Technological Change

Transcription

1

2 E. Ciciotti. N. Alderman A. Thwaites (Eds.) Technological Change in a Spatial Context Theory, Empirical Evidence and Policy With 36 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona

3 Prof. Dr. Enrico Ciciotti Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Economics University of Venice Ca'Tron - S. Croce U5 - Venice, Italy Dr. Neil Alderman Alfred Thwaites Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies University of Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, u.k. ISBN-13 : e-isbn-13 : DOl: / This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication ofthis publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions ofthe German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use

4 PREFACE This book represents a selection of contributions to the Regional Science Association, European Summer Institute, held at Arco, Lake of Garda, Italy, from 17th to 23rd July 1988 on the theme of 'Theories and policies of technological development at the local level'. As such it forms a complementary volume to the collection of invited papers entitled 'The Spatial Context of Technological Development', edited by Professors Riccardo Cappellin and Peter Nijk.amp, and published by Avebury/Gower. The Summer Institute covered a broad range of themes and contributions from over 100 researchers. It has therefore not been our intention to represent or replicate these themes directly, but to provide as wide an international coverage of current research in regional science in the field of technological change as possible. The papers to be found in this book are drawn from the European Community, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, North America and elsewhere. Inevitably, as the book was to be published in English, most of the editorial work has been undertaken at the Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies at Newcastle University. In so doing, we have attempted to standardize the English as far as possible, whilst trying not to lose the characteristics of the styles of the individual authors. We should like to thank Riccardo Cappellin and Peter Nijkamp for inviting us to edit this particular volume and also Professor Carlo Borzaga and his team for their work in organizing the Summer Institute. Special thanks must go to Sue Robson and Denise Weites for their exceptional hard work retyping the various manuscripts, correcting proofs and laying out the tables and figures etc. This project has involved them in long periods of 'after-hours' work and required great patience, both with us and our recalcitrant laser printer. We should also like to acknowledge the assistance of Anne Rooke of the Newcastle University Geography Department with some of the figures and Ash Amin, whose knowledge of the Italian economy helped us to express a number of ideas in better English. The financial support of the UK Economic and Social Research Council and the University of Newcastle upon Tyne is also gratefully acknowledged. Last, but not least, we should like to thank the authors themselves for their patience with what has been a long project and for their prompt responses to our repeated requests for clarification or modifications. We hope that the result does justice to their work. Enrico Ciciotti (Milan) Neil Alderman (Newcastle) Alfred Thwaites (Newcastle)

5 CONTENTS Preface List of tables List of figures Chapter Introduction Enrico Ciciotti, Neil Alderman and Alfred Thwaites Part I - Theoretical and Conceptual Issues Functional logic and territorial logic and how they inter-relate in the region Olivier Crevoisier Innovation diffusion and small firms: between the agency of lifeworld and the structure of systems Bjl/>rn T. Asheim Technology transfer, technological capability and industrial structure in developing countries Sunwoong Kim The organization variable in developing countries' industrial development Roberta Rabellotti The implications of monopsony for regional technological change Michael Bradfield Differentiation, entry, innovation in the system of cities Tomaso Pompili Part II - Methodological Issues The arrival of new activities and the dual forward-looking edition of the (improved) Leontief dynamic inverse Juan Sanchez-Garcia Methodological issues in the development of predictive models of innovation diffusion Neil Alderman A longitudinal analysis of the growth of firms Bert van der Knaap and Marina van Geenhuizen Part III - Regional Issues: Some Empirical Evidence A study of the performance and technology level of manufacturing industry in Danish regions Ulf Christiansen 195

6 VIII Interaction of income generation capacity and technology in the regions of Hungary Peter Klekner Locational and technological factors industrialization: a comparative investigation Daniel Felsenstein and Raphael Bar-El in rural Regional differences and determinants of entrepreneurial innovation - empirical results of an Austrian case study Franz T6dtling Innovation diffusion, innovation acquisition and path dependency in traditional sectors: an empirical investigation for the Veneto region of Italy Fiorenza Belussi Part IV - Policy Issues Regional technology trajectories and European research and technology development policies Michel Quevit Determinants of the restructuring of Poland's economy in the 1980s Maria Ciechocinska Policies to support innovation in Emilia-Romagna: experiences, prospects and theoretical aspects Claudio Tolomelli The changing role of municipalities in Lisbon metropolitan region as a result of technological change Paulo V. D. Correia List of Contributors 399

7 LIS T OF TABLES No The organizational continuum Proportions of adopters in 1980 Aggregate ex-ante forecasts Location quotients of traditional industry, modern industry and quaternary services in different cities The product life cycle: spatial aspects of the various stages Gist-brocades: strategic performance Locational dynamics Classification of industrial sectors Regional distribution of employment in industry, 1981 Value added by industry 1972 and 1981, Country, 1981 prices Percentage change of production Percentage growth of productivity from 1972 to 1981 Estimates of PI, 1972 and 1981 Productivity in industry groups, 1981 and 1972 Productivity in industry groups Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) at the national level in Hungary Manpower directly employed on R&D tasks at the national level in Hungary R&D organizations, manpower and expenditure by counties and University towns, 1986 Regional proportion of R&D capacity Regional proportion of R&D units 1984 Relative growth of national labour productivity and national capita industrial income in University town areas of gravity The composition of Israel's rural industry in relation to national industry, by selected branches, 1984 Cross classification of firms in the sample by type of location and technological profile Mean values and F-ratios for industrial characteristics by type of location Results of two-way analysis of variance: industrial characteristics by type of location and technological profile Regional differences in product innovation Regional variations in the modification of existing products Regional pattern of process technology adoption Regional variation in the introduction of information technology Institutionalized R&D and 'implicit' R&D Sources of firm's innovations in products and processes Firms' innovative activity during the period Firms' output realized with new or radically modified equipment and machinery in the period ll

8 x Adoption of microelectronics technology by type of product and process - user firms Patenting activity by sector and firm size Evaluation of innovation factors on their influence on firms' competitiveness - average score Summary table of regional technology trajectories Distribution by region of R&D expenditure of enterprises and services in proportion to R&D personnel employed in company headquarters Principal orientation of RTD programme as a function of the selected technology trajectory Manufacturing industries in Lisbon Metropolitan Region (1983, 1984 and 1985) Growth of the manufacturing industries in Lisbon Metropolitan Region

9 LIS T OF FIGURES No Recapitulative table Necessary conditions for the existence and diffusion of flexible specialization and regional systems of production Analytical dimensions in the study of innovation diffusion Problem generation mechanisms in social action Trade-off between TC and embodied capital goods A competitive versus a monopsonistic factor market Competitive versus monopsonistic factor market -long run Increased productivity!lower marginal cost of producing factor F Capital intensive technological change in the production of factor F Labour intensive technological change in the production of factor F 'Bilateral monopoly' in the market for factor F M block of the primal structural matrices M block of the dual structural matrices Typical diffusion curves The diffusion of Numerical Control Strategic performance and locational adjustment Industrial areas hatched, larger towns and cities and main national road connections in Denmark Regions in Denmark as defined in this study Hungary - counties Hungary: R&D activities by counties and University towns in 1986 Hungary: Regional pattern of industrial R&D activities in 1986 Per capita industrial national income production by counties, compared to the national average, 1972 Per capita industrial national income production by counties, compared to the national average, 1984 The regional context for entrepreneurial innovation Factors influencing entrepreneurial innovation Austria: investigated areas Scheme of investigated relations in the probit analysis. Product innovation 'new to market' Introduction of CNC Introduction of CAD Impact of selected factors upon the national strategy of spatial planning in Poland in 1986 Changes in the unemployment rate and consumer price indices Structure of employment in Lisbon Metropolitan Region Portuguese computer industry Road network of South Lisbon Metropolitan Region Structure of employment in South Lisbon Metropolitan Region