FCC Technician License Course
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1 FCC Technician License Course FCC Element 2 Technician Class Question Pool Presented by: Tamiami Amateur Radio Club (TARC)
2 WELCOME To the SECOND of 3, 4-hour classes presented by TARC to prepare you for the FCC Technician Class Amateur Radio Service license test. Today we will cover Chapters 3, 5, and 6 of the ARRL Ham Radio License Manual, 4rd Edition Everything you need to know is in this manual
3 Meet Your Instructors Andy Durette Paul Nienaber KB1HIP KN4BAR Extra Class Extra Class Chet Fennell KG4IYS Extra Class
4 Course Outline Welcome to amateur radio Radio and Signals Fundamentals Amateur Radio Equipment (VHF and UHF) Electricity, Components and Circuits Amateur Radio Equipment (HF) Propagation, Antennas and Feedlines Communicating with other hams Licensing regulations Operating regulations Safety Test preparation and review
5 Fundamentals of Electricity-History 600-BC- Greeks found mysterious force of attraction/repulsion when amber was rubbed. Greek word for amber is elektron William Gilbert wrote the De Magnete. He used terms like electric force and electric attraction and is known as the Father of Electricity Benjamin Franklin experimented with electric charges, lightning/kites and formulated the fluid theory of electrical current; current flowing from plus to minus (conventional current) Georg Simon Ohm determined the relationship of current, voltage and resistance which is now known as Ohm s Law.
6 Electricity, Components and Circuits In electronics and radio, we control the flow of electrons to make things happen Knowledge of how to control the flow of electrons helps us understand how to operate our radio Atoms are the smallest particle that show its chemical and physical properties. Atoms consist of a Nucleus (neutron and protons which have a positive charge) and negatively charged particles called electrons that revolve around the Nucleus in fixed orbits.
7 Electricity, Components and Circuits The negatively charged electrons balances the positively charged protons so the atom is electrically neutral. When dealing with electricity, what we are referring to is the flow of electrons through a conductor. When a voltage is present across a conductor (ie copper) electrons are dislodged from their fixed orbit and move in the conductor towards the positive terminal.
8 Fundamentals of Electricity A conductor is a material that allows electrons to move with relative freedom Insulators are materials that DO NOT easily allow the flow of electrons Copper is a good conductor Glass or plastic are good insulators
9 Fundamentals of Electricity Voltage and a conductor (resistance/load) must be present to have a current flow Just like water flowing through a hose, changes in voltage and resistance affect the current flowing That effect is mathematically expressed as Ohm s Law
10 Fundamentals of Electricity Electromotive Force = VOLTS E The flow of electrons-current (AMPERES) I R Resistance to current flow (OHMS) Ohms Law 10
11 Digital Multimeter VOM or DVM These modern multimeters are easier to use and harder to break than older analog meters. Measures dc/ac voltages, current or resistance The higher input impedance makes them more accurate. Many include extra features like capacitance, inductance, diode and transistor test functions. 11
12 Fundamentals of Electricity Which instrument would you use to measure electric potential or electromotive force? (T7D01) A. B. C. D. An ammeter A voltmeter A wavemeter An ohmmeter 12
13 Fundamentals of Electricity Which instrument would you use to measure electric potential or electromotive force? (T7D01) A. B. C. D. An ammeter A voltmeter A wavemeter An ohmmeter 13
14 Fundamentals of Electricity What is the correct way to connect a voltmeter to a circuit? (T7D02) A. B. C. D. In series with the circuit In parallel with the circuit In quadrature with the circuit In phase with the circuit 14
15 Fundamentals of Electricity What is the correct way to connect a voltmeter to a circuit? (T7D02) A. B. C. D. In series with the circuit In parallel with the circuit In quadrature with the circuit In phase with the circuit 15
16 Fundamentals of Electricity Which instrument would you use to measure electric current? (T7D04) A. B. C. D. An ohmmeter A wavemeter A voltmeter An ammeter 16
17 Fundamentals of Electricity Which instrument would you use to measure electric current? (T7D04) A. B. C. D. An ohmmeter A wavemeter A voltmeter An ammeter 17
18 Fundamentals of Electricity How is an ammeter usually connected to a circuit? (T7D03) A. B. C. D. In series with the circuit In parallel with the circuit In quadrature with the circuit In phase with the circuit 18
19 Fundamentals of Electricity How is an ammeter usually connected to a circuit? (T7D03) A. B. C. D. In series with the circuit In parallel with the circuit In quadrature with the circuit In phase with the circuit 19
20 Fundamentals of Electricity Which of the following might damage a multimeter? (T7D06) A. Measuring a voltage too small for the chosen scale B. Leaving the meter in the milliamps position overnight C. Attempting to measure voltage when using the resistance setting D. Not allowing it to warm up properly
21 Fundamentals of Electricity Which of the following might damage a multimeter? (T7D06) A. Measuring a voltage too small for the chosen scale B. Leaving the meter in the milliamps position overnight C. Attempting to measure voltage when using the resistance setting D. Not allowing it to warm up properly
22 Fundamentals of Electricity What is probably happening when an ohmmeter, connected across a circuit, initially indicates a low resistance and then shows increasing resistance with time? (T7D10) A. B. C. D. The ohmmeter is defective The circuit contains a large capacitor The circuit contains a large inductor The circuit is a relaxation oscillator
23 Fundamentals of Electricity What is probably happening when an ohmmeter, connected across a circuit, initially indicates a low resistance and then shows increasing resistance with time? (T7D10) A. B. C. D. The ohmmeter is defective The circuit contains a large capacitor The circuit contains a large inductor The circuit is a relaxation oscillator
24 Fundamentals of Electricity Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring circuit resistance with an ohmmeter? (T7D11) A. Ensure that the applied voltages are correct B. Ensure that the circuit is not powered C. Ensure that the circuit is grounded D. Ensure that the circuit is operating at the correct frequency
25 Fundamentals of Electricity Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring circuit resistance with an ohmmeter? (T7D11) A. Ensure that the applied voltages are correct B. Ensure that the circuit is not powered C. Ensure that the circuit is grounded D. Ensure that the circuit is operating at the correct frequency
26 Electrical Circuits A circuit is a path through which current can flow Series Circuit Parallel Circuit Open Circuit Short Circuit
27 Resistance All materials impede the flow of electrons to some degree Measured in Ohms (Ω) with an ohmmeter. (T7D05) Insulators resist or prevent the flow of electrons
28 Characteristics of Electricity Three characteristics of Electricity Voltage Current Resistance Each can be measured I is current, Unit is Ampere E is voltage, Unit is Volt R is resistance, Unit is Ohm OHM S LAW I = E / R (Unit is Ampere) R = E / I (Unit is Ohm) E = I x R (Unit is Volt)
29 Characteristics of Electricity Ohms Law Magic Circle Gordon West
30 Ohms Law-Example + 4 ohms 3 ohms 2 ohms E/R = I 12 volts - A As we substitute the values shown, what happens to the current flow in the circuit? 12 V/4 ohms = 3 amperes 12/3 = 4 amperes 12/2 = 6 amperes 30
31 Examples of Ohm s Law
32 What is Power Anytime energy is expended to do something work is performed Power is the amount of energy that is pushed through a conductor to a load or device to do that work Power Power is measured in watts P = I x E, or Watts = amps x volts
33 What is Power? Magic Circle Gordon West
34 Volts, Amps and Watts + 12 volts 4 ohms - A 3 The current in this circuit = Amps 36 The power in this circuit = Watts 34
35 AC and DC Current When current flows alternatively in one direction then in the opposite direction, it is called Alternating Current (AC) Your household current is AC. Cross country power lines use AC. Radio waves are created by AC - When current flows in only one direction, it is called Direct Current (DC) - Most electronic devices are powered by DC - Batteries are a source of DC - Batteries are in flashlights and are used to start your car
36 Test Questions DO THE MATH. ANSWERS ON NEXT SLIDE. 12 volts (E) at 10 amps (I) produces how much Power (W)? What is the current through a 24 ohm resister connected across 240 volts? 12 volts is applied to a 240W motor. How much current is flowing in the conductor? What is the voltage across a 2 ohm resistor if a 0.5 amp current flows through it? A 50W motor is drawing 5 amps. What is the applied voltage? What is the resistance (R) in a circuit drawing 3 amps when 90 volts is applied?
37 Test Questions 12 volts (E) at 10 amps (I) produces how much Power (W)? P=EI or 12V x 10A = 120W 12 volts is applied to a 240W motor. How much current is flowing in the conductor? P=EI or I=P/E = 240W / 12V = 20A A 50W motor is drawing 5 amps. What is the applied voltage? E=P/I or 50W / 5A = 10V What is the resistance (R) in a circuit drawing 3 amps when 90 volts is applied? E=IR or R=E/I = 90V / 3A = 30Ω What is the current through a 24 ohm resister connected across 240 volts? I=E/R or 240V / 24Ω = 10A What is the voltage across a 2 ohm resistor if a 0.5 amp current flows through it? E=IR or 0.5A x 2Ω = 1V
38 Electrical Components Controlling the Flow of Current To make an electronic device (like a radio) do something useful (like a receiver), we need to control and manipulate the flow of current There are a number of diferent electronic components that we use to do this
39 Basic Components Resistors Capacitors Inductors Transformers Semiconductors Transistors and Integrated Circuits Diodes Switches Fuses
40 Component Symbols
41 A Circuit Diagram Called a schematic diagram Shows the electrical connections of a circuit or device Uses industry standard circuit symbols It is NOT the physical arrangement of components
42 A Circuit Diagram What is the name of an electrical wiring diagram that uses standard component symbols? (T6C01) A. Bill of materials B. Connector pinout C. Schematic D. Flow chart
43 A Circuit Diagram What is the name of an electrical wiring diagram that uses standard component symbols? (T6C01) A. Bill of materials B. Connector pinout C. Schematic D. Flow chart
44 Resistors The function of the resistor is to restrict (limit) the flow of current through it Measured in Ohms Can be fixed value or variable Resistors dissipate energy as heat Potentiometer Schematic Symbol
45 Capacitors The function of the capacitor is to temporarily store electric current Like a very temporary storage battery Stores energy in an electrostatic field Schematic Symbol
46 Capacitors Measured in pico, nano or micro farads (pf, nf, or µf) Can be fixed value or variable Have electrodes separated by a dielectric material
47 Inductors The function of the inductor is to temporarily store electric current It is basically a coil of wire that stores or releases energy in a magnetic field Measured in henrys (H). Can be nano, micro, or millihenrys. Can be fixed value or variable Schematic Symbol
48 Impedance Impedance is a measure of a circuits resistance to the AC flow of electricity Measured in Ohms as Z Reactance is caused by a phase shift of voltage and current in AC circuits Reactance and resistance combine to produce impedance as follows: Capacitive reactance Inductive reactance and resistance
49 What is impedance? (T5C12) A. A measure of the opposition to AC current flow in a circuit B. The inverse of resistance C. The Q or Quality Factor of a component D. The power handling capability of a component
50 What is impedance? (T5C12) A. A measure of the opposition to AC current flow in a circuit B. The inverse of resistance C. The Q or Quality Factor of a component D. The power handling capability of a component
51 What formula is used to calculate current in a circuit? (T5D01) A. Current (I) equals voltage (E) multiplied by resistance (R) B. Current (I) equals voltage (E) divided by resistance (R) C. Current (I) equals voltage (E) added to resistance (R) D. Current (I) equals voltage (E) minus resistance (R)
52 What formula is used to calculate current in a circuit? (T5D01) A. Current (I) equals voltage (E) multiplied by resistance (R) B. Current (I) equals voltage (E) divided by resistance (R) C. Current (I) equals voltage (E) added to resistance (R) D. Current (I) equals voltage (E) minus resistance (R)
53 Questions T6C06 (B) What is component 6? A. Resistor B. Capacitor C. Regulator IC D. Transistor T6C08 (C) What is component 9? A. Variable capacitor B. Variable inductor C. Variable resistor D. Variable transformer
54 Questions T6C06 (B) What is component 6? A. Resistor B. Capacitor C. Regulator IC D. Transistor T6C08 (C) What is component 9? A. Variable capacitor B. Variable inductor C. Variable resistor D. Variable transformer
55 Resonance Circuits that contain capacitors and inductors will have one resonant frequency It is the point where inductive reactance and capacitive reactance exactly cancel each other out The AC current and voltage are back in phase When canceled you have a resonant or tuned circuit Acts like a filter either passing or rejecting signals at its resonant frequency
56 Transformers Made from two or more inductors that share their stored energy Changes the combination of voltage and current Example: the wall charger for your cell phone has a transformer Schematic Symbol
57 Diodes Welcome to the world of semiconductors Diodes only allow current to flow in one direction Two electrodes: anode and cathode Cathode end has a stripe to ID it Special kind of diode is the LED or light emitting diode LEDs require less power than incandescent lights and produce less heat.
58 Transistors Use to amplify or switch voltages & current Made from layers of N and P-type doped semiconductor materials Two common types of transistor Bipolar Junction Transistor or BJT Field Effect Transistor FET
59 Transistors Schematic Symbol Bipolar junction or BJT has electrode names of: base, emitter, and collector Field Effect or FET has electrode names of: gate, source, drain. Gate or base electrode controls current flow through the transistor
60 Circuit Gatekeepers Fuses and circuit breakers are designed to interrupt the flow of current if the current becomes uncontrolled Switches manually open or close a circuit Relays uses an electromagnet Described by number of of poles & throws SPST DPDT Schematic SymbolS
61 Other Components/Circuits Oscillators produce steady signal at one frequency Filters are used to pass or reject a signal Modulators combine voice or data signals with an RF signal (modulation) Mixers combine to RF signals and shift one of them to a third signal Receivers convert a modulated signal back to voice or data Sensitivity is ability to detect a signal Selectivity is ability to retrieve information in presence of strong signals on nearby frequencies
62 Questions T6C11 What is component 4? A. Antenna B. Transmitter C. Dummy load D. Ground T6C10 What is component 3? A. Connector B. Meter C. Variable capacitor D. Variable inductor
63 Questions T6C11 What is component 4? A. Antenna B. Transmitter C. Dummy load D. Ground T6C10 What is component 3? A. Connector B. Meter C. Variable capacitor D. Variable inductor
64 What is a relay? (T6D02) A. An electrically controlled switch B. A current controlled amplifier C. An optical sensor D. A pass transistor
65 What is a relay? (T6D02) A. An electrically controlled switch B. A current controlled amplifier C. An optical sensor D. A pass transistor
66 Which of the following displays an electrical quantity as a numeric value? (T6D04) A. Potentiometer B. Transistor C. Meter D. Relay
67 Which of the following displays an electrical quantity as a numeric value? (T6D04) A. Potentiometer B. Transistor C. Meter D. Relay
68 Which of the following devices or circuits changes an alternating current into a varying direct current signal? (T6D01) A. Transformer B. Rectifier C. Amplifier D. Reflector
69 Which of the following devices or circuits changes an alternating current into a varying direct current signal? (T6D01) A. Transformer B. Rectifier C. Amplifier D. Reflector
70 What is the name of a circuit that generates a signal of a desired frequency? (T7A05) A. Reactance modulator B. Product detector C. Low-pass filter D. Oscillator
71 What is the name of a circuit that generates a signal of a desired frequency? (T7A05) A. Reactance modulator B. Product detector C. Low-pass filter D. Oscillator
72 Which of the following is used to convert a radio signal from one frequency to another? (T7A03) A. Phase splitter B. Mixer C. Inverter D. Amplifier
73 Which of the following is used to convert a radio signal from one frequency to another? (T7A03) A. Phase splitter B. Mixer C. Inverter D. Amplifier
74 End of Introduction QUESTIONS?
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