Chapter 16 Section 1: Railroads Lead the Way

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1 Chapter 16 Section 1: Railroads Lead the Way Railroads spur the economy standard gauge consolidation railroad barons time zones US8.12 Students analyze the transformation of the American economy and the changing social and political conditions in the United States in response to the Industrial Revolution Railroads helped the economy by creating new links between producers and consumers, stimulating the steel industry, and providing work for thousands of people. This is the uniform width of 4 feet, 8.5 inches for railroad tracks. Almost all companies adopted the standard gauge during the late 1880s. It allowed for faster shipment of goods at a reduced costs. The expansion of railroad systems was accompanied by consolidation. Consolidation is the practice of combining separate companies. Large companies expand by buying smaller companies or driving them out of business. This made the large companies more efficient. These were a few powerful individuals who controlled rail traffic. They were aggressive and competitive and their methods were highly questionable. Nevertheless, they played an important part in building the nation s transportation system. These were developed in order to coordinate train schedules and make rail service safer and more reliable. In 1883 the American Railway

2 George Pullman pools Section 2: Inventions Association agreed to use four time zones for the continental United States: Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. He developed a luxury sleeping car for overnight rail journeys. He also introduced improved dining cars, raising train travel to a new comfort level. This was a secret agreement among railroad barons that eliminated competition. Alexander Graham Bell He invented the telephone. It revolutionized communications even more than Morse s telegraph. George Eastman He invented a small box camera the Kodak that made it easier and less costly to take photographs

3 Thomas Edison inventions Henry Ford assembly line Section 3: The Age of Business He invented the phonograph, the motion picture projector, the telephone transmitter, storage batteries, and designed power plants. His most important invention was the light bulb. Many new inventions helped business operate more efficiently. Among these were the typewriter and the adding machine. He wanted to build an inexpensive car that would last a lifetime. In 1903 he began designing cars at his own company. In 1908, Ford introduced the Model T to the public. This car was popular because it was inexpensive, easy to fix, and could handle rough roadways. Pioneered by Henry Ford, the assembly line allowed mass production of goods in a less expensive way. The assembly line revolutionized industry. It helped decrease manufacturing costs so products could be sold more cheaply.

4 capital corporation horizontal integration Standard Oil Company of Ohio monopoly Pittsburgh philanthropy Charles Darwin Section 4: Industrial Workers This is money used for investment in industry A corporation is a company that sells stock, or shares, of its business to the public to raise capital. This involves combining two or more firms producing the same kind of product. It was very successful because it generally eliminated any kind of competition. This company was organized by John Rockefeller in This company grew in wealth and power, becoming the most famous corporate empire of the day. This is total control by a single producer. In the 1870s large steel mills were built close to sources of iron ore in western Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania became the leading producer of steel in the U.S. The use of money to benefit a community. Many industrial millionaires who grew interested in this idea founded schools, universities, and other civic institutions. A British scientist that created the theory of natural selection. Later thinker applied Darwin s biological theory to human society and business. Some industrial leaders argued that survival of the fittest helped explain the growth of huge companies. child labor Industries often hired children. In the 1900s,

5 labor unions Noble and Holy Order Knights of Labor strikes thousands of children under the age of 16 worked in factories and in agriculture. In the late 1800s, few protections for workers existed so workers organized to demand better pay and working conditions from their employers. In 1869 garment cutters in Philadelphia founded this union. It was formed to protect workers rights. They met secretly under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly. It became a national labor organization in the 1880s. They recruited people who had been kept out of trade unions, including women, African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled laborers Economic depressions in the 1870s led companies to fire workers and lower wages. Unions responded with large strikes.

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