NDE SOLUTIONS RADIOGRAPHY COURSE OUTLINE

Transcription

1 NDE SOLUTIONS RADIOGRAPHY COURSE OUTLINE 80 Hour Course Length 1.0 NDT Qualification and Introduction (3 Hours) 1.1 NDT Introduction 1.2 NDT Qualification and Certification NAS SNT-TC-1A ATA The Nature of X-Rays 1.4 The Nature of Gamma Rays 1.5 Making a Radiograph 1.6 Properties of X and Gamma Rays 2.0 The Structure of Matter (3 Hours) 2.1 Early Atomic Concepts 2.2 The Discovery of X-Rays 2.3 Particles of Matter Atoms and Elements Molecules and Components Fundamental Particles Atomic Number and Weight Isotopes 3.0 X-Ray Sources (4 Hours) 3.1 Kinds of Radiation 3.2 Properties of Radiation 3.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 3.4 Radiation Machines Flash X-Ray Machines Van de Graff Generator Linear Accelerator 3.5 The X-Ray Tube Cooling and Focal Spot Size Effects of Kilovoltage 3.6 Application of Various Types of X-Ray Apparatus 4.0 Gamma Ray Sources (4 Hours) 4.1 Nuclear Reactions 4.2 Nuclear Fission 4.3 Chain Reactions and Criticality 4.4 Nuclear Reactors 4.5 Decay of Radioactivity 4.6 Gamma Ray Sources Applications of Gamma Ray Sources 5.0 Interaction of Radiation With Matter (3 Hours) 5.1 Ionization and Ions Ionization by Particles Ionization by Electromagnetic Radiation Photoelectrical Absorption Process Compton Scattering Pair Production 5.2 Radiation Attenuation 5.3 Absorption of Radiation Half-value Layers 5.4 Scattered Radiation Reduction of Scatter NDE Solutions 1

2 5.4.2 Lead Foil Screens Masks and Diaphragms Filters X-Ray Diffraction Scattering in Million/Multimillion Volt Radiography 6.0 Radiation Detection and Measurement (2 Hours) 6.1 Radiation Measurement 6.2 Dosimeter Types Lauritsen Electroscope Pocket Dosimeter 6.3 Film Badges Thermoluminescent Dosimeters 6.4 Survey Meters 6.5 Geiger Counters 6.6 Area Monitors 6.7 Audible Alarms 6.8 Instrument Calibration 7.0 Nature and Consequences of Exposure. (2 Hours) 7.1 Radiation Health in Perspective 7.2 Measurement Units of Radiation Doses 7.3 The Nature of the Radiation Health Problem 7.4 Levels and Symptoms of Radiation Injury 7.5 Biological Effects of Radiation 7.6 Personnel Monitoring and Bank Accounting 8.0 Radiation Effects on the Body (2 Hours) 8.1 Radiation Effects Upon Living Matter 8.2 Radio-Sensitivity of Body Cells 8.3 Types of Biological Effect 8.4 Specific Effects on Body Organs and Tissues Blood and Bone Marrow Lyphatic System Skin and Hair Follicles Digestive System Liver and Gallbladder Endocrine System Respiratory System Urinary System Bones Eyes 8.5 Radiation Effects Upon Lifespan 8.6 Genetic Effects of Radiation 9.0 Radiation Safety (8 Hours) 9.1 Agreement States 9.2 Arizona Regulations 9.2 SSRCR Regulations 9.2 Radiation Safety Quiz 10.0 Radiographic Exposure Variables (4 Hours) 10.1 X-Radiation Emitted by Source 10.2 Gamma Radiation Emitted by Source 10.3 Inverse Square Law 10.4 X-Ray Eqivalency 10.5 Gamma Ray Equivalency 10.6 Exposure Factors for X and Gamma Rays NDE Solutions 2

3 10.7 Radiographic Contrast 10.8 Radiographic Sensitivity 10.9 Multiple Film Techniques 11.0 Geometric Principles (3 Hours) 11.1 General Principles 11.2 Radiographic Shadows 11.3 Applications to Radiography 11.4 Calculation of Geometric Unsharpness 11.5 Pinhole Projection of Focal Spot 12.0 Radiation Image Quality (3 Hours) 12.1 Radiographic Sensitivity 12.2 Subject Contrast 12.3 Film Contrast 12.4 Film Graininess and Screen Mottle 12.5 Penetrameters Hole Type Penetrameters Radiographically Similar Material Radiographic Quality Level Eqivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity Wire Penetrameters Comparison of Penetrameters 13.0 Radiographic Screens (2 Hours) 13.1 Lead Foil Screens 13.2 Selection and Care of Lead Screens 13.3 Lead Oxide Screens 13.4 Fluorescent Screens 13.5 Cassettes and Film Holders 14.0 Radiograhic Film (3 Hours) 14.1 Industrial X-Ray Films 14.2 Selection of Films for Industrial Radiography 14.3 Film Packaging 14.4 Handling of Film 14.5 Identifying Radiographs 14.6 Storage of Unprocessed Film 14.7 Storage of Exposed Film 14.8 Film Graininess and Signal-to-Noise in Radiographs 15.0 Radiographic Exposure Calculation (4 Hours) 15.1 Relationship of Milliamperage, Distance and Time 15.2 Reciprocity Law 15.3 Photographic Density 15.4 X-Ray Exposure Charts 15.5 Gamma Ray Exposure Charts 15.6 Use of Characteristic Curves 15.7 Limitations of Exposure Charts 16.0 Latent Radiographic Image (2 Hours) 16.1 Photographic Latent Image 16.2 The Gurney-Mott Theory 16.3 X-Ray Latent Image 16.4 Development NDE Solutions 3

4 17.0 The Fundamentals of Film Processing (2 Hours) 17.1 Cleanliness 17.2 Manual Processing Developer Solutions Control of Temperature and Time Agitation Activity of Developer Solutions Arresting Development Rinsing Fixing Washing Drying 17.3 Automated Film Processing Automated Systems Water System Recirculation Systems Replenishment Systems Dryer System Chemistry of Automated Systems 17.4 Film Feeding Procedures 17.5 Roll Film 17.6 Filing Radiographs 18.0 The Film Processing Room (2 Hours) 18.1 Processing Area Manual Processing Processing Tanks Film Dryers Automated Processing Coverings Plumbing Illumination 18.2 Intensification of Underexposed Radiographs 18.3 Removal of Fixing Agents 18.4 Testing for Fixer Removal 18.5 Removal of One Emulsion From Double-Coated Film 18.6 Tray Processing 18.7 Silver Recovery From Fixing Solutions 19.0 Radiographic Process Controls (3 Hours) 19.1 Process Control Summary 19.2 Magnifier Device Calibraiton 19.3 Image Quality Indicator Calibration 19.4 Automatic Processing Processor Performance Base Fog Check Developer Temperature Replenishing Flow Rate Transport Speed 19.5 Manual Processing Processor Performance Base Fog Check Developer Temperature Film Processing Log Replenishing Flow Rate 19.6 Densitometer Calibration and Verificaiton Check 19.7 Light Meter Calibration NDE Solutions 4

5 19.8 Viewer Light Intensity 19.9 Themometer Calibration Ambient Visible Light Film Densitometer Stepwedge Calibration Other Calibrations 20.0 ASTM E 1742/E1742 Test (3 Hours) 21.0 Digital Radiography (2 Hours) 21.1 Detectors for Digital Imaging 21.2 Principles of Digital X-Ray Detectors Charge Couple Devices Thin Film Transistor Storage Phospors Linear Arrays Detection Efficiency 21.3 Image Contrast and Signal Statistic Spatial Resolutions Requirements Radiation Damage 21.4 X-Ray Detector Technology Amorphous Silicon Detectors Amorphous Selenium Detectors Charged Coupled Device Radiographic Systems Linear Array Detectors 22.0 Math Review (4 Hours) 23.0 Hands-On Applications (12 Hours) FINAL EXAM: 40 Question Multiple Exam SOURCES: NDE Solutions TO 33B-1-1 Air Force NDI Manual Radiography in Modern Industry by Kodak NDT Radiography by Dupont Arizona Administrative Code Title 12 Suggested State Regulations for Control of Radiation ASNT Handbook on Radiographic Testing Volume 4 ASNT Study Guide: Industrial Radiography Radiation Safety ASTM E 1742/E1742M NDE Solutions 5