2.1 The Industrial Revolution

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2 2.1 The Industrial Revolution Students will: Know, understand and be able to explain the new ideas and innovations which led to the Industrial Revolution Analyze elements of social change/conflict during the Industrial period Understand, and be able to explain, how governments and workers responded to issues of industrialization Comprehend the economic conditions which led to industrialization and furthered its development.

3 The Industrial Revolution ( ) A period intense and rapid technological advancements Brought permanent social and economic changes England was the first and fastest nation to industrialize

4 Why England? 1. An Agrarian Revolution 2. Population growth 3. Investment Capital 4. Natural Resources 5. Colonial Empire

5 Agrarian Revolution Scientific revolution brought better understanding of agriculture Eg; Crop Rotation Farming Inventions Seed drill Expansion of farmlands Periods of good weather New crops (potato)

6 Population Growth/Shift Increased food supply led to increase in population Enclosure movement landowners evicted families from common lands People moved to cities in large numbers, labour supply increased

7 Investment Capital The Capitalist economic ideas of Adam Smith were prominent Laissez-faire market economy allowed business to operate free from government control Entrepreneurs had money to invest in business ventures

8 Natural Resources Many rivers for power/transportation Abundance of coal and iron ore, essential for manufacturing Many natural harbours for shipping

9 Colonial Empire England s colonies were essential to industrialization 1. They were the source of many raw materials 2. They provided markets to export finished goods The British Empire in 1750

10 Invention & Innovation and the Industrial Revolution Research and Report on the following 1. Flying Shuttle 2. Spinning Jenny 3. Water Frame 4. Steam Engine (James Watt) 5. Iron & Steel manufacturing Specifically take note of: What the invention could do What impact it had on society Who invented it When it was invented

11 Industrialization Quiz 1. What was the first country in Europe to industrialize? 2. What is one aspect of the Agrarian revolution that led to industrialization 3. Name a natural resource that was important as a raw material for industrialization 4. What economic system made industrialization possible? 5. The flying shuttle, spinning jenny and power loom all worked to faster produce what kind of products?

12 Flying Shuttle 1733 John Kay Allowed weaving looms to be operated a faster pace Doubled worker productivity Increased demand for thread/yarn, which could not be met, until

13 Spinning Jenny 1766 James Hargreaves Was able to spin cotton fibre into thread at a faster rate Threads were considerably weak

14 Water Frame 1767 Richard Awkwright Water-powered spinning device Faster than previous methods, with stronger thread

15 Steam Engine James Watt Developed from Used a coal fired boiler to create steam and crank a piston Steam engines were used to run factory machines of all types and in many vehicles including trains

16 Iron & Steel Manufacturing 1856 Henry Bessemer Introduced process for massproducing steel Iron ore was smelted, then oxygen used to remove impurities

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18 Decline of Cottage Industry Many farmers in their countryside home also produced textiles goods in their spare time Cottage Industry These were time consuming to make, but could be sold at a high price New inventions made it quicker and easier to produce cloth and fabric Inventions? Mass production kills the cottage industry

19 The Luddites A group of English textiles workers led by Ned Ludd Destroyed the weaving machines that were taking their jobs. luddite - one whom opposes new technologies

20 What characterized factory work? Low wages Dangerous working conditions Long Hours No benefits/insurance Child Labour

21 Adam Smith ( ) Scottish economist & philosopher Wrote The Wealth of Nations Advocated for free-markets and laissezfaire economics Described The Invisible Hand

22 Karl Marx ( ) German philosopher & economist Wrote The Communist Manifesto in which he described society being made up of two classes Proletariat labour force Bourgeoisie Elite factory owners Believed the workers (proletariat) were enslaved and cheated by the wealthy elites (bourgeoisie) Predicted class warfare which would result in communism

23 Is this a fair representation? To whom might the cartoon be sympathetic? What might you say the cartoon fails to acknowledge?

24 The rise of labour unions The labour movement began with the realization that workers had more power collectively. By forming and joining Labour Unions employees could place greater demands on their employers, with the threat of strike action if demands were not met. Unions have been effective based on their strength and size and the availibity of outside labour (Scabs). In some cases employers hired strikebreakers to use threats and violence to intimidate strikers and force people back to work.

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26 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Written by John Peters Humphrey of Hampton, NB and Eleanor Roosevelt, first lady of the US There are 30 articles What do they say? What events influenced their creation?

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32 The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Triangular trade What is going where?

33 Triangular Trade England Imports: Cotton, Tobacco, Rum, Sugar, Molasses Exports: Finished goods (textiles, metal goods) African Colonies Imports: Finished goods (textiles, metal goods) Exports: Slaves American/Caribbean Colonies Imports: Slaves Exports: Cotton, Tobacco, Rum, Sugar, Molasses

34 Origins of the Slave Trade Trade The act of importing and exporting goods to/from a nation Mercantilism Nations amassing wealth by exporting more goods than they import Raw Materials Natural resources used to make finished goods (cotton clothing) Colonialism Empire establishing colonies in other parts of the world for the purpose of 1) extracting natural resources/raw materials for trade and 2) Creating markets for export

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36 What do these images tell us about slavery?

37 Auction Advertisement

38 Abolitionism The movement to end slavery Became prominent in England Caused great division in the US Josiah Wedgewood

39 Aunt Jemima - Misrepresentation The stereotypical character trope of mammy was used by the Quaker Oats company for marketing Depicted the happy slave

40 Gordon Escaped Slave 1863 Gordon was found by Union Army soldiers in Louisiana Photographed and used to inspire abolitionist feelings and recruit soldiers for the Union Army

41 Abolishment of Slavery 1833 England Slave trade ended All slaves in England and colonies given their freedom Slave owners compensated by Government US Civil War fought over the issue of states rights Emancipation Proclamation, executive order by Abraham Lincoln gave slaves their freedom Southern States proclaimed independence, fought for it and lost

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43 Historical Thinking Perspective taking What would it have been like? Continuity & Change What is the difference between change and progress? Cause & Consequence What actions, beliefs, and circumstances are responsible for major changes in society? Understanding Ethical Dimensions what responsibilities do historical crimes and sacrifices impose upon us today?

44 The Impact of Industrialism Assignment 2 page MLA format research paper on one of the following topics Due Monday, March 26 th 1. Explain the evolution of worker s rights, and the implications of these rights, for workers at the time of industrialization and now Choose a specific issue, (e.g. child labour) conduct research and compare how the issue was handled in the 19 th century compared with now. 2. Compare and contrast one aspect of the Industrial period with a modern, evolving industrialized society (e.g. Fort McMurray in 2012 vs London in 1852) 3. What ethical issues continue to be linked to industrialization? How should a modern, progressive society deal with these?