A. Distance must be between 2 an 30m. Drive the electroes to a epth p of not more than 1/3 of. Connect the cables to the electroes, then to terminals,,, an. ρ ρ OFF A p In orer to avoi electromagnetic interference, it is best to unwin the full length of each cable from the reel, to keep the cables as far apart as possible on the groun, taking care not to form loops, an to avoi placing the cables near or parallel to metallic conuctors (cables, rails, fences, etc.). A ρ = m m Program istance an A (see ). A ρ = m m tart the measurement by pressing the TART/ TOP button. = m = m TART/TOP 20

21 ρ A = m m DIPLAY To isplay the measurement parameters, press the DIPLAY key several times. The evice isplays the following quantities (see the glossary, 12): ρ, R -,, A, U -, I -, U-Act (U - an its frequency, U - an its frequency). ρ s = 2.π. 2 - A2 4 A.R - > 2s To measure the resistances of electroes,,, an, or if the resistance of the electroes is too high (see 4), start the measurement by a long press of the TART/TOP button. The evice isplays R P- an R P-, then R P- an R P-. TART/TOP ρ m ρ m A A k k k DIPLAY k 21

22 3.5. arth measurements with 2 clamps This is a rapi way to measure the value of the earth (any error will be on the high sie) without the nee of an electroe. The current clamp connecte to terminal applies a voltage to the circuit to be measure. The value of the resulting current is etermine by the impeance of the circuit to be measure. The current flowing in the loop is measure using the clamp connecte to terminal. The evice then calculates loop resistance R LOOP from these quantities. Use only C182 or MN82 current clamps; they are specially esigne to operate with the C.A et the switch to 2 clamps. Connect a clamp to terminal an clamp the earth. Connect the other clamp to terminal an clamp the part of the global earth to be measure. 2 clamps 2 clamps OFF R 1 R 2 R 3 R Observe the following minimum istances between the two clamps in orer to avoi irect electromagnetic influences between the transmitting clamp an the receiving clamp: Value measure () Minimum separation (m) MN82 C tart the measurement by pressing the TART/ TOP button. A z m A z TART/TOP In the case of the iagram above, the earth impeance measure is equal to: R LOOP = R + ( R 1 // R 2 // R 3 ) To isplay the measurement parameters, press the DIPLAY key several times. The evice isplays the following quantities (see the glossary, 12): R LOOP, I an its frequency, I-Act (I an its frequency). DIPLAY Remark: in the automatic moe, the measurement frequency is 1611 z. To make an earth measurement that is free of inuctive effects, you must change to manual moe an choose a lower measurement frequency (see 5.1). 22

23 4. rror reporting 4.1. lectroe resistance too high This can happen in a 3- or 4-pole earth measurement, or a resistivity measurement. This message is isplaye when the measurement was triggere by a short press on the TART/TOP button an the resistances of the electroes are too high. The measurement must then be starte by a long press on the TART/ TOP button. The evice then measures the values of the electroes an compensates for them to isplay the correct result. > 2s TART/TOP 4.2. Out of range > or < The flashing > or < symbol inicates the measurement is out of range. If both symbols flash together, it means that the accuracy of the value isplaye is outsie an of the instrument specification or is subject to large fluctuations. Activating > the smoothing function (MOOT) may correct this. < MOOT 4.3. Misconnection This flashing inicates that a terminal or a current clamp nees to be either connecte or isconnecte. You must correct the connections or the measurement will not procee. The flashing of terminal may also inicate that current I is too low. The flashing of terminal may also inicate that resistance R is too high. The flashing of terminal may also inicate that the current I measure by the clamp is too low. To reuce R, you can a one or more electroes, 2 metres apart from each other, in the leg of the circuit, or increase the test voltage. To reuce R, you can a one or more electroes, 2 metres apart from each other, in the leg of the circuit. To reuce the resistance of the electroes, you can also rive them eeper, pack the groun aroun them well, or ampen them with water Inicators of limits of use This flashing uring a passive measurement means that the evice has etecte the presence of an external voltage exceeing 42V on the terminals an that the measurement is impossible. This flashing uring an active measurement means that the operating limits have been exceee. If this symbol remains lit uring an active measurement, it means that the values measure are subject to large fluctuations or that there is an incorrect connection. The isplay of an inefinite value for a passive measurement inicates that measurement current I or voltage U is too low. NOI The isplay of the NOI symbol inicates that a spurious external voltage is likely to interfere with the measurement. You shoul change to manual moe an change the measurement voltage an/or frequency in orer to make a vali measurement. 23

24 After the measurement has starte there are inicators of when: Values R an/or R are too high, Measurement current I - or I is too low, The instability of the measurement is large. Those conitions that may give uncertain results are inicate on the isplay of the unit as follows: Function Triggering threshol Inication on the isplay unit 3P, 4P, r I - < 1 ma 4P sel I - < 1 ma (1) flashes (3) flashes All R > 30 kw flashes (3) flashes 4P sel I < 1 ma flashes (3) flashes All Values measure (U, I, R) unstable, (3) steay varying by more than 5% about flashes their < mean values. (2) > R PA I < 3 ma U - < 10 mv > < flashes R PA I < 0,3 ma U - < 1 mv (unefine) All U -, U -, U - > 42 V flashes (3) All purious voltage of which the frequency an/or value is likely to interfere with the measurement. NOI (4) (1) I - : current I - measure at the start of the measurement before I. (2) Not active if the MOOT function is selecte. (3) The symbol may also appear if there is an external voltage > 42 V on the terminals of the evice. (4) You shoul change to manual moe an moify the measurement voltage an/or frequency to make a vali measurement (when the NOI symbol is no longer illuminate). 24

25 5. Measurements in manual moe It is possible to moify the parameters of all of the measurement functions escribe for the automatic moe in 3 by changing to manual moe. To access the manual moe, press the CONFIG key. The CONFIG symbol is isplaye an the symbol flashes. By pressing the key, you can change to manual moe (isplay of the MANUAL symbol). In manual moe, the evice toggles between the parameters to be moifie (epenant upon the measurement function) by successive presses on the CONFIG key. When you trigger a measurement in manual moe, by a short or long press on the TART/TOP button (the circular arrows on the isplay will rotate), you can stop the measurement by a secon press of this button. Whenever a new measurement function is selecte, the evice automatically changes back to automatic moe Choice of measurement frequency Functions concerne: all except m. If the evice cannot make a vali measurement because of spurious signals of a frequency that interferes with the measurement, it isplays the NOI symbol. It also isplays the frequency of the spurious signals. You can then change the frequency of the test voltage an start another measurement to obtain a vali result. In the automatic moe, the evice automatically chooses another frequency, while in the manual moe it is the operator who must choose another frequency. The NOI symbol flashes for as long as spurious signals are present. To change the frequency, change to manual moe an press the CONFIG key until the frequency flashes. Choose the frequency by pressing the key : Ur, 55, 92, 110, 119, 128 z (128 z is efault). 128, 1367, 1611, 1758 z for the 2-clamps function (1611 z is efault). To change the user frequency (Ur), press the key (press the key to raise the value an 2n + to lower it). The values available are state in the table below. Table of possible user frequencies Ur (48 values from 41 z to 513 z): For soil resistivity measurements, the user frequency is limite to 128 z. There are therefore 2 user frequencies: one for resistivity an one for earth. These two values remain in memory even after the evice is switche off witching of the measurement voltage Functions concerne: all except m an 2 clamps. When the evice is use in a amp environment, we recommen lowering the test voltage from 32 to 16 V. To o this, change to manual moe an press the CONFIG key until the output voltage (Uout) flashes. Choose the voltage, 16 or 32 V, by pressing the key. This voltage setting is then vali for all functions concerne an all operating moes (automatic an manual). It is retaine in the memory even after the evice is switche off. 25

26 5.3. Manual settings for the resistance measurement In manual moe, successive presses on the CONFIG key let you access the following parameters an change them using the key : ymbols of terminals an flash (2-point measurement) flash (4-point measurement) PO on an DC+ flash ng on an DC- flash (reversal of polarity on terminal ) output voltage Polarity By efault, output voltage U is positive. It is possible to make it negative. + DC - DC CONFIG CONFIG MANUAL CONFIG MANUAL In manual moe, the evice oes not automatically invert polarity. But you can o so manually by pressing the CONFIG key in the course of the measurement CONTINUITY CCK The 2-wire m measurement gives a rapi measurement result, accompanie by an auible beep, uring a continuity check. The isplay is in a single range (0.5 to 1.99k) an the check of the terminals is limite to terminal (a cable must be connecte to it), making it possible to start the measurement with the circuit open. For a continuity check, the following settings are essential (see an 7.2): The 2-wire m measurement function must be selecte, The evice must be in manual moe, The alarm function must be active (On), The alarm threshol must be low (<), The buzzer must be activate (bp On) Manual settings for the 3P earth measurement pole earth measurements In the manual moe, successive presses on the CONFIG key serve to access the following parameters, which can be change using the key: ART flashes Measurement of earth coupling 128 z flashes Change of test frequency Test voltage flashes Change of test voltage Measurement of earth coupling This measurement calls for making an storing 3 intermeiate measurements (at the same frequency). It is available only in manual moe. Measurement arth 1 no3 arth 2 R 1-2 Measurement no1 R A R b Measurement no2 R 1 R 2 R C 26

27 After switching from ART to ART COUPLING, using the CONFIG an keys, procee as follows: If you want to eliminate the resistance of the measurement leas, you can use lea compensation (2n + TART) before starting the actual coupling measurement (see 3.1.2). et the function switch to the 3-pole position. You may choose a test frequency (see 5.1) an a test voltage (see 5.2). The screen isplays ART COUPLING 1. Make a 3-pole earth measurement on the first earth system (measurement of R 1 in the connection iagram above). top the measurement by pressing the TART/TOP button. The MM symbol flashes to inicate that this result must be recore in memory. Press the MM key twice. To save to another location, refer to 7. The screen now isplays ART COUPLING 2. Make a 3-pole earth measurement on the secon earth system (measurement of R 2 ). For this secon measurement, leave the an electroes in the same positions as for the first measurement. tore this result in the same memory location as before by pressing the MM key twice. The screen now isplays the message ART COUPLING 3. Disconnect terminal an make a 2-wire resistance measurement with terminal connecte to earth 1 an terminal to earth 2. Recor this result by pressing the MM key twice. The screen isplays ART COUPLING 4 an the results of the measurements. ART COUPLING 4 The coupling calculation uses the following formulas: R C = (R 1 + R 2 R 1-2 )/2 C 1 = R C /R 1 et C 2 = R C /R 2 R A = R 1 - R C R b = R 2 - R C MM MANUAL To isplay the calculate parameters, press the DIPLAY key several times. The evice isplays the following quantities (see the glossary, 12): R C, C 1, C 2, R A, R b, U OUT an its frequency. DIPLAY To isplay all of the measurement parameters, press the MR key. To scroll all of the measurements. ART COUPLING 1 then x 4 OBJ. TT 2n MM MM DIPLAY To isplay the parameters of each of the measurements, press the DIPLAY key several times. The evice isplays the following quantities (see glossary, 12): ART COUPLING 1: R 1, U OUT an its frequency, U -, I -, U-In (U - an its frequency) R an R if long press of TART/TOP ART COUPLING 2: R 2, U OUT an its frequency, U -, I -, U-In (U - an its frequency) R an R if long press of TART/TOP ART COUPLING 3: R 1-2, U - an its frequency, I -, U-In (U - an its frequency). ART COUPLING 4: R C, C 1, C 2, R A, R b, U out an its frequency Manual settings for the 4P earth measurement In the manual moe, successive presses on the CONFIG key let you access the following parameters an change them using the key: 128 z flashes Change of test frequency Test voltage flashes Change of test voltage 27

28 5.6. Manual settings for the soil resistivity measurement In the manual moe, successive presses on the CONFIG key let you access the following parameters an change them using the key: ρ W flashes (Wenner metho) witching to ρ (chlumberger metho) 128 z flashes Change of test frequency Test voltage flashes Change of test voltage 5.7. Manual settings for the measurement with 2 clamps In the manual moe, successive presses on the CONFIG key let you access the frequency an change it using the key: 1611 z flashes Change of test frequency 5.8. moothing In the manual moe, you can activate or eactivate the smoothing of the measurement results by pressing the 2n + DIPLAY (MOOT) keys. This smoothing consists in isplaying an exponential mean value, a significant help with highly fluctuating values. 28

29 6. Memory function The evice has a total of 512 memory locations. ach of these locations is efine by an object number (OBJ) from 01 to 99 an by a TT number from 01 to 99. During resistivity measurements (Wenner or chlumberger methos), several measurement results are recore at the same memory location, with the istance between electroes as the thir aressing criterion. For earth coupling measurements (ART COUPLING 1, 2, 3, 4), the four measurements provie the thir aressing criterion for the same memory location. None of the other measurements has an aitional aressing criterion, so each occupies only one memory aress. ince each measurement is ate, you must set the ate an time of the evice before any storage in memory (see 7.1) torage of measurement results After each measurement, the complete result can be store by pressing the MM key. The evice automatically proposes the first free location in memory (Fr OBJ: TT). ALARM ± DC OBJ. TT ± DC MM MM Press the MM key a secon time to recor. Press the DIPLAY key to exit from the MM moe without recoring. Use the an keys to change the memory location. an MM DIPLAY If the memory location chosen is alreay occupie, you can overwrite it by pressing MM, unless the measurement inclues 3 aressing criteria. OBJ. TT ± DC MM MM 29

30 For soil resistivity an potential measurements, if you make several measurements with ifferent istances, you can store them uner the same OBJ:TT number, with the istance as thir aressing criterion. ρ W OBJ. TT km MR = m It will subsequently be possible to overwrite values alreay store with new ones having the same istance, or even to a new results having other values for the istance provie that all of the other measurement parameters are ientical Retrieval of store results When a measurement function has been selecte using the switch, the MR (2n + MM) key can be use to retrieve only the results store in this function. then ρ W OBJ. TT km The key is use to change the item that is flashing an the key is use to choose what you want to change: OBJ, TT, or the thir aressing criterion (the istance in the example opposite). 2n MM MR = m Pressing the DIPLAY key isplays the measurement time (tim), year (At), an ate in mm. form. To isplay the measurement an its parameters. To exit from the memory retrieval moe at any time. DIPLAY DIPLAY MR MR The TUP function (see 7) lets you rea all memory aresses one after the other inepenently of which measurement function is chosen. 30

31 6.3. rasure of the memory There are two ways to erase the internal memory of the tester: Complete erasure et the switch to T-UP. Press the MM key to isplay the number of memory spaces available. T-UP T-UP OFF MM Press the MM key again. To perform a complete erasure of the memory. MM (long press) > 2s MM To exit without erasing (short press). MM Partial erasure et the switch to T-UP. T-UP T-UP Press the MR key to isplay all occupie memory locations, inepenently of the measurement function. OFF MR Use the an keys to select the recor to be erase. 31

32 Press the MM key. To erase the selecte recor. In the case of a recor having a thir aressing criterion, only the one isplaye will be erase. MM OBJ. TT z (long press) > 2s MR WP MM To exit without erasing (short press). MM 32

33 7. Configuration (TUP) et the switch to T-UP. The evice prompts you to press a key with the following message: T-UP T-UP OFF 7.1. Press the CONFIG key The CONFIG key is use to set the ate, the time, an the ata transfer rate. It is also use to reset the evice to the factory settings, but the ate, the time, an any store measurement results will be kept. Use the key to choose the igit to be change an increment or ecrement it with the key, or, as the case may be, change the wor propose (for example ON or OFF) using the key. The ate: year, month, an ay. The time. CONFIG CONFIG The ata rate: 9.6k, 19.2k, an 38.4k Reset of the evice to the factory settings. k CONFIG CONFIG 7.2. Press the DIPLAY key You can change the flashing parameter using the key, an choose the parameter to be change using the key. The istance can be expresse in metres (m) or in feet (ft). The alarm is use in the 2-wire resistance measurement. You can activate the alarm (On) or e-activate it (OFF), choose its irection, high (>) or low (<), an its value (between 1 an 999). ee m ALARM < DITANC DIPLAY DIPLAY 33

34 The buzzer can be activate (On) or eactivate (OFF). You can choose the bus aress of the evice (for communication with a PC) between 1 an 247. DIPLAY DIPLAY COM 7.3. Press the MM key By pressing the MM key, you can isplay the level of occupancy of the memory of the evice an possibly erase all recors (see 6.3.1) Press the MR key By pressing the MR key, you can isplay all of the recors an erase them iniviually (see 6.3.2) Internal parameters This information is important for any calibration or repair work on the tester. If you keep the CONFIG key presse while turning the switch to the T-UP position, The evice isplays its internal software version number (OFt) an its serial number (Int) on two lines. + T-UP T-UP CONFIG OFF 7.6. Check of the isplay unit If you keep the DIPLAY key presse while turning the switch to the T-UP position, the evice isplays all segments of the isplay unit until you leave the T-UP position or press any key. DIPLAY + T-UP T-UP OFF A ρ ART COUPLING OK W < ± DC > mvac km kft ALARM OBJ. > = < A NOI MOOT > RMOT < COM = MMMR CONFIG MANUAL TT DITANCFRQUNCY z ma kft R 0 DC AC mva kft 2n 34

35 8. rror messages When starte up, the C.A 6471 evice automatically performs a self-test. If a fault appears uring this self-test or uring a measurement, the evice isplays a message in the form rr XX. There are 3 categories of errors: armless rrors 6, 7 an 11 The message appears for approximately 1 secon to inform the user. Consier a repair if the error recurs. rrors 6 an 7 are always precee by an automatic reset. During error 11, the evice itself performs a reset to the efault values. Recoverable rrors 5, 14, 15, 18, 19, 30, 31, 32, an 33 The error concerns the current measurement function an isappears if the function is change. The evice can therefore be use, but a repair will be necessary if the error persists. rror 18 reports that it is impossible to recharge the internal battery of the evice. If error 18 is reporte uring the recharging of the battery, isconnect the cor from line power an procee as escribe below for fatal errors. In the case of error 19, a complete erasure of the recors may be a solution. In the case of errors 31, 32, an 33, a voltage or current that is too high occurre uring a measurement. Check your measurement circuit in this case. Fatal rrors 0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18 (uring recharging of the batteries), an 21 These errors prevent any operation. top the evice an switch it back on. If the error persists, a repair is necessary. 35

36 9. Connection to a PC an analysis software You will fin more etaile information about connection to a PC, remote control of the tester by a PC, reaing measurement results store in the evice, an the moification of certain ata in the memory in the ocumentation of DataView software for earth testers. 36

37 10. PCIFICATION AND TCNICAL CARACTRITIC Reference conitions Quantities of influence Reference values Temperature 20 ± 3 C Relative humiity upply voltage Frequency ban of the input signal 45 to 55 % R 9 to 11,2 V 0 to 440 z Capacitance in parallel with the input resistance 0 µf lectric fiel Magnetic fiel < 1 V/m < 40 A/m In the paragraphs that follow, the intrinsic error is efine uner the reference conitions an the operating error uner the operating conitions in accorance with IC stanar , -4, an lectrical characteristics Frequency measurements Measurement metho: igital by sampling at 4028 z, low-pass filter, FFT. The frequency isplaye is that of the spectral component having the greatest amplitue. Measurement cycle: approximately 3 isplays per secon. Measurement range Resolution Operating error Minimum input voltage Minimum current in the current clamp 5 to 450 z 1 z ± 2 z 10 mv 0.5 ma Voltage measurements Voltage overloas up to 75 Vrms are isplaye by: > 65 V. Permanent voltage overloas between 70V an 75V on terminals an can overheat the protection varistance. They shoul therefore be avoie. Voltages exceeing 75 Vrms trigger error message 31 (external voltage too high) or 32 (overshoot of voltage measurement range). If terminals an are put into contact with the line voltage, the protection fuse blows. All other terminals withstan the nominal line voltage without ifficulty. Measurement of external voltages Measurement metho: igital by sampling at 4028 z, low-pass filter, FFT. The frequency isplaye is that of the spectral component having the greatest amplitue. Measurement cycle: approximately 3 isplays per secon. Conversion of the signal: TRM or sum of all harmonics from 10 to 450 z uring selective earth measurements with clamp. Measurement range V V Resolution 0.01 V 0.1 V Intrinsic error ± (2% + 1 pt) Operating error ± (5% + 1 pt) Input impeance Z -, Z - (Z - ) 1.2 M ervice frequency DC an z 37

38 Functional voltage measurements The values of U -, U - an U -, use for DC an AC voltage resistance measurements, are calle functional voltages an are measure by the instrument. In all AC voltage functions, it is the funamental frequency of the voltage create by the test signal that is measure. The operating uncertainty of a functional voltage measurement may be greater than that inicate for an AC resistance measurement because, uring the calibration of the instrument, the frequency characteristics of the voltage channel are matche to those of the current channel. Measurement range mv mv mv V V Resolution 0.01 mv 0.1 mv 1 mv 0.01 V 0.1 V Frequency ban DC an z z Intrinsic error ± (2% + 1 pt) ± (4% + 1 pt) Operating error ± (5% + 1 pt) ± (7% + 1 pt) Current measurements xternal current measurements Measurement metho: igital by sampling at 4028 z, low-pass filter, FFT. Measurement cycle: approximately 3 isplays per secon. Conversion of the signal: sum of all harmonics from 10 to 450 z. With C182 current clamp Measurement range ma ma ma A A Resolution 0.01 ma 0.1 ma 1 ma 0.01 A 0.1 A Frequency ban z z z Operating error from 0.5 to 100 ma ± (10% + 2 pt) ± (5% + 2 pt) ± (3% + 2 pt) Operating error from 0.1 to 40.0 A > 20% ± (10% + 2 pt) ± (5% + 2 pt) With MN82 current clamp Measurement range 0,00-9,99 ma 10,0-99,9 ma ma 1,00-9,99 A 10,0-40,0 A (1) Resolution 0,01 ma 0,1 ma 1 ma 0,01 A 0,1 A Frequency ban z (1) z (1) z Operating error from 0.5 to 100 ma ± (15% + 2 pt) ± (7% + 2 pt) ± (5% + 2 pt) Operating error from 0.1 to 40.0 A > 20% ± (15% + 2 pt) ± (7% + 2 pt) (1): The C.A 6471 evice cannot tell which clamp is connecte to the instrument. In the case of the MN82 clamp, with currents > 10 A an frequencies < 100 z, there will therefore be no warning message. The user is responsible for ensuring observance of the limits of use of the MN82 current clamp. Functional current measurements The values of I - an I, use for DC an AC voltage resistance measurements, are calle functional currents an are measure by the instrument. In all AC current functions, it is the funamental frequency of the current create by the test signal that is measure. The operating error of a functional current measurement may be greater than that inicate for an AC resistance measurement because, uring the calibration of the instrument, the frequency characteristics of the voltage channel are matche to those of the current channel. Measurement metho: igital by sampling at 4028 z, low-pass filter, FFT. Measurement cycle: approximately 3 isplays per secon. Measurement range ma ma ma Resolution 10 µa 0.1 ma 1 ma 38