Reg WHII/Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution: The Beginning

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1 Reg WHII/Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution: The Beginning Name: Topic 5, Lesson 1 Pages Key Vocab: Industrial Revolution Enclosure capital enterprise putting-out system smelt entrepreneur Eli Whitney James Watt Seed Drill agriculture Jethro Tull New Ways of Life The Industrial Revolution (IR)was directly affected by the Revolution, because inventors looked at new technologies to life. The IR is very different from most political revolutions because it isn t fast but. The foundation of the IR is in the country of and spreads from there. Before the IR becomes prominent, most people lived in villages and lead a quiet life that lead them to the local town to trade with other villagers. This way of life will disappear and by 1850, most villages grew into cities. Agricultural Revolution The first agricultural revolution took place in the stone age when people began to animals. This let them stay in one place and farm, which guaranteed food (population boom not a coincidence like directly after the Exchange). British farmers expanded on Dutch progress by small fields into larger ones, which made better use of the land. They also used new, developed from scientific experiments that restored nutrients. Another method of soil maintenance was rotation. Jethro Tull invented the, which enhanced farming by regularly placing seeds instead of scattering them. A cultural shift was supported by wealthy landowners with a practice called. Instead of lots of individual farmers maintaining control over private farms, landowners were small farms and creating big ones that were able to produce much more crops. supported this process with laws. The effect of the enclosure movement was that farm output, but many small farmers lost their. There just wasn t enough work on these large, efficient farms for all the farmers. These people often moved to, where they hoped to find. Another effect of the enclosure/agricultural movement was that it reduced the risk of and increased. People were healthier because there was enough to eat and medical care was more advanced.

2 Energy Revolution: Before the IR, most jobs requiring energy was supplied by or. James Watt improves on Newcomen s engine, which will go on to supply the power for the IR, first as small machines and later and. Another advancement in energy usage was using instead of the weaker mineral of charcoal to iron. Smelting is the process which you heat a mineral (in this case coal) until it is in liquid form and separate the stronger iron from the other graphite components. This created a less expensive and iron. Why Great Britain? Britain was in the right place at the right time, and had all the right elements in place for being the leader for the IR. Economist call these key components of Britain s environment the: (pg225) Four Factors of Production Even though Britian was a small country, it s natural advadtages of having a large supply of and, which was used to build machines and being an with lots of created an rich environment to lead industrialization. Britain also used it s many to harness and then goods. The population boom and migration of needed workers into industrialized cities not only supplied a work force, but it the for goods. (remember Adam Smith and On the Wealth of Nations) Britain also had a ripe business market for people to invest money called into new. Britain had a stable economy, so banks, landowners and merchants were willing to invest. Many times, they were giving capital investment to, someone who will manage the running of the business and will be responsible for paying back the money if the business doesn t work. This is risky, but lots of these entrepreneurs saw huge potential for success! Textile Industry The IR begins in the Industry and industrialization replaced the putting-out system, aka the cottage industry. In the putting-out system, families would spin thread, weave the cloth and dye it. This took a long time! As increased, technology advanced to these

3 fabrics. Most important of these are the shuttle (wove thread into fabric) and James Hargreaves, which could spin up to 500 threads of cotton at once a LOT more than a single person in their house could do. Building on the demand for cotton fabrics was Eli Whitney whose made it easy to separate the seeds from the flower of a cotton plant. Demand for American cotton created a demand for an increase in in the South. Transportation Transportation became an important issue for entrepreneurs who need and methods of moving their goods. There was work done on new highway systems called turnpikes and interest in digging canals to connect waterways. The biggest advancement in shipping was when the steam engine was used in. All of these efforts reduced how much the items cost, which lead to more people being able to buy them, which lead to an increased demand for the product, which lead to higher production levels in businesses. Which came first, the chicken or the egg? Industrialization spreads across and eventually over into and brought about many social, economic and political changes that still govern much of how we live our lives today.

4 World History II/Industrialization T5Lesson2: Social Impact Name: Pages Key Vocabulary Urbanization tenement labor union standard of living social mobility standard of living free market socialism means of production bourgeoise communism Karl Marx proletariat social democracy Lasseiz-Faire The Industrialization not only changed many business practices, it also created opportunities for most people and raised the of living. Although there were many practices that did not benefit people initially, all levels of society would from industrialization. Urbanization is the of people into. Manchester, England grew people between 1780 and Towns like Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham would have seen the rise in new class and a new urban class of people. The middle class consisted mostly of the who set the IR in motion with their new businesses. They are typically self-made, rags to riches people who come from a variety of backgrounds and are often referred to as (French word). Although they weren t in the same social class as the old money, they often lived very comfortable lives. In contrast, many poor, working-class people struggled in that were often small, dirty, with limited resources (like water and sewer systems (yuck)). The bacterial disease was directly connected to the poor sanitation of these tenements. These frustrated workers often protested unfair conditions, and started a union movement and used the Methodist church as an avenue for. Harsh Conditions The two main industrialized places to work in were and. Both had hours with a rigid schedule dominated by a for when they started, and stopped. Many workers suffered that could kill them or permanently disable them, and if you got, you would. Employers preferred to hire because they thought women would adapt to the new schedule better than men, but most importantly, they could pay them for the same work. This practice hit families hard. Mines were particularly dangerous as it was with lots of dust the workers were breathing. The youngest children were hired at years old and performed dangerous tasks, such as spools of thread on moving machines and under machines to repair broken threads. Children hired in the mines had difficult lives of not only long hours but dark, extreme temperatures and heavy lifting. It is these practices that are limited by passing and labor laws.

5 Benefits of the Industrial Revolution Many people at the beginning of the IR did suffer under harsh conditions, but as time passed, and labor pushed to improve working conditions. One of the important advantages is the of for all people. and become available to all people in society in ways never seen before. People ate better, had more clothes and advances in helped people become and stay healthier. For the most part, people for the first time ever, could make a future that wasn t determined by their. New opportunities for success increased mobility and government became more accessible for male voters increasing from to! Lassiez-Faire Economics & Socialism Emerges Adam Smith s book,, states that the best economic system in which to operate is one with a. This is an unregulated exchange of goods and services, and is supported by much of the early success of the IR and the limited involvement. New thinkers such as Thomas Malthus proposed that was unavoidable because there would ultimately be no in which to feed the population. He believed that natural methods of population control were, and. He was quite a pessimist and told people to stop having kids and warned organizations to stop vaccinating them. Good thing he was wrong. The other economic thinker of the IR is and his. Ricardo s supply and demand theory also dealt with population. He thought that as long as wages were, people would keep having kids, which would affect the supply of workers (because people were hiring kids instead of adults) and so there should be minimal wages, so people would stop having kids. Good thing he was wrong too. Another interesting guy was. He believed in, which is a society that runs for the benefit of the people. He believed that government would need to intervene, but he strongly believed in. Social inequality is at the heart of. Social Economics focus on people/government collectively owning and operating the of. Early socialists include who opened a mill factory and let the workers collectively run it to include not only as a business, but as a community. The most famous socialist is Karl Marx, whose book is the foundation for the radical version of socialism referred to as. Karl Marx believes that economics and struggle is the foundation of all community issues. He identifies the (middle-class) controlling the (workers). Marx advocates a violent overthrow (revolution) would lead the proletariat in authority and that they would then collectively work together for a society.

6 WHII/Industrial Revoultion T5Lesson3: Second IR Name: Key Vocabulary: Henry Bessemer cartel Alfred Nobel Michael Faraday dynamo Thomas Edison interchangeable parts Wright Bros G.Marconi stock corporation assembly line germ theory Louis Pasteur F.Nightengale R.Koch J.Lister Pages The early part of the IR relied on people using simple machines to advance business practice but as technology advances, the pace of business quickens to keep up. Complete the chart for a look at some of the people responsible for later IR advancements. Rise of Big Business Big business came to dominate many industries at the end of the. These companies started to sell shares called to get capital to grow. Each share represents a part of a company that the shareholder will receive money from if the company is successful. Companies that needed LOTS of capital often sold LOTS of stock to LOTS of individuals. These companies are referred to as. These companies had an advantage because they used their capital from selling stocks to expand into many areas. Sometimes a company would get so big that were able to control an entire industry, which is called a. Famous examples of early monopolies include the Krupp s who owned in Germany, the Rockefellers in America that owned and Carnegie, a true rags-to-riches story of a Scottish-American who owned. These big corporations would sometimes work together in a to prices. The idea is that if the corporations are collectively offering standard pricing, consumer demand for lower prices won t push out any of the businesses. Pgs : On the top blank, identify each person and underneath their accomplishment. Medicine, Nutrition & Health Germ Theory Bacteria Nursing

7 Directions: Complete the chart based on pages Person/Country Achievement (write what it is beside it) How was this method/product used Henry Bessemer/ / Sweden Michael Faraday/ Thomas Edison/ German/ (think Mercedes) Henry Ford/ Orville and Wilbur Wright/ Gugliemo Marconi/

8 WHII/Industrial Rev T5L4: Changing Ways of Life Name: Social mobility allowed many families to enjoy class values. There was a cultural expectation about how to and children were supposed to be. Women were idealized as stay-at-home-mom s, which was challenged by many political activists that not only struggled for rights, but to ban alcohol called the movement and to improve. This was an exciting time of Dalton s Theory in science and, religion gets in an uproar about the interest in Charles Darwin s book. Since people always want to think of themselves as being better than other, Darwin s theory was used to encourage as takes hold. Literature and art during the IR, starts with a style called. This is characterized by, and. Two of the most famous poet s of this era is and. There was an emphasis on glorifying the past, which the French novelist does with his books like The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Miserables. Composers include Beethovan and Chopin, whose music is trying to stir deep emotions. Eugene Delacroix and his dramatic painting of the French Revolution called is a prime example of Romantic era art. After the Romantic era, artists attempt to show life as it really is with limited emotion or idealization. This era is called. The most famous author of this era is, whose book Oliver Twist accurately represents the deplorable life of a London orphan. After people have had enough of realism, the Impressionist era uses the technique of catching a glimpse of a moment. These impressionist artists

9 often painted the same subject over and over again to show how different the same thing could be at different times. Most famous of these artists is. Finally the Post-Impressionist movement reflected the bold styles of and. These men used vivid colors and unique brushwork to depict intense emotions.

10 Agricultural Revolution New ways of Growing Food Enclosure Movement (Effects)

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12 The Industrial Revolution I. The Agricultural Revolution: A. Began with : Laws that B. New Inventions: C. Results: 1. ( ) 2. More Food = II. Industrial Revolution: A. Revolution - B. Reasons the Industrial Revolution is different: C. ( ), Spread to D. Industrial Revolution- E. Began in F. Began in & spread to III. The Factory System: A. Replaced ( ) B. Replaced the

13 C. Life in the Factory: 1. Owners had 2. Lives of workers 3. Men competed with D. Conditions in the Factory: 1. Poor Ventilation - 2. Poor Lighting - 3. Hours - 4. No benefits - 5. Supervisors could E. Conditions at Home: 1. Often owned by the company ( ) 2. Usually 3. In cities: tenements were, had ( ), & run down- Results were F. Development of Middle Class: 1. Mostly 2. Social classes based on. Not Birth 3. Had more social & political influence 4. Seen as G. Women in the Industrial Revolution: 1. Served in ( ) 2. Worked in to 3. Middle Class Women > 4. New Jobs Opened: Led to more education for women. H. Efforts at Reform: 1. Poor Wages/Working Conditions a)began with b)techniques: c)illegal at first;

14 _ Finally legalized in some countries in the late 1800 s d)women began to demand e)reformers fought to improve for & IV. Economic Theories: Laissez-Faire & Utilitarianism A. Adam Smith: 1. Theory that : & And 2. System: (or Laissez Faire ) 3. Believed SHOULD NOT 4. Role of Government: 5. Believed 6. Justification for B. David Ricardo: 1. Working class poverty is inevitable 2. Too many workers = 3. Too few workers = C. Thomas Malthus population vs. food D. Utilitarianism - 1. Jeremy Bentham - 2. John Stuart Mill - V. Socialism: A. Response to Believed greed was the root of man s suffering B. Socialism: 1. Government C. Utopianism (Robert Owen)- believed that

15 Founder of cooperative communities where employees were treated well, given high wages, children educated, encourage unions etc. Unsuccessful until late 1800 s. D. Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels: Communism 1. Wrote 2. Extreme 3. Philosophy of, 4. Marx s Theory: the history of man is that of class struggle between The (workers) & (owners). Believed that in EVERY society, 5. No ; ; ; 6. No The government as an agent of the people would control all the means of production. E. Democratic Socialism: 1. Government And 2. People still have & may own 3. People control I. New Methods & Business Organization: A. Capitalism & Changing Production Methods: 1. Characterized Western Europe & the US in the late 1800 s 2. Factory System & Mass Production used: a) b) c) d)results: B. Old Business Organizations:

16 Owners personally responsible for debts C. Rise of - 1. Monopolies - 2. Cartel - (Example: ) 3. Vertical Integration - D. Business Cycles: Industrial Revolution brought alternating periods of ( ) & ( ) II. Advances in Medicine and Science A. Advances in Biological Sciences: 1. Evolution & Genetics: a. Charles Darwin - ( ) b. Greggor Mendal - = Genetics - 2. Medical Advances: a. Edward Jenner - b. Louis Pasteur - ( ) & c. Joseph Lister - d. 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered B. Physical Sciences: 1. John Dalton discovered the, the basic building of matter

17 2. Marie Curie discovered ( ) 3. Albert Einstein - ( ) C. Social Sciences in the Industrial Age: 1. Sociology: a)august Comte: b) Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism =. Said human society evolved Through natural selection just like animals do. 3. Psychology: a. Ivan Pavlov: b. Sigmund Freud: ~Father of modern psychiatry ~Behavior is (,, ) ~Theories led to III. Literature, Music, & Art: A. Romanticism: replaced classicism (artistic mov t of the Enlightenment) 1. Artistic work that appealed to 2. Literature: expressed a love of nature, beauty & liberty. Themes dominated by the past & the Middle Ages a) (3 Musketeers), (Hunchback of Notre Dame), (Last of the Mohicans), (fairy tales), (Ivanhoe) 3. Music:,, & (includes symphonies, operas, & ballots) 4. Painting:

18 D. Rise of Realism: effort to : 1. Writers:,,,, (Les Miserables) E. Impressionism: (, ) F. Post-Impressionism - ( & )

19 WHII/Industrial Rev Test Review Name: Date: Pd: 1. Who developed a method for making steel cheaper? 2. Who developed a better steam engine? 3. Who introduced interchangeable parts? 4. Who discovered radioactive particles in radium? 5.Who discovered penicillin? 6. Who developed the theory of Social Darwinism? 7.Who discovered the small pox vaccine? 8. Who discovered bacteria? 9. What is this device and who invented it? 10.What is this device and who invented it? 11. What is this and who invented it?

20 12. Natural Selection is a component of which theory? 13. What are the three effects of the Enclosure Movement? 14.What is the Industrial Revolution? 15. Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? 16. What are the main factors necessary for industrialization? a. b. c. d. e. f. 16. People can buy shares (stocks) in what type of business? 17.What industry does the Industrial Revolution begin in? 18.During the putting-out system, where did people work? 19.As goods were produced faster, did they become more or less 20. What were the main causes of the Agricultural Revolution? new inventions Enclosure Movement crop rotation 21.What happened to the general population during the IR? 22. Complete the following to make true statements about working in most factories in the 1800 s. a. Poor and b.owners offered no c.supervisors could employees d. Women were hired because they: e.children were hired at the pay of women 23. What is money that is used for business purposes called? 24. Who owns the means of production in capitalism? 25. Who owns the means of production in socialism? 26. What is it called when machines and workers are brought together under the supervision of a manager?

21 27. In the box below, draw a typical capitalist business cycle. Star the boom times and circle the depressions. 27. Which social class increases during the IR? 28. What are worker s organizations that try to improve conditions and Wages called? 29. What techniques do labor unions use to achieve results? 31. Which economist justifies capitalism? 32. What is Adam Smith s book? 33. Capitalism believes in: 34. Concept of hands-off government is what french term? 35. What is Karl Marx and Frederick Engle s book called? 36.According to Communism, what is the worker called? 37.According to Communism, who does the proletariat struggle against? 38. According to Communism, the most evolved economy is one in which there is no: a. b. c. d. e. 39. What does Karl Marx think the human struggle is about? 40. When does Karl Marx think the struggle would be over? 43.Which of the following types of art believed that life should be portrayed as it actually is?

22 44. Which artistic style do the below pictures represent? 45.Which artistic movement is Beethoven in? 46. Which realistic author wrote Oliver Twist? Write the field of study/important invention next to each person Joseph Lister - Greggor Mendel - Florence Nightengale - Wright Brothers - Robert Dalton - Sigmund Freud - Alexander Bell - Henry Ford - Thomas Edison - Benz - G. Marconi In what way does the IR affect most people s standard of living.