High Dynamic Range, PSN Limited, Synchronous Shutter Image sensor
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1 10 Presented at the Caeleste Visionary Workshop The Future of High-end Image Sensors 06 April 2016 High Dynamic Range, PSN Limited, Synchronous Shutter Image sensor A. Kalgi, B. Luyssaert, B. Dierickx, P.Coppejans, P.Gao, B.Spinnewyn, A. Defernez, J. Zhu, J.Basteleus, Q. Yao, W. Verbruggen, D. Uwaerts, B. Uwaerts, G. Ruttens, G. Cai Caeleste, Mechelen, Belgium
2 Outline Need for HDR, Synchronous Shutter Imaging Consumer HDR imaging 3-Level TG method Pixel - Topology Pixel - Principle Merging of pixel gains Measurements Conclusions 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 2
3 Need for HDR imaging Consumer HDR imaging 3-Level TG Method Measurements True GS HDR Pixel Conclusions Need for HDR Imaging 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 3
4 Why we need HDR imaging? Most natural scenes contains intensities varying from > lx to <1lx 4/27/2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 4
5 Why we need Synchronous shutter? Synchronous shutter ( Global shutter) is required for capturing images without motion artifacts 4/27/2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 5
6 Noise State of the art CDS limited read noise at dark and PSN limited performance at higher light levels desired 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 6
7 Need for HDR imaging Consumer HDR imaging 3-Level TG Method Measurements True GS HDR Pixel Conclusions Consumer HDR Imaging 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 7
8 Consumer HDR imaging Most methods are based on bracketing (capturing images for different exposure time) or other equivalent methods Pro - Can capture high dynamic range static scene Con - Cannot capture high dynamic range moving scene without artifacts - 4 stops - 2 stops 2 stops 4 stops Local tone mapped image (source April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 8
9 Desirable features Caeleste Device A Caeleste Device B Caeleste Device C Caeleste Device D Pixel pitch (µm) Pixel array 4Kx2K 4Kx4K 200x600 4Kx4K Full well (e - ) 250K 350K 2.2M 170K Read noise (e - ) < 2 <6 <15 <10 Non-Linearity (% of FW) Shutter/ Integration modes < 1 < 2 < 0.2 < 1 IWR IWR IWR IWR *IWR: Integrate While Read 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 9
10 total noise (read noise + PSN) [e RMS ] Desirable features 1000 High Q FW range: DR=200000/50=4000:1 100 CVF 5µV/e Q FW 200ke 10 Low Q FW range: DR=7000/2=3500:1 Combination DR=200000/2 =100000:1 100dB CVF 100µV/e Q FW 7ke 1 0, photo charge [e] 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 10
11 Need for HDR imaging Consumer HDR imaging 3-Level TG Method Measurements True GS HDR Pixel Conclusions 3 Level TG Method 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 11
12 3 Level TG Pixel - Topology Merge D Reset VDDpix Select TG2 flush C E 3 levels B A TG p+ pinning layer pinned diode n+ C FD Column output p- substrate 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 12
13 During Integration ϕ Low Illumination Photo-charges High Illumination Photo-charges mid level mid level pinned diode TG FD MERGE CAP pinned diode TG is set to barrier potential 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 13 TG FD MERGE A B C D E A B C D E CAP
14 Reset readout R1 Low Illumination High Illumination ϕ Select Select Reset level R1 Reset level R1 pinned diode TG FD MERGE CAP pinned diode TG FD MERGE A B C D E A B C D E TG and MERGE is turned OFF CAP 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 14
15 Charge transfer from PPD to FD Low Illumination High Illumination ϕ pinned diode TG FD MERGE CAP pinned diode TG FD MERGE A B C D E A B C D E CAP TG is turned ON: remaining photocharge flows into FD. TG is turned OFF 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 15
16 Signal readout S1 and CDS Low Illumination High Illumination ϕ Select Select Signal level S1 CDS Signal level S1 pinned diode CDS TG FD MERGE CAP pinned diode TG FD MERGE A B C D E A B C D E CAP TG is turned ON: remaining photocharge flows into FD. TG is turned OFF Downstream CDS must be done. 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 16
17 High Q FW Readout S2 Low Illumination High Illumination ϕ Select Select High Q FW signal S2 High Q FW signal S2 pinned diode TG FD MERGE CAP pinned diode TG FD MERGE A B C D E A B C D E CAP MERGE is turned ON: Read all the high Q FW signal from FD 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 17
18 Pixel Timing Diagram 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 18
19 Need for HDR imaging Consumer HDR imaging 3-Level TG Method Measurements True GS HDR Pixel Conclusions Measurements 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 19
20 Measurement Setup 4/27/2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 20
21 Merging of Low Q FW and High Q FW Images HG 16 bit image Algorithm1: gain merging Algorithm2: tone mapping LG 16 bit image HDR 32 bit raw image HDR 8 bit - As linearly as possible - Remove artifacts - Keep black contrast - Keep white contrast - Best use of 8 bit 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 21
22 Measurement Results Low Q FW High Q FW 4/27/2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 22
23 Merged Images 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 23
24 Merged Images 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 24
25 Merged Images 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 25
26 Merged Images 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 26
27 Need for HDR imaging Consumer HDR imaging 3-Level TG Method Measurements True GS HDR Pixel Conclusions True GS HDR Pixel 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 27
28 True GS HDR Pixel TG1 is operated globally for charge transfer TG2 is operated in rolling readout mode TG3 is used for HDR functionality Technology optimization is required for Implementing storage node Reducing parasitic light sensitivity on storage node and FD 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 28
29 Need for HDR imaging Consumer HDR imaging 3-Level TG Method Measurements True GS HDR Pixel Conclusions Conclusions 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 29
30 Conclusions Demonstrated: HDR using two linear ranges during same integration time Synchronous (global, IWR) shutter operation Both linear ranges are synchronous The highest sensitivity range operates in digital CDS. Future outlook: BSI (coming) Global shutter CIS technology (coming) Color (coming) 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 30
31 Thank you! 6 April 2016 Synchronous shutter HDR Imaging 31
Synchronous shutter, PSN limited, HDR image sensor
10 Presented at the London Image Sensor Conference 16 March 2016 Synchronous shutter, PSN limited, HDR image sensor A. Kalgi, B. Luyssaert, B. Dierickx, P.Coppejans, P.Gao, B.Spinnewyn, A. Defernez, J.
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