Study Questions for our Scientific and Industrial Revolution Reading

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1 Study Questions for our Scientific and Industrial Revolution Reading Readings: Merriman. Chapter 16: The Industrial Revolution, Rank the following regarding how proximately (i.e. directly, immediately) the led to modernity. # 1 should be the most proximate or immediate cause. # 2 the 2 nd most immediate cause, etc. Note: although we had a definite ranking in class, I m cool if you switch the # 2 and # 3 we had in class. The # 1, however, is pretty definitive. the Agricultural Revolution the Industrial Revolution the Scientific Revolution 2. Label each of the following modes of thought as either Medieval or Modern. The first two have been done for you. Dude! I own two pairs of wool pants and wash each on twice a month whether they. Medieval. need it not! I m doing pretty well.. Modern. I own several pairs of pants, shirts, etc. I wash them regularly. I also wear get this cotton underwear! Heck, I put on a clean pair of underwear nearly every day! The world works mysterious & often unpredictable ways. Sometimes we understand the how the rules work, but we seldom understand why the rules work. investigate the matter physically. ask the current intellectual authorities or see what past authorities have written. Artisans, craftsman, and industrialists are not true intellectuals. True intellectuals should investigate higher matters rather than get caught up in the details of how common people actually make things. The world works in ways that are rational, predictable, and potentially understandable. conduct controlled experiments that can be repeated by others. start with a widely accepted higher principle. From this, one should then deduce how the particular matter in question works. Thinkers should get their share their work with those in industry, and learn from those in industry. In addition to understanding how the world works, thinkers should also concern themselves with applying their knowledge to improve the daily lives of people. 1

2 3 11. Matching. Match each thinker with their contribution to scientific understanding. Thinker 3. Isaac Newton 4. Antoine Lavoisier 5. Adam Smith 6. Nikolaus Kopernikus 7. Galileo Galilei 8. Galileo Galilei, a 2 nd contribution 9. Britain s Royal Society 10. Charles Darwin 11. William Harvey Contribution a. A sun-centered universe (solar system) fits the real world observations a lot better than an earth-centered universe. b. Experimentally determines that blood circulates through the body actively pumped by the heart. This is contrast with the ancient (Galen s) view of how fluids in the body, and human health, work. c. Based on evidence gained by looking at the real world through a telescope, the sun-centered universe fits a lot better than the earthcentered one. d. Based on experimental evidence, the Great Aristotle was wrong about gravity. (In a vacuum or on a ramp) heavy bodies and light objects fall just as fast. (Intuition: Gravity is pulling on a 5 kg ball 5x as much as on a 1 kg ball. The 5 kg ball, however, takes 5x the force to move it). They also accelerate at a constant rate. e. Promotes the sharing of research between scientists and craftsman (industrialists). f. Developed three laws of motion. Maybe the entire universe is subject to relatively simple laws we can learn and understand. Newton also investigates the nature of light, (co)invents calculus, etc. g. Based on controlled experiments, the ancients were very wrong about the nature of matter (air, water, earth, and fire/phlogiston). The world, including air, is composed of many elements such as oxygen. World, I give you the beginnings of Modern Chemistry! h. Myself and many other Enlightenment thinkers are formulating ideas about how society and the economy works. i. Evolution. Maybe even life itself, including all the life-forms of today, is the product of understandable principles rather than divine magic. 12. If one defines the start of the Industrial Revolution as; The time when fossil fuels first began to be used for multiple industrial processes, roughly when did the Industrial Revolution start? a b c d e f If one defines the start of the Industrial Revolution as; The time when factories came into being, i.e. mass production using machines and all under one roof,, roughly when did the Industrial Revolution start? a b c d e f

3 14. In what two industries, and what two processes, did fossil fuels first (1709 and 1712) come to be used on a large scale? Industry (what s being made) Process 15. Draw a graph to indicate what happened to Output per capita and Population in Western Europe as the industrial revolution progressed? The first point is already on the graph. Indicate which the direction (up & left, straight right, straight down, etc.) the points will go after (about) Income capita 1760 Population 16. How might the Industrial Revolution have contributed to the class struggles of the late 1700 s and the 1800 s? a. Blah, blah, blah. b. Yakkity, yakkity, yak. c. Yaddi, yaddi yah. d. Bibbidy-Bobbidy-Boo. 17. (From lecture) What was the British Reform Bill of 1832? a. Blah, blah, blah. b. Yakkity, yakkity, yak. c. Yaddi, yaddi yah. d. Bibbidy-Bobbidy-Boo. 18. In what industry did factory production first become common? 3

4 19. Where (city and country) did factory production first become common? 20. Rank the following in the order they occurred (1 st to 11 th ). Would I put this exact question on an exam? No. You don t have to know every date and detail about the order in which innovations occurred. Still, it s good to have a rough idea of the order in which things occurred. Many inventions are made to spin and later weave thread using automated machines. The world s first factories arise. These factories produce textiles with a productivity several orders of magnitude (ex x) that of textile production by hand. Two new processes to mass produce steel cheaply are invented. The generation and use of electricity becomes practical. Thomas Newcomen invents the 1st practical steam engine ( atmospheric engine used to pump water out of mines). James Watt improves Newcommen s steam engine. Steam engines are now efficient enough to be practical for many applications. The practical steam turbine (gasoline and diesel) is invented. Practical internal combustion engines (gasoline and diesel) and automobiles are invented. Steampowered ships are introduced for both river transport and ocean transport. The first major steam-powered railway opens. Ships made of iron (later steel) and powered with a screw propeller are used. Abraham Darby uses (coked, i.e. cooked) coal to make iron and This one is very hard to assign a specific date or order to but I ll list it anyway. From about 1825 to 1900: Lots of industrial chemical processes are discovered and come into use. Examples include the making of soda ash for soap and other products, fertilizer, and dyes (for fabrics). 21. What does Luddite mean? Hint: Check out page 695 of the reading. 22. Where does the word Luddite come from? What is the origin of the word Luddite? Hint: Check out page 695 of the reading. 4

5 23. How common was female labor in European factories in the early 1800 s? Hint: Check out page 696 of the reading. a. With the exception of the iron and steel industries, and ship building, almost all ( 90% +) of the factory workers were female until about After 1870 the use of female labor in factories declined markedly. b. With the exception of the iron and steel industries, and ship building, roughly 1/3 to just over ½ of factory workers were female. These female workers were typically young, unmarried women. They were housed in Sorority houses. c. With the exception of the iron and steel industries, and ship building, roughly 1/3 to just over ½ of factory workers were female. These female workers were of all ages. 24. Which country was the first European country to implement a government funded program of poor relief? 25. What were the Combination Acts? Hint: Check out page 706 of the reading. 26. What was suggested, in lecture, as an explanation for # 27 above? 27. What social changes did Henri de Saint-Simon advocate? a. A class struggle in which the lower classes destroy the society made by the current upper classes. Private property should be eliminated. b. Keeping the lower classes firmly in their place. Deny them any public (i.e. government) assistance. Don t be afraid to use force when the lower classes threaten revolt. c. Do away with the old inherited and feudal aristocracy. Give more power to the working (or industrial ) classes but don t start a class war. Pass laws to improve working condition and use government to guarantee better lives for workers. 28. What name does Merriman (and others) assign to thinkers such as Henri de Saint Simon? 29. What social changes did Pierre-Joseph Proudhon advocate? a. A class struggle in which the lower classes destroy the society made by the current upper classes. Private property should be eliminated. b. Keeping the lower classes firmly in their place. Deny them any public (i.e. government) assistance. Don t be afraid to use force when the lower classes threaten revolt. c. Do away with the old inherited and feudal aristocracy. Give more power to the working (or industrial ) classes but don t start a class war. Pass laws to improve working condition and use government to guarantee better lives for workers. 30. Which workers does the reading describe as more militant than the other group? a. British workers b. French and German workers 5

6 31. Which society was, in lecture, described as more inclined to adopt socialist/communist thinking than the other group? a. European workers b. American (U.S.A) workers 32. and Which two regions below were the first to industrialize (i.e. have factories and heavy industry?) 6

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