Computational Crafting with Arduino. Christopher Michaud Marist School ECEP Programs, Georgia Tech

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1 Computational Crafting with Arduino Christopher Michaud Marist School ECEP Programs, Georgia Tech

2 Introduction What do you want to learn and do today? Goals with Arduino / Computational Crafting

3 Purpose Encourage and develop a mindset of iterative interaction between materials and electricity Identify difference between Engineering and Art.

4 STEAM: Science Technology Engineering Arts Mathematics What is Engineering? What is Art?

5 Engineering Given a problem to solve: Using a design process to Analyze, Design, Implement, Test and Deliver a system that solves that specific problem. Architecture Hardware Software Process

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7 Arts Encode non-verbal Human Expression in a dynamic system that humans can reflect on, change, and share. Arts are interactive and designed for encoding and sharing non-verbal expressive human thought. Bennett Reimer: A Philosophy of Music Education

8 Research and Development Lies in that space between Arts and Engineering Most education/activities we call Engineering for students are actually Research and Development or Arts type activities. Explore Create Develop This causes tension between Engineers and Artists. (and sometimes within us) Example: Help me fix this problem and then Expert needs to Research and Develop before they can engineer a solution... (Tech Support )

9 Where does this apply in Teaching? (and STEAM teaching) Define the Goal of the Activity! Are we... Tinkering with software or tool (Learning a specific set of skills or software) (Equipping) Solving a Specific Problem (Often designed by teacher or curriculum) Engaging in Artistic Expressing (or Research and Development) Engineering a solution to a problem we defined Implementing the Solution!

10 Example: Music Tinkering: Practicing Scales / Etudes Learning Fingerings Noodling Solving Problem: Learning a piece of music somebody else has written. Research and Development: Improvising Engineering: Composing Implementation: Performing for audience

11 Example: Computer Science Tinkering: Playing with Scratch, learning syntax of programming language Solving a Problem: Given a problem, develop an algorithm to return the proper values Research and Development: Experimenting with programming systems Engineering: Working with a customer to define problem and design software system Implementation: Writing the code to solve the problem you defined and giving to customer

12 Student, Artist, or Engineer? Each Activity / Lesson / Learning Experience needs to be defined in the context of purpose. Keep STEAM relevant in education long after the acronym fades from interest.

13 Examples of Computational Crafting

14 Electricity: Just enough knowledge to be dangerous

15 Elements of Electrical Circuits - +

16 Power Source (Battery, Wall Socket) Have a positive and negative side (Battery Example) Difference in Charge or Potential Energy Measured in Volts (V) or Electro-motive Force E

17 Resistor Light Bulb, Motor, other equipment that resists flow of electrons Control the flow of Electrons in a Circuit Fixed or Variable Measured in Ohms or R

18 Current or Amps The amount of electrons flowing at a given point in time Measured as I. Also called Current One Amp = 1 Coulomb per second. A Coulomb is equal to ^18 electrons

19 Power Unit of Work Measured in Watts (W)(P) or Horsepower) 1000 watts (1 Kilowatt) = Horsepower

20 Algebraic Relationships between Volts(V), Resistance(R), Amps (I), and Watts (P)

21 A 36 Volt Battery supplies current to a 3 Ohm Resistor. -How many Amps flow through this Circuit? -In 1 second how many electrons flow past this point in the circuit? -What is the Power in Watts produced by this Circuit?

22 Pin 9 supplies 5 Volts to the LED and the 330 Ohm resistor. -What is the measurement for Amps in this circuit. (Give answer in milliamps) -Show the direction of the flow of Electrons.

23 900 Watts 4 Ohms Resistance A 900 Watt sound system uses drives 4 Ohms of Speakers. -What is the Voltage and Current for this system at Full Power? 20 Amp Fuse Power Supply -This system is connected to a 20 Amp fuse. If I increase the Wattage in the system, at what Wattage will push the fuse past 20 Amps? (And blow the circuit )

24 Kirchhoff s Law For any complete Electrical Circuit, the following formulas show the relationship between partial and total volts, resistance, and amps. V0 = V1 + V2 + V3 R0 = R1 + R2 + R3 (In Series) A0 = A1 + A2 + A3 (In Parallel)

25 Coulomb s Law F = k Q 1Q 2 r 2 F is the force in Newtons Q1 and Q2 are the charges of the two bodies in coulombs r is the separation of the two bodies in meters k is a constant equal to Nm 2 C 2 (In reality k = Nm 2 C 2.)

26 Drift Velocity of Current Drift Velocity of Current: I = Aenv I is the current in amperes and A is conductor's cross-sectional Area in square meters e is the charge of an electron 1.6 * 10^-19 n is the number of free electrons / cubic meter of material v is the velocity of electron drift

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28 Atmega328 PDIP Chip

29 Arduino Uno Statistics

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32 Circuit 01 Layout Pin 9 LED Ohm Resistor 5V GND

33 Servo Layout +5 V Servo Ground Pin 9 5V GND

34 Arduino in Motion Motors and Servos Introduction to Robotics and Engineering

35 Motor or Servo? Motor Faster revolution but less Power Speed controlled by varying voltage (Pulse Width Modulation) Powered from 5 Volt lead Servo Motor combined with encoder. More powerful, but slower Two types Standard: 180 Degree Rotation Continuous Rotation Three leads: Signal (from pin) 5 Volt Ground

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37 Two Types of Servos Standard Only rotates within a 180 Degree range Write Value to Servo holds the position Good for Armatures Hands, Arms Holding Devices Continuous Rotation Rotates like a motor all the way around Values written to Servo set speed 0 -> Full Counterclockwise 180 -> Full Clockwise Good for drive systems Wheels, Rollers

38 Single Power Source Setup

39 External Power Source Servo Setup

40 Servo Commands Servo Library: Must have this line in the beginning of each program #include <Servo.h> To Create Instance of Servo Object: (myservo can be any name) Servo myservo; To Attach a Servo to a Pin: myservo.attach(9); To Start Servo: myservo.write(0);

41 Piezo Layout Pin 13 Piezo + GND 5V

42 Piezo and Potentiometer Layout Pin 13 Piezo + +5 V Ground 5V A0 GND

43 Adruino Piezo and Tone Function Electronics I Marist School

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46 tone(pin, frequency, duration)

47 Use with Arrays

48 Function with tone and array:

49 Port Assignments for Pre- Programmed Arduino D2: LED On D3: LED On D4: LED On D5: Tone(5, 259) D6: LED On / Off 1000 ms D7: LED On / Off 1000 ms D8: LED On / Off 1000 ms D9: LED On / Off 1000 ms D10: Servo 180 D11: Servo 180 D12: Servo 0 D13: Servo 0

50 Build #1: Create a sculpture or device with Pre-Programmed Arduino Design Process Requirements Design Implementation Test Download Sample Code to Arduino

51 Steps to Download Sample Code Go to: set.txt Copy the text Open Arduino Sketch Paste the text into an Arduino Sketch document Plug in Arduino Uno via USB cable Download the Sample Code using the Download icon.

52 Design Process Design: (How will the device by built?) (How will these match with the requirements)

53 Design Process Requirements: (What will the device do?)

54 Java Programming and Serial Printing with Arduino Mr. Michaud Marist School

55 Serial Communication Sends data between devices Communication rate is measured in bits per second. Called Baud Arduino Uno default is 9600 bits per second. 8 bits make a byte A byte is one character (Char)

56 Key Functions void setup() Must be defined Runs one time Acts like a constructor in Java void loop() Must be defined Runs continuously (In a loop...) Like the act() method in Greenfoot or Gridworld

57 Serial Functions Serial.begin(9600) Initiates Serial Communication at 9600 Baud Called in setup() function Serial.println(<string>) Prints string to console Example: Serial.println( Hello ); Serial.println(<number>) Prints number to console

58 Example Code

59 Data Types and Variables

60 Operators

61 Declaring Variables and Arrays Variables: int myage = 14; // Integer float angle = 2*PI; // Float String name = Mr. Michaud ; Arrays: int pins [] = {3, 4, 5, 6}; String gospels [] = { Matthew, Mark, Luke, John };

62 For Loop Repeats section of code while counting up or down with an index variable Example for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { } Serial.println(i); Returns:

63 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {} i++ means "i = i + 1" int i means "integer i" for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) means "For index variable i starting at 0, while i is less than 10, count be 1."

64 Combined For Loop and Array

65 Conditional Statements if statement : Checks if a given statement or expression is true and then executes a section of code if (score > 9) { Serial.println( You Win ); }

66 While Loop Executes a Segment of Code while a Condition is True

67 References Key Vocabulary: ( ndbolts/index.html) Another Good Reference:

68 Arduino Key Functions LED Blink Projects

69 Pin Output Control and Timing pinmode(pin, Mode) pinmode(3, OUTPUT); digitalwrite(pin, State) digitalwrite(3, HIGH); digitalwrite(3, LOW); delay(milliseconds) delay(1000);

70 Program Control Two Key Functions in all Arduino Programs:

71 Sample Program Declare and set variables pointing to pins. setup() sets the pin mode to output send signals. loop() repeats turning on, then off the lights at ½ second intervals

72 For Loop Used to repeat a set of commands for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) { // repeated commands } Means: Set i to zero. While i is less than 8, add 1 to i. This sequence will loop 8 times: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

73 Example:

74 Adruino Piezo and Tone Function Electronics I Marist School

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77 tone(pin, frequency, duration)

78 Use with Arrays

79 Function with tone and array:

80 Pitch Chart:

81 Single Power Source Setup

82 External Power Source Servo Setup

83 Servo Commands Servo Library: Must have this line in the beginning of each program #include <Servo.h> To Create Instance of Servo Object: (myservo can be any name) Servo myservo; To Attach a Servo to a Pin: myservo.attach(9); To Start Servo: myservo.write(0);

84 Programming: Input Principle: Take incoming electrical current and vary the resistance to get different voltage levels. Arduino reads these different voltage levels in the Analog pins and assigns a number ranged from 0 to 1023 for voltage level. Map the incoming voltage (0-1023) to a function or algorithm to invoke action.

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87 Sensors and Arduino Sensor Value is read through Analog input pins A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 Value is taken as input of 0 to 5 volts and converted to a 10 bit depth number. (0 to 1024). analogread(pinnumber) function will return to the program an integer between 0 and Sensors work by varying resistance in the circuit, resulting in a varying the voltage sent to the Analog input pins.

88 Piezo and Potentiometer Layout Pin 13 Piezo + +5 V Ground 5V A0 GND

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93 Pushbutton Sensor: Analog Mode

94 Pushbutton Sensor: Digital Mode

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97 Microphone

98 Build #2: Design a sculpture / device with your own programming Design Process: Requirements Design Implementation Test

99 Design Process Design: (How will the device by built?) (How will these match with the requirements)

100 Design Process Requirements: (What will the device do?)

101 Tools: Fritzing: Layout and Schematic diagrams for circuits

102 Other Arduino Applications Sound: Minim Computer Vision with Processing Arduino as extension of PC using Processing (motor controller)