Chapter 25. Optical Instruments

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 25. Optical Instruments"

Transcription

1 Chapter 25 Optical Instruments

2 Optical Instruments Analysis generally involves the laws of reflection and refraction Analysis uses the procedures of geometric optics To explain certain phenomena, the wave nature of light must be used

3 The Camera The single-lens photographic camera is an optical instrument Components Opaque, light-tight box Converging lens Produces a real image Film behind the lens Receives the image

4 Digital Camera Image is formed on an electric device CCD Chargecoupled device CMOS Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor Both convert the image into digital form The image can be stored in the camera s memory

5 Camera Operation Proper focusing leads to sharp images The lens-to-film distance will depend on the object distance and on the focal length of the lens The shutter is a mechanical device that is opened for selected time intervals Most cameras have an aperture of adjustable diameter to further control the intensity of the light reaching the film With a small-diameter aperture, only light from the central portion reaches the film, and spherical aberration is minimized

6 Camera Operation, Intensity Light intensity is a measure of the rate at which energy is received by the film per unit area of the image The intensity of the light reaching the film is proportional to the area of the lens The brightness of the image formed on the film depends on the light intensity Depends on both the focal length and the diameter of the lens

7 Camera, f-numbers The ƒ-number of a camera is the ratio of the focal length of the lens to its diameter ƒ-number = f/d The ƒ-number is often given as a description of the lens speed A lens with a low f-number is a fast lens

8 Camera, f-numbers, cont Increasing the setting from one ƒ-number to the next higher value decreases the area of the aperture by a factor of 2 The lowest ƒ-number setting on a camera corresponds to the aperture wide open and the maximum possible lens area in use Simple cameras usually have a fixed focal length and a fixed aperture size, with an ƒ- number of about 11 Most cameras with variable ƒ-numbers adjust them automatically

9 The Eye The normal eye focuses light and produces a sharp image Essential parts of the eye Cornea light passes through this transparent structure Aqueous Humor clear liquid behind the cornea

10 The Eye Parts, cont The pupil A variable aperture An opening in the iris The crystalline lens Most of the refraction takes place at the outer surface of the eye Where the cornea is covered with a film of tears

11 The Eyes Parts, final The iris is the colored portion of the eye It is a muscular diaphragm that controls pupil size The iris regulates the amount of light entering the eye by dilating the pupil in low light conditions and contracting the pupil in high-light conditions The f-number of the eye is from about 2.8 to 16

12 The Eye Operation The cornea-lens system focuses light onto the back surface of the eye This back surface is called the retina The retina contains receptors called rods and cones These structures send impulses via the optic nerve to the brain The brain converts these impulses into our conscious view of the world

13 The Eye Operation, cont Rods and Cones Chemically adjust their sensitivity according to the prevailing light conditions The adjustment takes about 15 minutes This phenomena is getting used to the dark Accommodation The eye focuses on an object by varying the shape of the crystalline lens through this process An important component is the ciliary muscle which is situated in a circle around the rim of the lens Thin filaments, called zonules, run from this muscle to the edge of the lens

14 The Eye Focusing The eye can focus on a distant object The ciliary muscle is relaxed The zonules tighten This causes the lens to flatten, increasing its focal length For an object at infinity, the focal length of the eye is equal to the fixed distance between lens and retina This is about 1.7 cm

15 The Eye Focusing, cont The eye can focus on near objects The ciliary muscles tense This relaxes the zonules The lens bulges a bit and the focal length decreases The image is focused on the retina

16 The Eye Near and Far Points The near point is the closest distance for which the lens can accommodate to focus light on the retina Typically at age 10, this is about 18 cm Average is about 25 cm It increases with age, to 500 cm or more at age 60 The far point of the eye represents the largest distance for which the lens of the relaxed eye can focus light on the retina Normal vision has a far point of infinity

17 Conditions of the Eye Eyes may suffer a mismatch between the focusing power of the lens-cornea system and the length of the eye Eyes may be Farsighted Light rays reach the retina before they converge to form an image Nearsighted Person can focus on nearby objects but not those far away

18 Farsightedness Also called hyperopia The image focuses behind the retina Can usually see far away objects clearly, but not nearby objects

19 Correcting Farsightedness A converging lens placed in front of the eye can correct the condition The lens refracts the incoming rays more toward the principle axis before entering the eye This allows the rays to converge and focus on the retina

20 Nearsightedness Also called myopia In axial myopia the nearsightedness is caused by the lens being too far from the retina In refractive myopia, the lens-cornea system is too powerful for the normal length of the eye

21 Correcting Nearsightedness A diverging lens can be used to correct the condition The lens refracts the rays away from the principle axis before they enter the eye This allows the rays to focus on the retina

22 Presbyopia and Astigmatism Presbyopia is due to a reduction in accommodation ability The cornea and lens do not have sufficient focusing power to bring nearby objects into focus on the retina Condition can be corrected with converging lenses In astigmatism, the light from a point source produces a line image on the retina Produced when either the cornea or the lens or both are not perfectly symmetric

23 Diopters Optometrists and ophthalmologists usually prescribe lenses measured in diopters The power of a lens in diopters equals the inverse of the focal length in meters 1 ƒ

24 Simple Magnifier A simple magnifier consists of a single converging lens This device is used to increase the apparent size of an object The size of an image formed on the retina depends on the angle subtended by the eye

25 The Size of a Magnified Image When an object is placed at the near point, the angle subtended is a maximum The near point is about 25 cm When the object is placed near the focal point of a converging lens, the lens forms a virtual, upright, and enlarged image

26 Angular Magnification Angular magnification is defined as m o angle with lens angle without lens The angular magnification is at a maximum when the image formed by the lens is at the near point of the eye q = - 25 cm Calculated by m max 1 25 cm q

27 Magnification by a Lens With a single lens, it is possible to achieve angular magnification up to about 4 without serious aberrations With multiple lenses, magnifications of up to about 20 can be achieved The multiple lenses can correct for aberrations

28 Compound Microscope A compound microscope consists of two lenses Gives greater magnification than a single lens The objective lens has a short focal length, ƒ o <1 cm The ocular lens (eyepiece) has a focal length, ƒ e, of a few cm

29 Compound Microscope, cont The lenses are separated by a distance L L is much greater than either focal length The approach to analysis is the same as for any two lenses in a row The image formed by the first lens becomes the object for the second lens The image seen by the eye, I 2, is virtual, inverted and very much enlarged

30 Magnifications of the Compound Microscope The lateral magnification of the microscope is M l q l p l L ƒ o The angular magnification of the eyepiece of the microscope is 25 cm m e The overall magnification of the microscope is the product of the individual magnifications m M m l e L ƒ o ƒ 25 cm ƒ e e

31 Other Considerations with a Microscope The ability of an optical microscope to view an object depends on the size of the object relative to the wavelength of the light used to observe it For example, you could not observe an atom (d 0.1 nm) with visible light (λ 500 nm)

32 Telescopes Two fundamental types of telescopes Refracting telescope uses a combination of lenses to form an image Reflecting telescope uses a curved mirror and a lens to form an image Telescopes can be analyzed by considering them to be two optical elements in a row The image of the first element becomes the object of the second element

33 Refracting Telescope The two lenses are arranged so that the objective forms a real, inverted image of a distant object The image is near the focal point of the eyepiece The two lenses are separated by the distance ƒ o + ƒ e which corresponds to the length of the tube The eyepiece forms an enlarged, inverted image of the first image

34 Angular Magnification of a Telescope The angular magnification depends on the focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece m o ƒ ƒ o e Angular magnification is particularly important for observing nearby objects Very distant objects still appear as a small point of light

35 Disadvantages of Refracting Telescopes Large diameters are needed to study distant objects Large lenses are difficult and expensive to manufacture The weight of large lenses leads to sagging which produces aberrations

36 Reflecting Telescope Helps overcome some of the disadvantages of refracting telescopes Replaces the objective lens with a mirror The mirror is often parabolic to overcome spherical aberrations In addition, the light never passes through glass Except the eyepiece Reduced chromatic aberrations

37 Reflecting Telescope, Newtonian Focus The incoming rays are reflected from the mirror and converge toward point A At A, a photographic plate or other detector could be placed A small flat mirror, M, reflects the light toward an opening in the side and passes into an eyepiece

38 Examples of Telescopes Reflecting Telescopes Largest in the world are 10 m diameter Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii Largest single mirror in US is 5 m diameter on Mount Palomar in California Refracting Telescopes Largest in the world is Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin Has a 1 m diameter

39 Resolution The ability of an optical system to distinguish between closely spaced objects is limited due to the wave nature of light If two sources of light are close together, they can be treated as noncoherent sources Because of diffraction, the images consist of bright central regions flanked by weaker bright and dark rings

40 Rayleigh s Criterion If the two sources are separated so that their central maxima do not overlap, their images are said to be resolved The limiting condition for resolution is Rayleigh s Criterion When the central maximum of one image falls on the first minimum of another image, they images are said to be just resolved The images are just resolved when their angular separation satisfies Rayleigh s criterion

41 Just Resolved If viewed through a slit of width a, and applying Rayleigh s criterion, the limiting angle of resolution is min a For the images to be resolved, the angle subtended by the two sources at the slit must be greater than θ min

42 Barely Resolved (Left) and Not Resolved (Right)

43 Resolution with Circular Apertures The diffraction pattern of a circular aperture consists of a central, circular bright region surrounded by progressively fainter rings The limiting angle of resolution depends on the diameter, D, of the aperture min 1.22 D

44 Resolving Power of a Diffraction Grating If λ 1 and λ 2 are nearly equal wavelengths between which the grating spectrometer can just barely distinguish, the resolving power, R, of the grating is R 2 1 All the wavelengths are nearly the same

45 Resolving Power of a Diffraction Grating, cont A grating with a high resolving power can distinguish small differences in wavelength The resolving power increases with order number R = Nm N is the number of lines illuminated m is the order number All wavelengths are indistinguishable for the zeroth-order maximum m = 0 so R = 0

46 Michelson Interferometer The Michelson Interferometer is an optical instrument that has great scientific importance It splits a beam of light into two parts and then recombines them to form an interference pattern It is used to make accurate length measurements

47 Michelson Interferometer, schematic A beam of light provided by a monochromatic source is split into two rays by a partially silvered mirror M One ray is reflected to M 1 and the other transmitted to M 2 After reflecting, the rays combine to form an interference pattern The glass plate ensures both rays travel the same distance through glass

48 Measurements with a Michelson Interferometer The interference pattern for the two rays is determined by the difference in their path lengths When M 1 is moved a distance of λ/4, successive light and dark fringes are formed This change in a fringe from light to dark is called fringe shift The wavelength can be measured by counting the number of fringe shifts for a measured displacement of M If the wavelength is accurately known, the mirror displacement can be determined to within a fraction of the wavelength

Chapter 36. Image Formation

Chapter 36. Image Formation Chapter 36 Image Formation Image of Formation Images can result when light rays encounter flat or curved surfaces between two media. Images can be formed either by reflection or refraction due to these

More information

Chapter 36. Image Formation

Chapter 36. Image Formation Chapter 36 Image Formation Notation for Mirrors and Lenses The object distance is the distance from the object to the mirror or lens Denoted by p The image distance is the distance from the image to the

More information

Chapter 36. Image Formation

Chapter 36. Image Formation Chapter 36 Image Formation Image of Formation Images can result when light rays encounter flat or curved surfaces between two media. Images can be formed either by reflection or refraction due to these

More information

Chapter 25: Applied Optics. PHY2054: Chapter 25

Chapter 25: Applied Optics. PHY2054: Chapter 25 Chapter 25: Applied Optics PHY2054: Chapter 25 1 Operation of the Eye 24 mm PHY2054: Chapter 25 2 Essential parts of the eye Cornea transparent outer structure Pupil opening for light Lens partially focuses

More information

PHYSICS. Chapter 35 Lecture FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E RANDALL D. KNIGHT

PHYSICS. Chapter 35 Lecture FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E RANDALL D. KNIGHT PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E Chapter 35 Lecture RANDALL D. KNIGHT Chapter 35 Optical Instruments IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn about some common optical instruments and

More information

Lecture Outline Chapter 27. Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lecture Outline Chapter 27. Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Outline Chapter 27 Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker Chapter 27 Optical Instruments Units of Chapter 27 The Human Eye and the Camera Lenses in Combination and Corrective Optics The Magnifying

More information

Physics 1C. Lecture 25B

Physics 1C. Lecture 25B Physics 1C Lecture 25B "More than 50 years ago, Austrian researcher Ivo Kohler gave people goggles thats severely distorted their vision: The lenses turned the world upside down. After several weeks, subjects

More information

Chapter 25 Optical Instruments

Chapter 25 Optical Instruments Chapter 25 Optical Instruments Units of Chapter 25 Cameras, Film, and Digital The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses Magnifying Glass Telescopes Compound Microscope Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors Limits of

More information

There is a range of distances over which objects will be in focus; this is called the depth of field of the lens. Objects closer or farther are

There is a range of distances over which objects will be in focus; this is called the depth of field of the lens. Objects closer or farther are Chapter 25 Optical Instruments Some Topics in Chapter 25 Cameras The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses Magnifying Glass Telescopes Compound Microscope Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors Limits of Resolution

More information

Physics Chapter Review Chapter 25- The Eye and Optical Instruments Ethan Blitstein

Physics Chapter Review Chapter 25- The Eye and Optical Instruments Ethan Blitstein Physics Chapter Review Chapter 25- The Eye and Optical Instruments Ethan Blitstein The Human Eye As light enters through the human eye it first passes through the cornea (a thin transparent membrane of

More information

Types of lenses. Shown below are various types of lenses, both converging and diverging.

Types of lenses. Shown below are various types of lenses, both converging and diverging. Types of lenses Shown below are various types of lenses, both converging and diverging. Any lens that is thicker at its center than at its edges is a converging lens with positive f; and any lens that

More information

Chapter 34: Geometrical Optics (Part 2)

Chapter 34: Geometrical Optics (Part 2) Chapter 34: Geometrical Optics (Part 2) Brief review Optical instruments Camera Human eye Magnifying glass Telescope Microscope Optical Aberrations Phys Phys 2435: 22: Chap. 34, 31, Pg 1 The Lens Equation

More information

Chapter 24 Geometrical Optics. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 24 Geometrical Optics. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 24 Geometrical Optics Lenses convex (converging) concave (diverging) Mirrors Ray Tracing for Mirrors We use three principal rays in finding the image produced by a curved mirror. The parallel ray

More information

General Physics II. Optical Instruments

General Physics II. Optical Instruments General Physics II Optical Instruments 1 The Thin-Lens Equation 2 The Thin-Lens Equation Using geometry, one can show that 1 1 1 s+ =. s' f The magnification of the lens is defined by For a thin lens,

More information

Vision. The eye. Image formation. Eye defects & corrective lenses. Visual acuity. Colour vision. Lecture 3.5

Vision. The eye. Image formation. Eye defects & corrective lenses. Visual acuity. Colour vision. Lecture 3.5 Lecture 3.5 Vision The eye Image formation Eye defects & corrective lenses Visual acuity Colour vision Vision http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/04/schizoillusion/ Perception of light--- eye-brain

More information

Physics 1202: Lecture 19 Today s Agenda

Physics 1202: Lecture 19 Today s Agenda Physics 1202: Lecture 19 Today s Agenda Announcements: Team problems today Team 12: Kervell Baird, Matthew George, Derek Schultz Team 13: Paxton Stowik, Stacey Ann Burke Team 14: Gregory Desautels, Benjamin

More information

Physics 11. Unit 8 Geometric Optics Part 2

Physics 11. Unit 8 Geometric Optics Part 2 Physics 11 Unit 8 Geometric Optics Part 2 (c) Refraction (i) Introduction: Snell s law Like water waves, when light is traveling from one medium to another, not only does its wavelength, and in turn the

More information

Physics 6C. Cameras and the Human Eye. Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

Physics 6C. Cameras and the Human Eye. Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB Physics 6C Cameras and the Human Eye CAMERAS A typical camera uses a converging lens to focus a real (inverted) image onto photographic film (or in a digital camera the image is on a CCD chip). Light goes

More information

The eye & corrective lenses

The eye & corrective lenses Phys 102 Lecture 20 The eye & corrective lenses 1 Today we will... Apply concepts from ray optics & lenses Simple optical instruments the camera & the eye Learn about the human eye Accommodation Myopia,

More information

Applications of Optics

Applications of Optics Nicholas J. Giordano www.cengage.com/physics/giordano Chapter 26 Applications of Optics Marilyn Akins, PhD Broome Community College Applications of Optics Many devices are based on the principles of optics

More information

GIST OF THE UNIT BASED ON DIFFERENT CONCEPTS IN THE UNIT (BRIEFLY AS POINT WISE). RAY OPTICS

GIST OF THE UNIT BASED ON DIFFERENT CONCEPTS IN THE UNIT (BRIEFLY AS POINT WISE). RAY OPTICS 209 GIST OF THE UNIT BASED ON DIFFERENT CONCEPTS IN THE UNIT (BRIEFLY AS POINT WISE). RAY OPTICS Reflection of light: - The bouncing of light back into the same medium from a surface is called reflection

More information

30 Lenses. Lenses change the paths of light.

30 Lenses. Lenses change the paths of light. Lenses change the paths of light. A light ray bends as it enters glass and bends again as it leaves. Light passing through glass of a certain shape can form an image that appears larger, smaller, closer,

More information

Life Science Chapter 2 Study Guide

Life Science Chapter 2 Study Guide Key concepts and definitions Waves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Wave Energy Medium Mechanical waves Amplitude Wavelength Frequency Speed Properties of Waves (pages 40-41) Trough Crest Hertz Electromagnetic

More information

OPTICAL SYSTEMS OBJECTIVES

OPTICAL SYSTEMS OBJECTIVES 101 L7 OPTICAL SYSTEMS OBJECTIVES Aims Your aim here should be to acquire a working knowledge of the basic components of optical systems and understand their purpose, function and limitations in terms

More information

L. R. & S. M. VISSANJI ACADEMY SECONDARY SECTION PHYSICS-GRADE: VIII OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

L. R. & S. M. VISSANJI ACADEMY SECONDARY SECTION PHYSICS-GRADE: VIII OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS L. R. & S. M. VISSANJI ACADEMY SECONDARY SECTION - 2016-17 PHYSICS-GRADE: VIII OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS SIMPLE MICROSCOPE A simple microscope consists of a single convex lens of a short focal length. The object

More information

In our discussion of the behavior of light in the two previous Chapters, we

In our discussion of the behavior of light in the two previous Chapters, we Of the many optical devices we discuss in this Chapter, the magnifying glass is the simplest. Here it is magnifying part of page 722 of this Chapter, which describes how the magnifying glass works according

More information

25 cm. 60 cm. 50 cm. 40 cm.

25 cm. 60 cm. 50 cm. 40 cm. Geometrical Optics 7. The image formed by a plane mirror is: (a) Real. (b) Virtual. (c) Erect and of equal size. (d) Laterally inverted. (e) B, c, and d. (f) A, b and c. 8. A real image is that: (a) Which

More information

PHYS:1200 LECTURE 31 LIGHT AND OPTICS (3)

PHYS:1200 LECTURE 31 LIGHT AND OPTICS (3) 1 PHYS:1200 LECTURE 31 LIGHT AND OPTICS (3) In lecture 30, we applied the law of reflection to understand how images are formed using plane and curved mirrors. In this lecture we will use the law of refraction

More information

PHY132 Introduction to Physics II Class 7 Outline:

PHY132 Introduction to Physics II Class 7 Outline: Ch. 24 PHY132 Introduction to Physics II Class 7 Outline: Lenses in Combination The Camera Vision Magnifiers Class 7 Preclass Quiz on MasteringPhysics This was due this morning at 8:00am 662 students submitted

More information

Lecture 21. Physics 1202: Lecture 21 Today s Agenda

Lecture 21. Physics 1202: Lecture 21 Today s Agenda Physics 1202: Lecture 21 Today s Agenda Announcements: Team problems today Team 14: Gregory Desautels, Benjamin Hallisey, Kyle Mcginnis Team 15: Austin Dion, Nicholas Gandza, Paul Macgillis-Falcon Homework

More information

Chapter 34: Geometric Optics

Chapter 34: Geometric Optics Chapter 34: Geometric Optics It is all about images How we can make different kinds of images using optical devices Optical device example: mirror, a piece of glass, telescope, microscope, kaleidoscope,

More information

Reading: Lenses and Mirrors; Applications Key concepts: Focal points and lengths; real images; virtual images; magnification; angular magnification.

Reading: Lenses and Mirrors; Applications Key concepts: Focal points and lengths; real images; virtual images; magnification; angular magnification. Reading: Lenses and Mirrors; Applications Key concepts: Focal points and lengths; real images; virtual images; magnification; angular magnification. 1.! Questions about objects and images. Can a virtual

More information

INTRODUCTION THIN LENSES. Introduction. given by the paraxial refraction equation derived last lecture: Thin lenses (19.1) = 1. Double-lens systems

INTRODUCTION THIN LENSES. Introduction. given by the paraxial refraction equation derived last lecture: Thin lenses (19.1) = 1. Double-lens systems Chapter 9 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS Introduction Thin lenses Double-lens systems Aberrations Camera Human eye Compound microscope Summary INTRODUCTION Knowledge of geometrical optics, diffraction and interference,

More information

Topic 4: Lenses and Vision. Lens a curved transparent material through which light passes (transmit) Ex) glass, plastic

Topic 4: Lenses and Vision. Lens a curved transparent material through which light passes (transmit) Ex) glass, plastic Topic 4: Lenses and Vision Lens a curved transparent material through which light passes (transmit) Ex) glass, plastic Double Concave Lenses Are thinner and flatter in the middle than around the edges.

More information

[ Summary. 3i = 1* 6i = 4J;

[ Summary. 3i = 1* 6i = 4J; the projections at angle 2. We calculate the difference between the measured projections at angle 2 (6 and 14) and the projections based on the previous esti mate (top row: 2>\ + 6\ = 10; same for bottom

More information

Lecture PowerPoint. Chapter 25 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli

Lecture PowerPoint. Chapter 25 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli Lecture PowerPoint Chapter 25 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the

More information

Chapter 18 Optical Elements

Chapter 18 Optical Elements Chapter 18 Optical Elements GOALS When you have mastered the content of this chapter, you will be able to achieve the following goals: Definitions Define each of the following terms and use it in an operational

More information

Physics 102: Lecture 19 Lenses and your EYE Ciliary Muscles

Physics 102: Lecture 19 Lenses and your EYE Ciliary Muscles Physics 02: Lecture 9 Lenses and your EYE Ciliary Muscles Physics 02: Lecture 9, Slide 3 Cases for Converging Lenses Object Past 2F Image Inverted Reduced Real Object Between F & 2F Image Inverted Enlarged

More information

Exam 3--PHYS 151--S15

Exam 3--PHYS 151--S15 Name: Class: Date: Exam 3--PHYS 151--S15 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Consider this diagram of the eye and answer the following questions.

More information

Unit 3: Energy On the Move

Unit 3: Energy On the Move 14 14 Table of Contents Unit 3: Energy On the Move Chapter 14: Mirrors and Lenses 14.1: Mirrors 14.2: Lenses 14.3: Optical Instruments 14.1 Mirrors How do you use light to see? When light travels from

More information

University of Rochester Department of Physics and Astronomy Physics123, Spring Homework 5 - Solutions

University of Rochester Department of Physics and Astronomy Physics123, Spring Homework 5 - Solutions Problem 5. University of Rochester Department of Physics and Astronomy Physics23, Spring 202 Homework 5 - Solutions An optometrist finds that a farsighted person has a near point at 25 cm. a) If the eye

More information

Chapter Ray and Wave Optics

Chapter Ray and Wave Optics 109 Chapter Ray and Wave Optics 1. An astronomical telescope has a large aperture to [2002] reduce spherical aberration have high resolution increase span of observation have low dispersion. 2. If two

More information

Practice Problems for Chapter 25-26

Practice Problems for Chapter 25-26 Practice Problems for Chapter 25-26 1. What are coherent waves? 2. Describe diffraction grating 3. What are interference fringes? 4. What does monochromatic light mean? 5. What does the Rayleigh Criterion

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A plane mirror is placed on the level bottom of a swimming pool that holds water (n =

More information

Chapter 3 Optical Systems

Chapter 3 Optical Systems Chapter 3 Optical Systems The Human Eye [Reading Assignment, Hecht 5.7.1-5.7.3; see also Smith Chapter 5] retina aqueous vitreous fovea-macula cornea lens blind spot optic nerve iris cornea f b aqueous

More information

Lenses- Worksheet. (Use a ray box to answer questions 3 to 7)

Lenses- Worksheet. (Use a ray box to answer questions 3 to 7) Lenses- Worksheet 1. Look at the lenses in front of you and try to distinguish the different types of lenses? Describe each type and record its characteristics. 2. Using the lenses in front of you, look

More information

Mirrors and Lenses. Images can be formed by reflection from mirrors. Images can be formed by refraction through lenses.

Mirrors and Lenses. Images can be formed by reflection from mirrors. Images can be formed by refraction through lenses. Mirrors and Lenses Images can be formed by reflection from mirrors. Images can be formed by refraction through lenses. Notation for Mirrors and Lenses The object distance is the distance from the object

More information

King Saud University College of Science Physics & Astronomy Dept.

King Saud University College of Science Physics & Astronomy Dept. King Saud University College of Science Physics & Astronomy Dept. PHYS 111 (GENERAL PHYSICS 2) CHAPTER 36: Image Formation LECTURE NO. 9 Presented by Nouf Saad Alkathran 36.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors

More information

Person s Optics Test KEY SSSS

Person s Optics Test KEY SSSS Person s Optics Test KEY SSSS 2017-18 Competitors Names: School Name: All questions are worth one point unless otherwise stated. Show ALL WORK or you may not receive credit. Include correct units whenever

More information

The Human Eye and a Camera 12.1

The Human Eye and a Camera 12.1 The Human Eye and a Camera 12.1 The human eye is an amazing optical device that allows us to see objects near and far, in bright light and dim light. Although the details of how we see are complex, the

More information

Chapter 29/30. Wave Fronts and Rays. Refraction of Sound. Dispersion in a Prism. Index of Refraction. Refraction and Lenses

Chapter 29/30. Wave Fronts and Rays. Refraction of Sound. Dispersion in a Prism. Index of Refraction. Refraction and Lenses Chapter 29/30 Refraction and Lenses Refraction Refraction the bending of waves as they pass from one medium into another. Caused by a change in the average speed of light. Analogy A car that drives off

More information

L 32 Light and Optics [2] The rainbow. Why is it a rain BOW? Atmospheric scattering. Different colors are refracted (bent) by different amounts

L 32 Light and Optics [2] The rainbow. Why is it a rain BOW? Atmospheric scattering. Different colors are refracted (bent) by different amounts L 32 Light and Optics [2] Measurements of the speed of light The bending of light refraction Total internal reflection Dispersion Dispersion Rainbows Atmospheric scattering Blue sky and red sunsets Mirrors

More information

Chapter 34 Geometric Optics (also known as Ray Optics) by C.-R. Hu

Chapter 34 Geometric Optics (also known as Ray Optics) by C.-R. Hu Chapter 34 Geometric Optics (also known as Ray Optics) by C.-R. Hu 1. Principles of image formation by mirrors (1a) When all length scales of objects, gaps, and holes are much larger than the wavelength

More information

Chapter 26. The Refraction of Light: Lenses and Optical Instruments

Chapter 26. The Refraction of Light: Lenses and Optical Instruments Chapter 26 The Refraction of Light: Lenses and Optical Instruments 26.1 The Index of Refraction Light travels through a vacuum at a speed c=3. 00 10 8 m/ s Light travels through materials at a speed less

More information

Mastery. Chapter Content. What is light? CHAPTER 11 LESSON 1 C A

Mastery. Chapter Content. What is light? CHAPTER 11 LESSON 1 C A Chapter Content Mastery What is light? LESSON 1 Directions: Use the letters on the diagram to identify the parts of the wave listed below. Write the correct letters on the line provided. 1. amplitude 2.

More information

Introduction. Strand F Unit 3: Optics. Learning Objectives. Introduction. At the end of this unit you should be able to;

Introduction. Strand F Unit 3: Optics. Learning Objectives. Introduction. At the end of this unit you should be able to; Learning Objectives At the end of this unit you should be able to; Identify converging and diverging lenses from their curvature Construct ray diagrams for converging and diverging lenses in order to locate

More information

Exam 4. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Exam 4. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Name: Class: Date: Exam 4 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Mirages are a result of which physical phenomena a. interference c. reflection

More information

Instructional Resources/Materials: Light vocabulary cards printed (class set) Enough for each student (See card sort below)

Instructional Resources/Materials: Light vocabulary cards printed (class set) Enough for each student (See card sort below) Grade Level/Course: Grade 7 Life Science Lesson/Unit Plan Name: Light Card Sort Rationale/Lesson Abstract: Light vocabulary building, students identify and share vocabulary meaning. Timeframe: 10 to 20

More information

Chapter 23 Study Questions Name: Class:

Chapter 23 Study Questions Name: Class: Chapter 23 Study Questions Name: Class: Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. When you look at yourself in a plane mirror, you

More information

sclera pupil What happens to light that enters the eye?

sclera pupil What happens to light that enters the eye? Human Vision Textbook pages 202 215 Before You Read Some people can see things clearly from a great distance. Other people can see things clearly only when they are nearby. Why might this be? Write your

More information

ECEN 4606, UNDERGRADUATE OPTICS LAB

ECEN 4606, UNDERGRADUATE OPTICS LAB ECEN 4606, UNDERGRADUATE OPTICS LAB Lab 2: Imaging 1 the Telescope Original Version: Prof. McLeod SUMMARY: In this lab you will become familiar with the use of one or more lenses to create images of distant

More information

12:40-2:40 3:00-4:00 PM

12:40-2:40 3:00-4:00 PM Physics 294H l Professor: Joey Huston l email:huston@msu.edu l office: BPS3230 l Homework will be with Mastering Physics (and an average of 1 hand-written problem per week) Help-room hours: 12:40-2:40

More information

Chapter 20 Human Vision

Chapter 20 Human Vision Chapter 20 GOALS When you have mastered the contents of this chapter, you will be able to achieve the following goals: Characterize the physical parameters that are significant in human vision. Visual

More information

PHYS 202 OUTLINE FOR PART III LIGHT & OPTICS

PHYS 202 OUTLINE FOR PART III LIGHT & OPTICS PHYS 202 OUTLINE FOR PART III LIGHT & OPTICS Electromagnetic Waves A. Electromagnetic waves S-23,24 1. speed of waves = 1/( o o ) ½ = 3 x 10 8 m/s = c 2. waves and frequency: the spectrum (a) radio red

More information

Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms

Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms CHAPTER 16 14 SECTION Sound and Light Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What happens to light when it passes from one medium to another? How

More information

Chapter 3 Op,cal Instrumenta,on

Chapter 3 Op,cal Instrumenta,on Imaging by an Op,cal System Change in curvature of wavefronts by a thin lens Chapter 3 Op,cal Instrumenta,on 3-1 Stops, Pupils, and Windows 3-4 The Camera 3-5 Simple Magnifiers and Eyepieces 1. Magnifiers

More information

PHYSICS FOR THE IB DIPLOMA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

PHYSICS FOR THE IB DIPLOMA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Option C Imaging C Introduction to imaging Learning objectives In this section we discuss the formation of images by lenses and mirrors. We will learn how to construct images graphically as well as algebraically.

More information

Introduction. The Human Eye. Physics 1CL OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND THE EYE SPRING 2010

Introduction. The Human Eye. Physics 1CL OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND THE EYE SPRING 2010 Introduction Most of the subject material in this lab can be found in Chapter 25 of Serway and Faughn. In this lab, you will make images of images using lenses and the optical bench (Experiment A). IT

More information

VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE DEPTH STUDY: ELECTRON MICROSCOPES

VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE DEPTH STUDY: ELECTRON MICROSCOPES VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE DEPTH STUDY: ELECTRON MICROSCOPES Shortly after the experimental confirmation of the wave properties of the electron, it was suggested that the electron could be used to examine objects

More information

Class 10 Science NCERT Exemplar Solutions Human Eye and Colourful World

Class 10 Science NCERT Exemplar Solutions Human Eye and Colourful World Class 10 Science NCERT Exemplar Solutions Human Eye and Colourful World Short Answer Questions Question 1. A student sitting at the back of the classroom cannot read clearly the letters written on the

More information

Physics 431 Final Exam Examples (3:00-5:00 pm 12/16/2009) TIME ALLOTTED: 120 MINUTES Name: Signature:

Physics 431 Final Exam Examples (3:00-5:00 pm 12/16/2009) TIME ALLOTTED: 120 MINUTES Name: Signature: Physics 431 Final Exam Examples (3:00-5:00 pm 12/16/2009) TIME ALLOTTED: 120 MINUTES Name: PID: Signature: CLOSED BOOK. TWO 8 1/2 X 11 SHEET OF NOTES (double sided is allowed), AND SCIENTIFIC POCKET CALCULATOR

More information

Chapter 6 Human Vision

Chapter 6 Human Vision Chapter 6 Notes: Human Vision Name: Block: Human Vision The Humane Eye: 8) 1) 2) 9) 10) 4) 5) 11) 12) 3) 13) 6) 7) Functions of the Eye: 1) Cornea a transparent tissue the iris and pupil; provides most

More information

Chapter 34 Geometric Optics

Chapter 34 Geometric Optics Chapter 34 Geometric Optics Lecture by Dr. Hebin Li Goals of Chapter 34 To see how plane and curved mirrors form images To learn how lenses form images To understand how a simple image system works Reflection

More information

Chapter 3 Op+cal Instrumenta+on

Chapter 3 Op+cal Instrumenta+on Chapter 3 Op+cal Instrumenta+on 3-1 Stops, Pupils, and Windows 3-4 The Camera 3-5 Simple Magnifiers and Eyepieces 3-6 Microscopes 3-7 Telescopes Today (2011-09-22) 1. Magnifiers 2. Camera 3. Resolution

More information

Physics of the Eye *

Physics of the Eye * OpenStax-CNX module: m42482 1 Physics of the Eye * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 Abstract Explain the image formation by

More information

EE119 Introduction to Optical Engineering Spring 2002 Final Exam. Name:

EE119 Introduction to Optical Engineering Spring 2002 Final Exam. Name: EE119 Introduction to Optical Engineering Spring 2002 Final Exam Name: SID: CLOSED BOOK. FOUR 8 1/2 X 11 SHEETS OF NOTES, AND SCIENTIFIC POCKET CALCULATOR PERMITTED. TIME ALLOTTED: 180 MINUTES Fundamental

More information

The Optics of Mirrors

The Optics of Mirrors Use with Text Pages 558 563 The Optics of Mirrors Use the terms in the list below to fill in the blanks in the paragraphs about mirrors. reversed smooth eyes concave focal smaller reflect behind ray convex

More information

Dr. Todd Satogata (ODU/Jefferson Lab) Monday, April

Dr. Todd Satogata (ODU/Jefferson Lab)  Monday, April University Physics 227N/232N Mirrors and Lenses Homework Optics 2 due Friday AM Quiz Friday Optional review session next Monday (Apr 28) Bring Homework Notebooks to Final for Grading Dr. Todd Satogata

More information

Science 8 Unit 2 Pack:

Science 8 Unit 2 Pack: Science 8 Unit 2 Pack: Name Page 0 Section 4.1 : The Properties of Waves Pages By the end of section 4.1 you should be able to understand the following: Waves are disturbances that transmit energy from

More information

WHS-CH-23 Light: Geometric Optics Show all your work, equations used, and box in your answers!

WHS-CH-23 Light: Geometric Optics Show all your work, equations used, and box in your answers! WHS-CH-23 Light: Geometric Optics Show all your work, equations used, and box in your answers! Willebrord Snell (1591-1626) Snell developed methods for measuring the Earth. He proposed the method of triangulation

More information

Physics 208 Spring 2008 Lab 2: Lenses and the eye

Physics 208 Spring 2008 Lab 2: Lenses and the eye Name Section Physics 208 Spring 2008 Lab 2: Lenses and the eye Your TA will use this sheet to score your lab. It is to be turned in at the end of lab. You must use complete sentences and clearly explain

More information

Applied Optics. , Physics Department (Room #36-401) , ,

Applied Optics. , Physics Department (Room #36-401) , , Applied Optics Professor, Physics Department (Room #36-401) 2290-0923, 019-539-0923, shsong@hanyang.ac.kr Office Hours Mondays 15:00-16:30, Wednesdays 15:00-16:30 TA (Ph.D. student, Room #36-415) 2290-0921,

More information

Lecture 9. Lecture 9. t (min)

Lecture 9. Lecture 9. t (min) Sensitivity of the Eye Lecture 9 The eye is capable of dark adaptation. This comes about by opening of the iris, as well as a change in rod cell photochemistry fovea only least perceptible brightness 10

More information

Chapter 34 The Wave Nature of Light; Interference. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 34 The Wave Nature of Light; Interference. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 34 The Wave Nature of Light; Interference 34-7 Luminous Intensity The intensity of light as perceived depends not only on the actual intensity but also on the sensitivity of the eye at different

More information

1) An electromagnetic wave is a result of electric and magnetic fields acting together. T 1)

1) An electromagnetic wave is a result of electric and magnetic fields acting together. T 1) Exam 3 Review Name TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) An electromagnetic wave is a result of electric and magnetic fields acting together. T 1) 2) Electromagnetic

More information

Exam 3--PHYS 2021M-Spring 2009

Exam 3--PHYS 2021M-Spring 2009 Name: Class: Date: Exam 3--PHYS 2021M-Spring 2009 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question Each question is worth 2 points 1 Images made by mirrors

More information

PHY 431 Homework Set #5 Due Nov. 20 at the start of class

PHY 431 Homework Set #5 Due Nov. 20 at the start of class PHY 431 Homework Set #5 Due Nov. 0 at the start of class 1) Newton s rings (10%) The radius of curvature of the convex surface of a plano-convex lens is 30 cm. The lens is placed with its convex side down

More information

Optics: Lenses & Mirrors

Optics: Lenses & Mirrors Warm-Up 1. A light ray is passing through water (n=1.33) towards the boundary with a transparent solid at an angle of 56.4. The light refracts into the solid at an angle of refraction of 42.1. Determine

More information

General Physics - E&M (PHY 1308) - Lecture Notes. General Physics - E&M (PHY 1308) Lecture Notes

General Physics - E&M (PHY 1308) - Lecture Notes. General Physics - E&M (PHY 1308) Lecture Notes General Physics - E&M (PHY 1308) Lecture Notes Lecture 036: Application of Lenses - the Human Eye SteveSekula, 1 December 2010 (created 30 November 2010) Goals of this lecture no tags conclude the discussion

More information

Unit 3: Chapter 6. Refraction

Unit 3: Chapter 6. Refraction Unit 3: Chapter 6 Refraction Refraction of Visible Light 2 Examples: 1. Bent-stick effect: When light passes from one medium to another (ex: from air into water), the change of speed causes it to change

More information

Exam 4--PHYS 102--S15

Exam 4--PHYS 102--S15 Name: Class: Date: Exam 4--PHYS 102--S15 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A mirror produces an upright image. The object is 2 cm high; the

More information

CHAPTER 34. Optical Images

CHAPTER 34. Optical Images CHAPTER 34 1* Can a virtual image be photographed? Yes. Note that a virtual image is seen because the eye focuses the diverging rays to form a real image on the retina. Similarly, the camera lens can focus

More information

Lecture 8. Lecture 8. r 1

Lecture 8. Lecture 8. r 1 Lecture 8 Achromat Design Design starts with desired Next choose your glass materials, i.e. Find P D P D, then get f D P D K K Choose radii (still some freedom left in choice of radii for minimization

More information

Image Formation. Light from distant things. Geometrical optics. Pinhole camera. Chapter 36

Image Formation. Light from distant things. Geometrical optics. Pinhole camera. Chapter 36 Light from distant things Chapter 36 We learn about a distant thing from the light it generates or redirects. The lenses in our eyes create images of objects our brains can process. This chapter concerns

More information

CHAPTER 11 The Hyman Eye and the Colourful World In this chapter we will study Human eye that uses the light and enable us to see the objects. We will also use the idea of refraction of light in some optical

More information

Chapter 36: diffraction

Chapter 36: diffraction Chapter 36: diffraction Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction Diffraction from a single slit Intensity in the single slit pattern Multiple slits The Diffraction grating X-ray diffraction Circular apertures

More information

(Effective Alternative Secondary Education) PHYSICS. BUREAU OF SECONDARY EDUCATION Department of Education DepED Complex, Meralco Avenue Pasig City

(Effective Alternative Secondary Education) PHYSICS. BUREAU OF SECONDARY EDUCATION Department of Education DepED Complex, Meralco Avenue Pasig City (Effective Alternative Secondary Education) PHYSICS MODULE 4 Optical Instruments BUREAU OF SECONDARY EDUCATION Department of Education DepED Complex, Meralco Avenue Pasig City Module 4 Optical Instruments

More information

Geometrical Optics Optical systems

Geometrical Optics Optical systems Phys 322 Lecture 16 Chapter 5 Geometrical Optics Optical systems Magnifying glass Purpose: enlarge a nearby object by increasing its image size on retina Requirements: Image should not be inverted Image

More information

Lenses. A lens is any glass, plastic or transparent refractive medium with two opposite faces, and at least one of the faces must be curved.

Lenses. A lens is any glass, plastic or transparent refractive medium with two opposite faces, and at least one of the faces must be curved. PHYSICS NOTES ON A lens is any glass, plastic or transparent refractive medium with two opposite faces, and at least one of the faces must be curved. Types of There are two types of basic lenses. (1.)

More information

EE119 Introduction to Optical Engineering Spring 2003 Final Exam. Name:

EE119 Introduction to Optical Engineering Spring 2003 Final Exam. Name: EE119 Introduction to Optical Engineering Spring 2003 Final Exam Name: SID: CLOSED BOOK. THREE 8 1/2 X 11 SHEETS OF NOTES, AND SCIENTIFIC POCKET CALCULATOR PERMITTED. TIME ALLOTTED: 180 MINUTES Fundamental

More information