Head Mounted Display Optics II!
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1 ! Head Mounted Display Optics II! Gordon Wetzstein! Stanford University! EE 267 Virtual Reality! Lecture 8! stanford.edu/class/ee267/!!
2 Lecture Overview! focus cues & the vergence-accommodation conflict! advanced optics for VR with focus cues:! adaptive and gaze-contingent focus displays! volumetric and multi-plane displays! near-eye light field displays! Maxwellian-type displays! AR displays! microdisplays used for VR/AR!
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4 Magnified Display! big challenge: virtual image appears at fixed focal plane!! d! no focus cues! d! f! 1 d + 1 d ' = 1 f
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6 Importance of Focus Cues Decreases with Age - Presbyopia! Nearest focus distance! 0D ( cm)! 4D (25cm)! 8D (12.5cm)! 12D (8cm)! 16D (6cm)! 8! 16! 24! 32! 40! 48! 56! 64! 72! Age (years)! Duane, 1912!
7 Cutting & Vishton, 1995! Relative Importance of Depth Cues!
8 The Vergence-Accommodation Conflict (VAC)!
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15 Real World:! Vergence &! Accommodation! Match!!
16 Current VR Displays:! Vergence &! Accommodation! Mismatch!!
17 Accommodation and Retinal Blur!
18 Blur Gradient Driven Accommodation!
19 Blur Gradient Driven Accommodation!
20 Blur Gradient Driven Accommodation!
21 Blur Gradient Driven Accommodation!
22 Blur Gradient Driven Accommodation!
23 Blur Gradient Driven Accommodation!
24 Real World:!! Vergence & Accommodation Match! Top View!
25 Top View! Screen! Stereo Displays Today (including HMDs):!! Vergence-Accommodation Mismatch!!
26 VR Displays with Focus Cues!!!! 1. Adaptive and Gaze-contingent Focus!
27 Fixed Focus! Lens! f! d! d! Magnified Display! Display! 1 d + 1 d ' = 1 f
28 Adaptive Focus! actuator à vary d! Lens! Magnified Display! Display! 1 d + 1 d ' = 1 f
29 Adaptive Focus! Lens! focus-tunable! lens à vary f! Magnified Display! Display! 1 d + 1 d ' = 1 f
30 Adaptive Focus - History! manual focus adjustment! Heilig 1962! automatic focus adjustment! Mills 1984! deformabe mirrors & lenses! McQuaide 2003, Liu 2008! M. Heilig Sensorama, 1962 (US Patent #3,050,870)! P. Mills, H. Fuchs, S. Pizer High-Speed Interaction On A Vibrating-Mirror 3D Display, SPIE ! S. Shiwa, K. Omura, F. Kishino Proposal for a 3-D display with accommodative compensation: 3DDAC, JSID 1996! S. McQuaide, E. Seibel, J. Kelly, B. Schowengerdt, T. Furness A retinal scanning display system that produces multiple focal planes with a deformable membrane mirror, Displays 2003! S. Liu, D. Cheng, H. Hua An optical see-through head mounted display with addressable focal planes, Proc. ISMAR 2008!
31 Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017!
32 Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017!
33 Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017!
34 Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017!
35 Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017!
36 Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017!
37 Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017!
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41 Conventional Stereo / VR Display! Conventional stereoscopic distance virtual image distance vergence! accommodation! stereoscopic distance
42 Removing VAC with Adaptive Focus! With Focus Cues stereoscopic distance virtual image distance vergence! accommodation! stereoscopic distance
43 Task! 4D! (0.25m)! 0.5D! (2m)! Follow the target with your eyes!
44 Accommodative Response! Conventional stereoscopic distance virtual image distance stereoscopic distance Relative Distance [D]! Stimulus Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017! Time [s]!
45 Accommodative Response! Conventional stereoscopic distance virtual image distance stereoscopic distance Relative Distance [D]! Stimulus Accommodation n = 59, mean gain = 0.29! Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017! Time [s]!
46 Accommodative Response! With Focus Cues stereoscopic distance virtual image distance stereoscopic distance Stimulus Relative Distance [D]! Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017! Time [s]!
47 Accommodative Response! With Focus Cues stereoscopic distance virtual image distance stereoscopic distance Relative Distance [D]! Stimulus Accommodation n = 24, mean gain = 0.77! Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017! Time [s]!
48 Do Presbyopes Benefit from Dynamic Focus?! Gain! Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017! Age!
49 Do Presbyopes Benefit from Dynamic Focus?! conventional! Gain! Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017! Age!
50 Do Presbyopes Benefit from Dynamic Focus?! conventional! dynamic! Gain! Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017! Age!
51 Do Presbyopes Benefit from Dynamic Focus?! conventional! dynamic! Gain! Response for Physical Stimulus! Heron & Charman 2004! Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017! Age!
52 Gaze-contingent Focus! non-presbyopes: adaptive focus is like real world, but needs eye tracking!! virtual image! HMD! micro display! lens! eye tracking! Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017!
53 Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017! Gaze-contingent Focus!
54 Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017! Gaze-contingent Focus!
55 Padmanaban et al., PNAS 2017! Gaze-contingent Focus!
56 at ACM SIGGRAPH 2016!
57 Summary!! adaptive focus drives accommodation and can correct for refractive errors (myopia, hyperopia)!! gaze-contingent focus gives natural focus cues for non-presbyopes, but require eyes tracking!! presbyopes require fixed focal plane with correction!
58 VR Displays with Focus Cues!!!! 2. Multiplane Displays!
59 Multiplane VR Displays! idea introduced! Rolland et al. 2000! benchtop prototype! Akeley 2004! near-eye display prototype! Liu 2008, Love 2009! Rolland J, Krueger M, Goon A (2000) Multifocal planes head-mounted displays. Applied Optics 39! Akeley K, Watt S, Girshick A, Banks M (2004) A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH)! Waldkirch M, Lukowicz P, Tröster G (2004) Multiple imaging technique for extending depth of focus in retinal displays. Optics Express! Schowengerdt B, Seibel E (2006) True 3-d scanned voxel displays using single or multiple light sources. JSID! Liu S, Cheng D, Hua H (2008) An optical see-through head mounted display with addressable focal planes in Proc. ISMAR! Love GD et al. (2009) High-speed switchable lens enables the development of a volumetric stereoscopic display. Optics Express! many more...!
60 Multiplane VR Displays! idea introduced! Rolland et al. 2000! benchtop prototype! Akeley 2004! near-eye display prototype! Liu 2008, Love 2009! Rolland J, Krueger M, Goon A (2000) Multifocal planes head-mounted displays. Applied Optics 39! Akeley K, Watt S, Girshick A, Banks M (2004) A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances. ACM Trans. Graph. (SIGGRAPH)! Waldkirch M, Lukowicz P, Tröster G (2004) Multiple imaging technique for extending depth of focus in retinal displays. Optics Express! Schowengerdt B, Seibel E (2006) True 3-d scanned voxel displays using single or multiple light sources. JSID! Liu S, Cheng D, Hua H (2008) An optical see-through head mounted display with addressable focal planes in Proc. ISMAR! Love GD et al. (2009) High-speed switchable lens enables the development of a volumetric stereoscopic display. Optics Express! many more...!
61 VR Displays with Focus Cues!!!! 3. Light Field Displays!
62 Huang et al., SIGGRAPH 2015! Light Light Field Field Stereoscope! Cameras!
63 Light Field Stereoscope! Thin Spacer & 2 nd panel (6mm)! Backlight! Huang et al., SIGGRAPH 2015! LCD Panel! Magnifying Lenses!
64 Near-eye Light Field Displays! Idea: project multiple different perspectives into different parts of the pupil!
65 Target Light Field! Input: 4D light field for each eye!
66 Multiplicative Two-layer Modulation! Input: 4D light field for each eye!
67 Multiplicative Two-layer Modulation! Input: 4D light field for each eye!
68 Multiplicative Two-layer Modulation! Input: 4D light field for each eye!
69 Multiplicative Two-layer Modulation! Input: 4D light field for each eye! Reconstruction:! for layer t 1! Tensor Displays,! Wetzstein et al. 2012!
70 Light Field Stereoscope! Traditional HMDs! - No Focus Cues! The Light Field HMD! Stereoscope! Huang et al., SIGGRAPH 2015!
71 Light Field Stereoscope! Traditional HMDs! - No Focus Cues! The Light Field HMD! Stereoscope! Huang et al., SIGGRAPH 2015!
72 Light Field Stereoscope! Traditional HMDs! - No Focus Cues! The Light Field HMD! Stereoscope! Huang et al., SIGGRAPH 2015!
73 Light Field Stereoscope! Traditional HMDs! - No Focus Cues! The Light Field HMD! Stereoscope! Huang et al., SIGGRAPH 2015!
74 Tensor Displays! Wetzstein et al., SIGGRAPH 2012!
75 Vision-correcting Display! printed transparency! Huang et al., SIGGRAPH 2014! ipod Touch prototype!
76 prototype! 300 dpi or higher! Huang et al., SIGGRAPH 2014!
77 VR Displays with Focus Cues!!!! 4. Maxwellian-type Displays!
78 Blur Gradient Driven Accommodation!
79 PSF Engineering!
80 Q: can we drive accommodation with stereoscopic cues by optically removing the retinal blur cue?!
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85 How do we remove the blur cue?!
86 Aperture Controls Depth of Field! Image courtesy of Concept One Studios!
87 Aperture Controls Depth of Field! Image courtesy of Concept One Studios!
88 Aperture Controls Depth of Field! Image courtesy of Concept One Studios!
89 Maxwellian-type (pinhole) Near-eye Displays! Point Light! Source!
90 Maxwellian-type (pinhole) Near-eye Displays! Spatial Light Modulator! Point Light! Source! Severely reduces eyebox; requires dynamic steering of exit pupil
91 Focal Sweep! 60Hz EDOF Cameras:! Dowski & Cathey, App. Opt. 1995! Nagahara et al., ECCV 2008! Cossairt et al., SIGGRAPH 2010!
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94 * Convolution!
95 Convolution! * =
96 Deconvolution!
97 Target! Target Image!
98 Target! Target Image! Conventional 1D! Conventional!
99 Target! Target Image! Conventional 3D! Conventional!
100 Target! 3D! Conventional 3D! Conventional! AI!
101 Stimulus! 3 2 Dynamic Distance (D) Time (s) Gain:
102 Measured User Response! 3 Conventional Stimulus Average Dynamic 2 Distance (D) Gain: Time (s) Gain:
103 Measured User Response! 3 Conventional Stimulus Average Dynamic 2 Distance (D) Gain: Time (s) Gain:
104 Now: benchtop! Future: multifocal lenses!
105 Overview of Optical See-through AR Displays!
106 Ray Ban!
107 Thin Beam Combiner?!
108 Thin Beam Combiner!
109 Pepper s Ghost 1862!
110 OST AR - Case Studies!
111 Google Glass!
112 Google Glass!
113 Meta 2! larger field of view (90 deg) than Glass! also larger device form factor!
114 Microsoft HoloLens!
115 Microsoft HoloLens! diffraction grating! small FOV (30x17), but very good image quality!
116 Zeiss Smart Optics! great device form factor! polycarbonate light guide easy to manufacture and robust! smaller field of view (17 deg)!
117 Challenges: Eye Box vs Field of View!
118 Challenges: Eye Box vs Field of View! eye box / exit pupil! entrance pupil! need small entrance pupil (small device) and large exit pupil (large eye box) - pupil needs to be magnified!
119 Challenges: Eye Box vs Field of View! eye box / exit pupil! entrance pupil! field of view! need small display (small device) but large field of view image needs to be magnified!
120 Challenges: Eye Box vs Field of View! eye box / exit pupil! entrance pupil! field of view! pupil needs to be magnified! image needs to be magnified! can t get both at the same time etendue!
121 Challenges: Eye Box vs Field of View! eye box / exit pupil! entrance pupil! field of view! possible solutions: exit pupil replication (loss of light), live with small FOV (not great), dynamically steer eye box (mechanically difficult),..!
122 Challenges: Chromatic Aberrations! thin grating couplers create chromatic aberrations!
123 Challenges: Chromatic Aberrations! volume holographic couplers, e.g. TruLife Optics! stacked waveguides! all solutions have their own problems: ease of manufacturing, yield, robustness, cost,!
124 real! object! Occlusions! Case 1:! virtual in front of real! Case 2:! real in front of virtual! virtual! object! à difficult: need to block real light! à easy: don t render virtual object everywhere!
125 Next Lecture: Inertial Measurement Units I! accelerometers, gyros, magnetometers! sensor fusion! head orientation tracking!
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