industrial revolution notes.notebook January 31, 2018 FACTORY SYSTEM

Transcription

1 FACTORY SYSTEM * Work and Training Easier * Women and Children are cheaper * Experienced men lose jobs * Wage system is opposite of old domestic system Paid for hour vs completed job or season Workers now own nothing (tools, buildings, etc.) Men paid at least 2x more than women and children Little chance for advancement * Lives of factory workers are controlled by rules, set schedules, p punishments, no safety and abuse * Factory Act of 1833 allowed inspection of child labor law (rarely enforced) * Tenements crappy apartment buildings where most workers lived * Middle Class bankers, lawyers, manufacturers, merchants, engineers, doctors, professors and factory management * Middle Class have larger homes, nicer clothes, ate well, had servants, kids went to good schools and participated in gov't * Women poor still domestic service or factory work Middle class education, SAHM, nurses, secretaries, teachers, telephone operators. 1

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3 NEW BUSINESS METHODS & ORGANIZATIONS * Capitalism Individuals not government controls the FACTORS of Production * Commercial Capitalism buy and sell goods * Industrial Capitalism producing and manufacturing goods * Division of Labor and Interchangeable Parts * Each person does one simple job, so more is produced in a shorter amount of time. Lower production cost = Increased Profit * Eli Whitney creates a musket that has interchangeable parts, or parts that could be replaced cheaply, quickly and easily. (Previously this would be hand created by skilled worker) * Assembly Line * Henry Ford used conveyor belt to achieve mass production (large numbers of identical items) * Reduced Production cost = Lower Prices = More people had more = increase in standard of living * Rise of Corporations * Think stock market. You could buy a share of a company and share the risk or success with other investors. * JP Morgan US Steel Co one of the first multi Billion dollar corps. * Big Corporations could create monopolies by controlling the sales of a single good * Big Corporations sometimes created Cartels, where they not only control the sales of the good, but the entire industry. * Business Cycles * The pattern of prosperity and decline (can lead to depression when extreme lows occur, but always recovers) 3

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5 Living and Working Conditions * Economic Theories * Physiocrats natural laws should govern economic life * Adam Smith wrote... The Wealth of Nations in 1776 about the creation of wealth * Laws of Economics * Law of Supply and Demand * Competition * Free Enterprise Business should do what they choose for the greatest advantage (profit for investors, laborers good jobs, consumers better products, better prices) * Malthus and Ricardo * Thomas Malthus Wrote a book that said population increase presents the greatest obstacle to human progress. Population is growing too fast, so famine and poverty are inevitable. * David Ricardo working class poverty is inevitable. Supply and demand determines wages. As population grows, the wages go down (Iron Law of Wages) * Economics becomes known as "Dismal Science" * Laissez faire Let it be/leave things alone. Let business do what they want without regulation. * Reformers Arise * Humanitarians people who work to improve the conditions of others * Charles Dickens used novels to attack greedy employers * Need laws to regulate work hours * Jeremy Bentham Utilitarianism laws are useful if good for most people (education, reform justice and prisons) * John Stuart Mill gov't should work for its citizens. (education, protect children, improve housing, improve work conditions, full democracy and equality for all) 5

6 Socialism * In the IR a few people became enormously rich, most remained poor * UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH * Too much inequality led to people getting frustrated and looking for solutions * Call for Socialism system where gov't owns all factors of production and distribute and operate to benefit ALL people (rich or poor) No Profit. * Utopian Socialist People can live peacefully and work in cooperative settlements where everyone works for the common good. Everyone shares. (Based on Thomas More's Utopia) * Robert Owen Quit school at 10, 19 yo manager of large cotton mill then a spinning mill. * Built homes, schools and stores for his workers, encouraged them to create unions and not be dependent upon the employers. * Karl Marx (and Engels) * Believed Utopian Socialism was impractical. The entire capitalist system must be destroyed. * Wrote "Communist Manifesto" about class struggle and fight between haves and have nots. Eventually the Proletariat (working class) would rise up and take over for a classless or pure communist society contribute what you can, take what you need. (Russia) * Workers need unions * Variations * Marx Socialist Often believed violent revolution was necessary to get rid of Capitalism. Called Authoritarian Socialism or Communism * Democratic Socialist More moderate and believed change would happen through education and democratic reforms. 6

7 Advances in Technology and Communications * Electricity Manufacturers were searching for newer sources of power * Michael Faraday Electricity is a form, force that passed from one particle to another. Magnetism can move it through a coil. * Created the "DYNAMO" the first electric generator which could store energy to use at any time. * Stored energy could be used to run machines at any time * Thomas Edison Light bulb * Electrical industry quickly grew and electric replaces steam * Entire cities begin to use electricity. * Communications * Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell and Marconi) * Internal Combustion Engine * Automobiles US Henry Ford (Model T) * Airplanes Aerodynamics The Wright Brothers 7

8 Science and Medicine * Cell Theory in Biology * Biological Sciences Study of living organisms * Physical Sciences Study of non living matter (astronomy, geology, physics, chemistry) * Schleiden and Swann Cell theory all cells divide and multiply and make all living things. * Virchon all cells come from older cells * Evolution and Genetics * Lamark inheritance (disproved) * Charles Darwin book On the Origin of Species, no two living things are exactly alike, survival of the fittest * Genetics Mendel study of inborn characteristics of plants and animals and how things are inherited and passed to descendents. * Fight Disease * Until 1800's ~50% die before 5 yo due to disease * Smallpox Vaccine Jenner * Bacteria Pasteur realized you could boil things to kill bacteria Pasteurization * Advancements in Surgery and other areas * Old surgery was last resort and often ended in death. (given alcohol or tied down, sometimes Opium) * 1840's begin Using Chloroform as anesthetic and could do longer surgery * Lister created antiseptics to kill bacteria in surgery * Alexander Fleming Penicillin * The atom and its structure * Universe is made up of atoms, * Mendeleyev Periodic Table * Rontgen Structure of atom XRAY * Pierre and Marie Curie Radioactivity and energy. nucleus * Planck and Einstein Quantum Physics, energy and theory of relativity 8

9 Social Sciences Branches of science that scientifically study people as members of society * Economics study of why and how people spend money * History focus on nationalism and glories of native countries * Political Science study law and politics * Archaeology Study of human culture through artifacts * Anthropology study of different societies, both past and present to explore similarities and attitudes. (EB Taylor, James Frazer) * Sociology Study of human relationships (Comte, Spencer survival of the fittest, Social Darwinism) *Psychology Study of the human mind and behavior,(pavlov dog, Freud Psychoanalysis and unconscious mind (Psychiatry treat mental illness)) 9

10 Society and Culture in the Industrial Age * Emigration Improvements in medicine, sanitation, and food distribution led to people moving across national boundaries to foreign lands. * million people left Europe for USA (fled oppression and discrimination * Growth of Cities cities offered more jobs. First time Urban larger than rural. * Sanitation and Public Order iron pipes, flushable toilets, running water, sewer systems, paved streets, street lights, laws, better heating and construction * Jane Addams social services (help kids learn American customs, adults get jobs and learn English) * Police Officers Sir Robert Peel led the English police, his officers become known as "Bobbies" Direct traffic, and protect the lives and property of city folk * Development of Suburbs residential areas outside of cities, less noisy, less crowded and near railways. * Mostly middle class could afford to live outside of town and have transportation * Improvements to diet and food storage refrigeration and pasteurization * Growth of Public Education * Resistance due to fear of increased taxes *Factories, military and government support to protect kids and make better workforce and citizens * Education for women all elementary, middle class could go on to college, but mostly taught language, literature and home ec (not science) * Leisure and Culture Activities * Sports Football (soccer) American Football, Rugby, Baseball, Bicycling * Concert Halls, Museums, Libraries (paid for by Andrew Carnegie) * Parks urban planning 10

11 Literature Music Art Architecture * Romanticism appeal to imagination and spirit of individuality Show life as it should be * Sir Walter Scott Knights * Grimm Brothers Fairy Tales * James Finnimore Cooper Western Adventures * Washington Irving Legend of Sleepy Hollow * Romantic Music, Painting and Architecture * Beethoven Tchaikovsky, Wagner * Gothic Style Architecture * Photography Daguerreotype * capture war, landscapes of national parks, beauty * Realism Everyday life and Social Settings * Flaubert Madame Bovary (life of ordinary woman) * Tolstoy War and Peace * Regionalism focus on one area of US geography * Mark Twain Mississippi River * Naturalists focus on unpleasant and ugly parts of life * Charles Dickens poverty in cities * Art Impressionists vivid impressions of people and places focus on light and color * Monet, Manet, Renoir, Degas, Cezanne, Van Gogh, Matisse Rodin unpolished sculpture 11