The Industrial Revolution

Transcription

1 The Industrial Revolution

2 Do Now 01/29/19 Take a few minutes to look at the pictures and analyze the terms that may be associated with them using the Industrial Revolution Vocabulary Opener

3 Welcome to the Industrial Revolution Big Ideas: 1. What conditions and developments contributed to Great Britain starting the Industrial Revolution? 2. What new technology was created by or because of the Industrial Revolution? 3. How did the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the rest of Europe and the United States? 4. What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on urban life, social classes, family life and standards of living? 5. Because of the earlier working conditions, what efforts were made to improve them? How did that affect economies and countries?

4 Essential Question What push/pull factors cause people to move?

5 Overview - The Beginning The first industry to see a big change was the textile industry around 1790 Textiles goods dealing with cloth or clothing Textile factories began using steam engine machines This led to textiles being produced quickly and cheaply in factories More people began to move to cities because factories were there This movement from country to city is urbanization Before this, most people lived on rural farms (farmers produced enough for family) Now, goods were being made for capital gain, not just survival

6 The Agricultural Revolution Revolution = CHANGE

7 WITH FEUDALISM AND MANORS, COMMUNAL LAND

8 FIELDS AFTER ENCLOSURE, SEPARATION OF LAND

9 Need for Development Between 1500 and the 1750s several developments allowed farmers in England to begin producing much more food per acre of land than had been possible before: Parliament - introducing laws making the ownership of land more secure and allowing farmers to group all their fields together. New farming techniques and crops that made soil more fertile and sustainable year round Better storage technology allowing harvested crops to last longer. The spreading of new agricultural and scientific knowledge thanks to improvements in printing.

10 Results of Developments Population of England began to increase rapidly from just 2.5 million people in 1551 to almost 6 million by Existing technology couldn t meet the higher demand for goods due to demographic change + fall in the cost of food Inventors used improved scientific knowledge to produce materials and goods much faster and cheaper than before.

11 Iron Plow New farming Techniques Throughout the early 1700s new technologies helped improve farming and increased food production Iron Plow Seed Drill The wooden plow was useful in the sandy Mediterranean soil where it was invented, but did not work well in the dense wet soil of Europe. The Iron plow was heavy and strong enough to easily break Europe s soil. Jethro Tull created a seed drill to plant seeds in straight lines. These crops could be weeded easily. Turnip Townshend Instead of leaving fields fallow, Townshend urged farmers to plant turnips, which restored exhausted soil.

12 Estimated population statistics: Britain in 1700: 5 million Britain in 1800: 9 million Population Explosion More food=bigger population Almost Double!!

13 The Industrial Revolution Revolution = CHANGE

14 Industrial Revolution The Industrial It begins Revolution in Great Britain is the name because given to the massive social, economic and they have plenty of natural resources technological change in 18 th and 19 th century (like Coal) and many natural Great Britain. waterways It commenced with the introduction of steam power, fueled primarily by coal.

15 Industrial Change The Industrial revolution refers to the shift from simple hand tools to complex machines AND from human & animal power to steam power.

16 Before People live and work in small farming villages During People move from farming villages to new city centers based on industry- urbanization After Cities become overcrowded with working families

17 Why did Industrialization Start in England ENGLAND HAD THE FOLLOWING: Colonial Empire: Colonies supplied Britain with raw materials & served as markets for finished goods (mercantilism). Capital: wealthy merchants had money to invest. Geography Island good access for trade Irregular coastlines great for harbor/ports Mild temperatures (trade all year)

18 Why did Industrialization Start in England Large Labor Supply: Human Resources population explosion machines replaced farmers Natural Resources: Coal & iron ore (abundant supply) New Technology: Textiles, Transportation, & Communication Stable government Economy

19 Causes of Industrialization 1. Availability of natural resources for fuel (coal) 2. Capital (surplus money to invest) 3. Technological inventions and energy

20 Capital Capital (money for investing) allowed for new inventions: Steam Engine- powered machines without needing to be next to a moving water source. Heats water by burning coal. Spinning Jenny- Quickly produces thread.

21 YouTube: Crash Course History of Science - Do Now 01/30/19 Close your eyes and really think about this question. It can be tricky, and you can t say your phone/ipad/computer/gaming system. (Take the whole 3 minutes to quietly reflect) What is one piece of technology you can t bear to live without?

22 Transportation Systems Inventions allowed for the production of large quantities of product but transportation was slow. Turnpikes- private roads that charged $$ to transport on. named after medieval revolving devices with sharp pikes on them to keep people from using certain roads private road in 18 th century had gates and guards and you had to pay a toll to use them. Steamships- ships powered with steam could move faster and reliably without wind. Railroads- steam powered locomotives could carry large loads quickly across long distances. The first major line laid in Within 40 years lines crossed Europe and America. Canals - British began to widen rivers and cut canals to allow for more trade. Then, In 1825, the Erie Canal was built

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25 7 of the Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution 1. The steam engine 1765; used in factories machines; later for steamships and trains 2. Cotton gin ; picked out sharp cotton seeds 3. Railroads 1812; faster movement of goods and people 4. Telegraph 1844; long distance communication 5. Steel 1858; much lighter than iron but just as strong; skyscrapers now possible (Bessemer process) 6. Telephone 1876: improved communication 7. The light bulb 1880s; lanterns and candles no longer necessary

26 Samuel Slater - Father of the American Factory System Built first US textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories. Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry. Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill of its day

27 The Lowell Mills Francis C Lowell came to the US to build British factories & met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody Together they improved the mill and invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing

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30 Technology and the Textile Industry Before, cloth was made by the domestic system, in which hand-powered spinning wheels and looms were used in workers cottages. In 1733, John Kay, British, invented the flying shuttle which cut in half the time needed to weave cloth. In 1764, James Hargreaves, a British carpenter, invented the spinning jenny, making it possible for one person to spin many threads at the same time.

31 Technology and the Textile Industry Scottish mechanic James Watt, perfected the steam engine, and steam replaced water as the major source of power. American inventors Eli Whitney and Catherine Littlefield Greene, invented the cotton gin British inventor Henry Bessemer, found a cheap way of removing the impurities from iron to make steel, which was harder and stronger than iron. About five years later, Whitney developed the system of interchangeable parts. Late 1700s - Oliver Evans is the first to use automation Samuel Colt improves Bessemer s idea and creates the assembly line Frenchman Pierre-Emile Martin and Englishman William Siemens invented the open-hearth process (cheaper way of producing steel

32 Use your imagination! Activity - Create A New Invention Ok, your turn. Elon Musk (you know...because I like Tesla and the Space X program) is coming to TCEA tomorrow to invest in the next great invention. You have a fabulous idea! You just have to put the final pieces together. Invention Checklist : 1. Illustrate or describe in detail what it looks like? 2. What would it do? 3. How would you build it? 4. What industry does it help or belong in? 5. How much will it cost to produce? 6. Is it easy for someone else to reproduce before you get a patent? 7. How would it make you money? Would it? 8. What are the benefits? Risks? 9. Do you sell it directly to consumers or to a business? 10. Will it have the potential to HELP or DESTROY the world!?

33 Effects of Industrialization 1)Urbanization and a general rise in the standard of living 2)Loss of Traditional way of Life 3)New Economic Systems 4)Doomsayers 1:53

34 1. Urbanization Movement of people to cities to find work. What do you already know about the conditions in these factories and cities? Child Labor Dark, unsafe factories Long hours and little pay Poor living conditions

35 Do Now 01/31/19

36 NOW COMPARE THIS ONE

37 Process before the Industrial Revolution FIRST Cotton was sent to farm families who would spin cotton into thread. NEXT Thread was sent to artisans to dye and weave into cloth THEN Dyed cloth was sent to small factories to create garments What is wrong with this process? Too slow and too expensive. Only small quantities could be produced keeping cost high

38 Origin of Textile Factory Workers New inventions were bought by rich capitalists. The machines turned out cheaper and better products than the farm workers. Thus the workers become disposable.

39 Jobs and Wages Samuel Courtauld built a silk mill in 1825 in Halstead, Essex (South East England). Before the Industrial Revolution, Halstead was an agricultural community with a cottage industry producing woolen cloth. In Halstead, as elsewhere in England, unemployment among depressed farming households and former wool workers forced people to find work outside the home. Because their labor was cheap, women more than men were recruited into the textile factories that sprang up all over Britain in the 19th century. This is a chart of the Courtauld workforce in The wages are in British schillings. Source:

40 Jobs and Wages (cont d) Source: ldhistory.com/textile.html

41 The Assembly Line Labor = work Even with machines, factories still needed labor forces or workforce Inventors developed a way to use machines and humans together - the assembly line Jobs no longer required specialized skills People given certain jobs to perform over and over again - boring It was a step by step process; one person couldn t begin until another one finished New method greatly increased production Due to automation, assembly lines are not AS common, but still used

42 Activity You will take part in two separate activities to learn the link between The Industrial Revolution, Factories, Workers and Assembly Lines. This will be a friendly competition. You will be placed into teams to complete two different jobs. One will focus on interchangeable parts and the other on the assembly line as a whole. 1. Happy Face Assembly Line Activity 2. Snack Mix Assembly Line activity

43 Do Now 02/01/19 Who s Ready to Play Industrial Revolution Game of Extremes?!?! IR Game of Extremes

44 2. Loss of Traditional Way of life The customs and traditions of the farms and past are replaced by the new city ways. Traditional ways are blended or lost as a result

45 How did the Industrial Revolution affect the workers? Effects on the Worker Push for change! Working Conditions Worker s wanting to be heard

46 Women and the Industrial Revolution 1850: 10% of white women were working for pay outside home Large majority of working women were single Left paying jobs once married Idea of Cult of domesticity develops New concept of the perfect women: homemaker Jobs outside of the home empowered married women Increased power & independence of women in the home usually led to a decline in family size

47 Effects on Workers - Living Conditions 1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10 Some factory workers lived in workhouses in which they were locked in for the night and then carts came in to get them in the morning. They would come back very late. Parents spent very little time with their children as they were all working

48 More Effects on Workers Factory workers were in much worse shape physically than the middle class They were exposed to all types of disease, and death rates in industrial cities were very high. In many poor areas, only 1 out of 3 children lived past their first birthday due to disease and unsanitary conditions. Due to poor living and working conditions, workers began to fight against these conditions taking their complaints to the companies and to the government

49 Activity 1. In small groups, read Barilla Taylor (15yo): Letters from a Factory Girl 2. Individually, answer the questions after Taylor s letter 3. Create your own Journal Entry - key items a. Imagine you are living during the Industrial Revolution and you are forced to work in a factory (around 1880 in US) b. Write about your life in a 2-3 paragraph journal entry - use a relatable date c. What is your life like? What do you do at work? Do you make a lot of money? What do you do when you re not working? Friends? Where do you live and what is it like? d. Have good grammar, spelling, and capitalization

50 Do Now 02/05/19 Directions: Examine closely the images under the headings Leisure, Clothing, Childhood (work and play), and Living Conditions. Discuss the questions under each section heading as a group. Using the storyboard chart, write a short description of what you see in the images. Place your description under the appropriate column: either working class or middle class. Use the questions below to help you think about your descriptions. 1. How do these images help tell the story of living during the Industrial Revolution? 2. In what way is this story different from the world you live in? 3. In what way is the story similar? Save your descriptions to use in the post-activity assignment.

51 Do Now 02/06/19 Complete the Industrial Revolution Economic mini-dbq chart you received at the door.

52 Do Now 02/07/19 Using the first page of the packet you received at the door, answer the following questions: 1. What is the difference between a reform movement and a revolutionary movement 2. Make some predictions about the types of reform movements that may come out of the Industrial Revolution

53 Why? How could music be a source of inspiration? Laura Griffing s words call for an immediate Strike, strike, the workers anvil. For the cause of labor. Strike for your homes and freedom. Strike for each friend and neighbor. Everyone. For the cause and reform laws. Now demand complete protection. Continue reading her lyrics. What could be the purpose? Do you think something like a song can inspire or unite people?

54 How did the Industrial Revolution affect the cities? Push for change! Effect on the Cities The middle class makes demands for voting rights and educational opportunities Urbanization - positive and negatives Women want equal rights as men since they are working outside the home now.

55 URBANIZATION

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57 TOWN OF MANCHESTER, ENGLAND AROUND 1770

58 TOWN OF MANCHESTER, ENGLAND AROUND 1880 (red square is the slide from before!)

59 Effects on Cities - Living Conditions An apartment building where poor people live Often families of 8 or 9 lived in a single room of just 7sq ft! Housing was filthy and unsanitary Many orphans lived in the streets Due to rapid urbanization, cities grew too fast to support the number of people coming in.

60 Continued Effects on Cities Air pollution- air was polluted from coal-fired furnaces. It caused smog to hang over cities and soot caused lung disease for those in the towns. Water Pollution- Open sewers filled with human and animal waste were in large cities making drinking water unclean River Thames in London became so polluted one summer that it made the city stink so bad it was called the Great Stink Results: unsanitary living conditions, traffic on roadways, overcrowding in housing

61 Worker Reforms In order to protest companies, workers began to organize and form trade unions an organization set up to improve the working conditions of its members Individuals would be fired if they spoke out against companies, but there is strength in numbers and workers in all types of industries from textile to coal miners began to organize Unions bargained with employers for better/shorter hours, higher pay, and better working conditions

62 More on Worker Reforms Company owners still possessed all the wealth so how could trade unions make a difference? If collective bargaining failed, workers could go on strikework stoppage by a group of employees with the objective of gaining better wages or working conditions Strikes would stop factories immediately, employers would lose potentially millions of dollars Strikes meant that workers weren t making money but put pressures on the employers By 1871, strikes were legal in Great Britain and elsewhereunions could fight for better conditions in all industries

63 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911 Workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist complained about awful working conditions and long hours Owners Max Blanck and Isaac Harris would not listen to workers complaints 146 workers, mostly immigrant women, died when a fire broke out in the factory at 4:45pm The factory was overcrowded/dirty resulting in panic when the fire broke out. Workers were unable to escape due to poor architectural design, and because the doors were locked to keep workers in and labor organizers out Resulted in new fire safety codes, and sparked a new conversation about industrial labor in America

64 Start of Government Reforms Parliament in England in the 1830s and 1840s began to pass laws to protect workers. Some laws required owners to put up fencing around machines and keep factories cleaner 1. Factory Act (1833)- Children under age 9 couldn t work in a textile mill, and children 9-13 could only work 8 hours a day. They had to go to school for 3 hours/day 2. Mines Act (1842)- girls and boys under age 10 couldn t work in mines 3. Ten Hour Bill (1847)- stated that women and children in any industry in Great Britain could only work a maximum of 10 hours/day

65 Pleas for Child Labor Reform This newspaper ad is marked Child Labor. Would it get attention from both sides? Why do you think they mention wanting private money to get politics out of the conversation?

66 3. New Economic Systems Shift from a traditional economic system based on bartering and trade to mostly money based exchanges. -Capitalism -Communism

67 Basic Belief with Industrialization Laissez Faire (lehs-ay-fair) Economic policy of letting owners of industry to set working conditions without interference of government. Term is French for let do Basically saying...leave business alone! From the Enlightenment: Government puts burden on business and interferes with businesses profits

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69 Capitalism Wealthy people (entrepreneurs) and companies will invest money, capital, into factories Entrepreneurs believed they would make money off of the growing demand. The idea is it takes money to make money

70 Adam Smith and Capitalism Wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776) Defended a Free Economy Liberty guaranteed economic ($) progress Created 3 Natural Laws of Economics Law of Self-Interest Law of Competition Law of Supply and Demand

71 Capitalist Cycle Capitalism Growing Demand Investors buy machines to produce large quantities Supply increases, prices fall Lower prices fuel more demand

72 Capitalist Problems Capitalist systems tend to push for Laissez Faire, or non-regulation by the government. Such systems, however, allow businesses to exploit the workers, as they place profits above all else. As such, workers are forced to work long hours for low wages, in unsafe conditions. Eventually, the workers unite in unions and vote for new politicians to force changes. We call these times of reform, the Progressive Era.

73 Socialism Founder - Charles Fourier Saint-Simon Definition - Factors of production are owned by the government Goal End poverty and promote equality Plan your community vs. Freedom of choice

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75 Communism Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto predicted that the workers would overthrow the capitalists (private owners making $$) Communism - political system that supports extreme socialism anti-capitalism Classless society wealth and power shared by all State would eventually wither away pure communism

76 Haves and Have-nots Bourgeoisie: they own the means of production and control society The Entrepreneurs and investors The bosses Haves Have-nots Proletariat: they own nothing and work for the bourgeoisie The workers The proletariats will struggle against the bosses

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78 Stages of Communism According to Marx, history has been the story of the struggle between the workers and bosses. 1) Capital 2) Factories are built 3) Factories need workers 4) Conflict 5) Communism

79 #1 Capital Remember one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution is capital, or surplus money used for investment.

80 #2 Build Factories

81 #3 Factories need Workers

82 #4 Conflict Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie

83 #5 Communist Revolution Karl Marx: Father of Communism The proletariat will rise above the bourgeoisie and set up a communist society: class less and shared property.

84 Communism Wrote theory in the book Communist Manifesto Theory: Have s Bourgeoisies (Oppressor) Have Not s - Proletariats (Oppressed) Proletariats (workers) will always overthrow the Bourgeoisies (middle class, business owners) and then they become the new bourgeoisies. Communism is the final phase of Marxism - created by Karl Marx and friend Frederick Engles

85 4. Doomsayers Some saw the new industrialization as a negative for society. Thomas Malthus believed the growing population would outgrow the food supply. Poverty and misery are unavoidable because population is increasing faster then the food supply David Ricardo felt there was no hope for the working class to escape poverty unless they limit their family sizes. He created the Iron Law of Wages.

86 Iron Law of Wages High wages to appeal to the few available workers Families have more children Wages start to fall because kids are working. Increasing the labor force

87 Capitalist Cycle

88 3 Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution Growth of cities - urbanization - brings new ideas and mixture of culture. 4 Less effort on humans, since machines made easier and less tiring Goods produced cheaper and faster than before. Increase in improved and efficient transportation, like railroads (to move goods) Most products were cheaper to buy (supply & demand)

89 1. Long hours and low pay (anyone could do the job) 2. Dangerous and poor working conditions Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution 3. Children often worked in factories for their family 4. Bad living conditions in cities small apartments 5. There were usually no sewer systems or trash collection 6. More air pollution from factories 7. Led to more diseases because of this poor sanitation

90 3 Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution Children often worked in factories for their family Long hours and low pay Dangerous and poor working conditions

91 DBQ intro Industrial Revolution: What does Industry mean: What does Revolution mean: What was the Industrial Revolution? When writing an intro, you should always include a definition of the theme or topic: The Industrial Revolution began in Europe in the 18 th and 19 th Centuries. This revolution was a time period of change in the way we produce our goods, transitioning from slowly hand made products to mass produced goods using machines. While we still produce using machines, the industrial revolution itself caused many positives and negatives as Britain changed.