Technician License. Course
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1 Technician License Course
2 Technician License Course Chapter 4 Lesson Plan Module - 9 Antenna Fundamentals Feed Lines & SWR
3 The Antenna System
4 The Antenna System Antenna: Transforms current into radio waves (transmit) and vice versa (receive).
5 The Antenna System Antenna: Transforms current into radio waves (transmit) and vice versa (receive). Feed line: Connects your station to the antenna.
6 The Antenna System Antenna: Transforms current into radio waves (transmit) and vice versa (receive). Feed line: Connects your station to the antenna. Test and matching equipment: Allows you to monitor and optimize antenna system performance.
7 The Antenna (Some Vocabulary)
8 The Antenna (Some Vocabulary) Element: The conducting part or parts of an antenna designed to radiate or receive radio waves.
9 The Antenna (Some Vocabulary) Element: The conducting part or parts of an antenna designed to radiate or receive radio waves. Driven element: The element supplied directly with power from the transmitter.
10 The Antenna (Some Vocabulary) Element: The conducting part or parts of an antenna designed to radiate or receive radio waves. Driven element: The element supplied directly with power from the transmitter. Array: An antenna with more than one element.
11 The Antenna (Some Vocabulary) Parasitic element: Elements not connected directly to a feed line.
12 The Antenna (Some Vocabulary) Parasitic element: Elements not connected directly to a feed line. Resonant: An antenna is resonant when its feed point impedance has zero reactance.
13 The Antenna (Some Vocabulary) Parasitic element: Elements not connected directly to a feed line. Resonant: An antenna is resonant when its feed point impedance has zero reactance. Feed point: Where the transmitted energy enters the antenna.
14 The Antenna (Some Vocabulary) Parasitic element: Elements not connected directly to a feed line. Resonant: An antenna is resonant when its feed point impedance has zero reactance. Feed point: Where the transmitted energy enters the antenna. Radiation: NOT radioactivity! An antenna emitting electromagnetic waves.
15 Electromagnetic Waves
16 Electromagnetic Waves Radio waves are electromagnetic waves
17 Electromagnetic Waves Radio waves are electromagnetic waves Electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other, oscillating at the wave s frequency
18 Electromagnetic Waves Radio waves are electromagnetic waves Electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other, oscillating at the wave s frequency Spread out into space from the antenna
19 Electromagnetic Waves Radio waves are electromagnetic waves Electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other, oscillating at the wave s frequency Spread out into space from the antenna Created by ac current
20 Electromagnetic Waves Radio waves are electromagnetic waves Electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other, oscillating at the wave s frequency Spread out into space from the antenna Created by ac current Wave and current have the same frequency
21 Wave Polarization
22 Wave Polarization Orientation of the wave s electric field component with respect to the surface of the Earth
23 Wave Polarization Orientation of the wave s electric field component with respect to the surface of the Earth Vertical or horizontal determined by elements
24 Wave Polarization Orientation of the wave s electric field component with respect to the surface of the Earth Vertical or horizontal determined by elements Can be circular if the orientation twists as the wave spreads through space
25 Wave Polarization Orientation of the wave s electric field component with respect to the surface of the Earth Vertical or horizontal determined by elements Can be circular if the orientation twists as the wave spreads through space Combinations of polarization are called elliptical polarization
26 Cross-Polarization
27 Cross-Polarization Antenna and wave polarization must match for maximum reception.
28 Cross-Polarization Antenna and wave polarization must match for maximum reception. Cross-polarized: antenna elements and the wave s electric field at right angles
29 Cross-Polarization Antenna and wave polarization must match for maximum reception. Cross-polarized: antenna elements and the wave s electric field at right angles Can reduce reception by a factor of 100
30 Cross-Polarization Antenna and wave polarization must match for maximum reception. Cross-polarized: antenna elements and the wave s electric field at right angles Can reduce reception by a factor of 100 For elliptically polarized waves (such as HF skywave) any antenna will respond at least partially.
31 The Decibel (db)
32 The Decibel (db) A ratio expressed as an power of 10 to make large numbers easier to work with.
33 The Decibel (db) A ratio expressed as an power of 10 to make large numbers easier to work with. db = 10 log (power ratio)
34 The Decibel (db) A ratio expressed as an power of 10 to make large numbers easier to work with. db = 10 log (power ratio) db = 20 log (voltage ratio)
35 The Decibel (db) A ratio expressed as an power of 10 to make large numbers easier to work with. db = 10 log (power ratio) db = 20 log (voltage ratio) Positive values in db indicate ratios > 1 and negative values of db are for ratios < 1.
36 The Decibel (db) A ratio expressed as an power of 10 to make large numbers easier to work with. db = 10 log (power ratio) db = 20 log (voltage ratio) Positive values in db indicate ratios > 1 and negative values of db are for ratios < 1. Antenna gain is discussed in terms of db.
37 The Antenna (Some Vocabulary)
38 The Antenna (Some Vocabulary) Gain: Apparent increase in power in a particular direction by focusing radiation in that direction. Measured in decibels (db).
39 The Antenna (Some Vocabulary) Gain: Apparent increase in power in a particular direction by focusing radiation in that direction. Measured in decibels (db). Isotropic: Equal radiation in all directions.
40 The Antenna (Some Vocabulary) Gain: Apparent increase in power in a particular direction by focusing radiation in that direction. Measured in decibels (db). Isotropic: Equal radiation in all directions. Omnidirectional: No preferred horizontal direction.
41 The Antenna (Some Vocabulary) Gain: Apparent increase in power in a particular direction by focusing radiation in that direction. Measured in decibels (db). Isotropic: Equal radiation in all directions. Omnidirectional: No preferred horizontal direction. Directional: Antenna that focuses radiation in specific directions.
42 Antenna Radiation Patterns
43 Antenna Radiation Patterns Radiation patterns are a way of visualizing antenna performance.
44 Antenna Radiation Patterns Radiation patterns are a way of visualizing antenna performance. The further the line is from the center of the graph, the stronger the signal at that point.
45 Antenna Radiation Patterns Radiation patterns are a way of visualizing antenna performance. The further the line is from the center of the graph, the stronger the signal at that point. Graph calibrated in db.
46 Radiation Pattern Vocabulary
47 Radiation Pattern Vocabulary Nulls: Directions of minimum gain
48 Radiation Pattern Vocabulary Nulls: Directions of minimum gain Lobes: Regions between nulls
49 Radiation Pattern Vocabulary Nulls: Directions of minimum gain Lobes: Regions between nulls Main lobe: Lobe with highest gain
50 Radiation Pattern Vocabulary Nulls: Directions of minimum gain Lobes: Regions between nulls Main lobe: Lobe with highest gain Side lobe: Any lobe other than the main lob
51 Radiation Pattern Vocabulary Nulls: Directions of minimum gain Lobes: Regions between nulls Main lobe: Lobe with highest gain Side lobe: Any lobe other than the main lobe Forward gain: Gain in the direction assigned as forward
52 Radiation Pattern Vocabulary Azimuth pattern: Radiation pattern showing gain in all horizontal directions around the antenna.
53 Radiation Pattern Vocabulary Azimuth pattern: Radiation pattern showing gain in all horizontal directions around the antenna. Elevation pattern: Radiation pattern showing gain at all vertical angles from the antenna.
54 Radiation Pattern Vocabulary Azimuth pattern: Radiation pattern showing gain in all horizontal directions around the antenna. Elevation pattern: Radiation pattern showing gain at all vertical angles from the antenna. Often restricted to angles above horizontal
55 Azimuth Pattern Elevation Pattern
56 Radiation Pattern Vocabulary
57 Radiation Pattern Vocabulary Front-to-back ratio: Ratio of forward gain to gain in the opposite direction.
58 Radiation Pattern Vocabulary Front-to-back ratio: Ratio of forward gain to gain in the opposite direction. Front-to-side ratio: Ratio of forward gain to gain at right angles to the forward direction.
59 Feed Lines
60 Feed Lines The purpose of the feed line is to get RF power from your station to the antenna.
61 Feed Lines The purpose of the feed line is to get RF power from your station to the antenna. Basic feed line types
62 Feed Lines The purpose of the feed line is to get RF power from your station to the antenna. Basic feed line types Coaxial cable (coax)
63 Feed Lines The purpose of the feed line is to get RF power from your station to the antenna. Basic feed line types Coaxial cable (coax) Open-wire line (OWL) also called ladder line or window line
64 Feed Lines The purpose of the feed line is to get RF power from your station to the antenna. Basic feed line types Coaxial cable (coax) Open-wire line (OWL) also called ladder line or window line Power lost as heat in the feed line is called loss and it increases with frequency.
65 Feed Line Vocabulary
66 Feed Line Vocabulary Center conductor: Central wire
67 Feed Line Vocabulary Center conductor: Central wire Dielectric: Insulation surrounding center conductor
68 Feed Line Vocabulary Center conductor: Central wire Dielectric: Insulation surrounding center conductor Shield: Braid or foil surrounding dielectric
69 Feed Line Vocabulary Center conductor: Central wire Dielectric: Insulation surrounding center conductor Shield: Braid or foil surrounding dielectric Jacket: Protective outer plastic coating
70 Feed Line Vocabulary Center conductor: Central wire Dielectric: Insulation surrounding center conductor Shield: Braid or foil surrounding dielectric Jacket: Protective outer plastic coating Forward (reflected) power: RF power traveling toward (away from) a load such as an antenna
71 Coaxial Cable
72 Most common feed line Coaxial Cable
73 Most common feed line Easy to use Coaxial Cable
74 Most common feed line Easy to use Not affected by nearby materials Coaxial Cable
75 Most common feed line Easy to use Not affected by nearby materials Has higher loss than open-wire line at most frequencies Coaxial Cable
76 Most common feed line Easy to use Not affected by nearby materials Has higher loss than open-wire line at most frequencies Air-insulated hard line has lowest loss Coaxial Cable
77 Open-Wire Line
78 Open-Wire Line Lighter and less expensive than coax
79 Open-Wire Line Lighter and less expensive than coax Has lower loss than coax at most frequencies
80 Open-Wire Line Lighter and less expensive than coax Has lower loss than coax at most frequencies More difficult to use since it is affected by nearby materials
81 Open-Wire Line Lighter and less expensive than coax Has lower loss than coax at most frequencies More difficult to use since it is affected by nearby materials Requires impedance matching equipment to use with most transceivers
82 Characteristic Impedance
83 Characteristic Impedance The impedance presented to a wave traveling through a feed line
84 Characteristic Impedance The impedance presented to a wave traveling through a feed line Given in ohms (Ω), symbolized as Z 0
85 Characteristic Impedance The impedance presented to a wave traveling through a feed line Given in ohms (Ω), symbolized as Z 0 Depends on how the feed line is constructed and what materials are used
86 Characteristic Impedance The impedance presented to a wave traveling through a feed line Given in ohms (Ω), symbolized as Z 0 Depends on how the feed line is constructed and what materials are used Coax: 50 and 75 Ω
87 Characteristic Impedance The impedance presented to a wave traveling through a feed line Given in ohms (Ω), symbolized as Z 0 Depends on how the feed line is constructed and what materials are used Coax: 50 and 75 Ω OWL: 300, 450, and 600 Ω
88 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)
89 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) If the antenna feed point and feed line impedances are not identical, some RF power is reflected back toward the transmitter.
90 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) If the antenna feed point and feed line impedances are not identical, some RF power is reflected back toward the transmitter. Called a mismatch
91 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) If the antenna feed point and feed line impedances are not identical, some RF power is reflected back toward the transmitter. Called a mismatch Forward and reflected waves create a pattern of standing waves of voltage and current in the line
92 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) If the antenna feed point and feed line impedances are not identical, some RF power is reflected back toward the transmitter. Called a mismatch Forward and reflected waves create a pattern of standing waves of voltage and current in the line SWR is the ratio of standing wave max to min
93 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) If the antenna feed point and feed line impedances are not identical, some RF power is reflected back toward the transmitter. Called a mismatch Forward and reflected waves create a pattern of standing waves of voltage and current in the line SWR is the ratio of standing wave max to min Measured with an SWR meter or SWR bridge
94 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)
95 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) Reflected power is re-reflected at the transmitter and bounces back and forth.
96 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) Reflected power is re-reflected at the transmitter and bounces back and forth. Some RF power is lost as heat on each trip back and forth through the feed line
97 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) Reflected power is re-reflected at the transmitter and bounces back and forth. Some RF power is lost as heat on each trip back and forth through the feed line All RF power is eventually lost as heat or transferred to the antenna or load
98 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) Reflected power is re-reflected at the transmitter and bounces back and forth. Some RF power is lost as heat on each trip back and forth through the feed line All RF power is eventually lost as heat or transferred to the antenna or load High SWR means more reflections and more loss of RF power (less transferred to the antenna or load).
99 Nothing Is Perfect
100 Nothing Is Perfect SWR equals the ratio of feed point (or load) and feed line impedance, whichever is greater than 1 (SWR always greater than 1:1).
101 Nothing Is Perfect SWR equals the ratio of feed point (or load) and feed line impedance, whichever is greater than 1 (SWR always greater than 1:1). What is an acceptable SWR?
102 Nothing Is Perfect SWR equals the ratio of feed point (or load) and feed line impedance, whichever is greater than 1 (SWR always greater than 1:1). What is an acceptable SWR? 1:1 SWR is perfect no power reflected
103 Nothing Is Perfect SWR equals the ratio of feed point (or load) and feed line impedance, whichever is greater than 1 (SWR always greater than 1:1). What is an acceptable SWR? 1:1 SWR is perfect no power reflected Up to 2:1 SWR is normal
104 Nothing Is Perfect SWR equals the ratio of feed point (or load) and feed line impedance, whichever is greater than 1 (SWR always greater than 1:1). What is an acceptable SWR? 1:1 SWR is perfect no power reflected Up to 2:1 SWR is normal Modern radios lower transmitter output power for protection when SWR is above 2:1
105 Nothing Is Perfect SWR above 3:1 is considered high in most cases.
106 Nothing Is Perfect SWR above 3:1 is considered high in most cases. Erratic SWR readings may indicate a faulty feed line, faulty feed line connectors, or a faulty antenna.
107 Nothing Is Perfect SWR above 3:1 is considered high in most cases. Erratic SWR readings may indicate a faulty feed line, faulty feed line connectors, or a faulty antenna. High SWR can be corrected by
108 Nothing Is Perfect SWR above 3:1 is considered high in most cases. Erratic SWR readings may indicate a faulty feed line, faulty feed line connectors, or a faulty antenna. High SWR can be corrected by Tuning or adjusting the antenna
109 Nothing Is Perfect SWR above 3:1 is considered high in most cases. Erratic SWR readings may indicate a faulty feed line, faulty feed line connectors, or a faulty antenna. High SWR can be corrected by Tuning or adjusting the antenna With impedance matching equipment at the transmitter
110 Nothing Is Perfect SWR above 3:1 is considered high in most cases. Erratic SWR readings may indicate a faulty feed line, faulty feed line connectors, or a faulty antenna. High SWR can be corrected by Tuning or adjusting the antenna With impedance matching equipment at the transmitter
111 Nothing Is Perfect SWR above 3:1 is considered high in most cases. Erratic SWR readings may indicate a faulty feed line, faulty feed line connectors, or a faulty antenna. High SWR can be corrected by Tuning or adjusting the antenna With impedance matching equipment at the transmitter Called an antenna tuner or transmatch
112 Nothing Is Perfect SWR above 3:1 is considered high in most cases. Erratic SWR readings may indicate a faulty feed line, faulty feed line connectors, or a faulty antenna. High SWR can be corrected by Tuning or adjusting the antenna With impedance matching equipment at the transmitter Called an antenna tuner or transmatch Does not change SWR in the feed line
113 Adjusting SWR
114 Adjusting SWR An SWR meter is inserted in the feed line and indicates the mismatch at that point.
115 Adjusting SWR An SWR meter is inserted in the feed line and indicates the mismatch at that point. Either adjust the antenna to minimize the reflected power or adjust the antenna tuner for minimum SWR at the transceiver.
116 Dummy Loads
117 Dummy Loads A dummy load is a resistor and a heat sink
118 Dummy Loads A dummy load is a resistor and a heat sink Used to replace an antenna or other piece of equipment during testing.
119 Dummy Loads A dummy load is a resistor and a heat sink Used to replace an antenna or other piece of equipment during testing. Dummy loads dissipate signals in the feed line as heat
120 Dummy Loads A dummy load is a resistor and a heat sink Used to replace an antenna or other piece of equipment during testing. Dummy loads dissipate signals in the feed line as heat Allows transmitter testing without sending a signal over the air
121 Dummy Loads A dummy load is a resistor and a heat sink Used to replace an antenna or other piece of equipment during testing. Dummy loads dissipate signals in the feed line as heat Allows transmitter testing without sending a signal over the air Helpful in troubleshooting an antenna system
122 Dummy Loads A dummy load is a resistor and a heat sink Used to replace an antenna or other piece of equipment during testing. Dummy loads dissipate signals in the feed line as heat Allows transmitter testing without sending a signal over the air Helpful in troubleshooting an antenna system
123 Practice Questions
124 What can happen if the antennas at opposite ends of a VHF or UHF line of sight radio link are not using the same polarization?
125 What can happen if the antennas at opposite ends of a VHF or UHF line of sight radio link are not using the same polarization? Signals could be significantly weaker
126 What type of wave carries radio signals between transmitting and receiving stations?
127 What type of wave carries radio signals between transmitting and receiving stations? Electromagnetic
128 What is a common effect of "skip" reflections between the Earth and the ionosphere?
129 What is a common effect of "skip" reflections between the Earth and the ionosphere? The polarization of the original signal is randomized
130 What property of a radio wave is used to describe its polarization?
131 What property of a radio wave is used to describe its polarization? The orientation of the electric field
132 What are the two components of a radio wave?
133 What are the two components of a radio wave? Electric and magnetic fields
134 What is the approximate amount of change, measured in decibels (db), of a power increase from 5 watts to 10 watts?
135 What is the approximate amount of change, measured in decibels (db), of a power increase from 5 watts to 10 watts? 3 db
136 What is the approximate amount of change, measured in decibels (db), of a power decrease from 12 watts to 3 watts?
137 What is the approximate amount of change, measured in decibels (db), of a power decrease from 12 watts to 3 watts? -6 db
138 What is the approximate amount of change, measured in decibels (db), of a power increase from 20 watts to 200 watts?
139 What is the approximate amount of change, measured in decibels (db), of a power increase from 20 watts to 200 watts? 10 db
140 What is a usual name for electromagnetic waves that travel through space?
141 What is a usual name for electromagnetic waves that travel through space? Radio waves
142 What is the primary purpose of a dummy load?
143 What is the primary purpose of a dummy load? To prevent the radiation of signals when making tests
144 What, in general terms, is standing wave ratio (SWR)?
145 What, in general terms, is standing wave ratio (SWR)? A measure of how well a load is matched to a transmission line
146 What reading on an SWR meter indicates a perfect impedance match between the antenna and the feed line?
147 What reading on an SWR meter indicates a perfect impedance match between the antenna and the feed line? 1 to 1
148 What is the approximate SWR value above which the protection circuits in most solid-state transmitters begin to reduce transmitter power?
149 What is the approximate SWR value above which the protection circuits in most solid-state transmitters begin to reduce transmitter power? 2 to 1
150 What does an SWR reading of 4:1 indicate?
151 What does an SWR reading of 4:1 indicate? Impedance mismatch
152 What happens to power lost in a feed line?
153 What happens to power lost in a feed line? It is converted into heat
154 Which of the following is a common use of coaxial cable?
155 Which of the following is a common use of coaxial cable? Carrying RF signals between a radio and antenna
156 What does a dummy load consist of?
157 What does a dummy load consist of? A non-inductive resistor and a heat sink
158 What is true of the electric field in vertical antennas?
159 What is true of the electric field in vertical antennas? The electric field is perpendicular to the Earth
160 What is meant by the gain of an antenna?
161 What is meant by the gain of an antenna? The increase in signal strength in a specified direction when compared to a reference antenna
162 Why is it important to have a low SWR in an antenna system that uses coaxial cable feed line?
163 Why is it important to have a low SWR in an antenna system that uses coaxial cable feed line? To allow the efficient transfer of power and reduce losses
164 What is the impedance of the most commonly used coaxial cable in typical amateur radio installations?
165 What is the impedance of the most commonly used coaxial cable in typical amateur radio installations? 50 ohms
166 Why is coaxial cable used more often than any other feed line for amateur radio antenna systems?
167 Why is coaxial cable used more often than any other feed line for amateur radio antenna systems? It is easy to use and requires few special installation considerations
168 What generally happens as the frequency of a signal passing through coaxial cable is increased?
169 What generally happens as the frequency of a signal passing through coaxial cable is increased? The loss increases
170 What might cause erratic changes in SWR readings?
171 What might cause erratic changes in SWR readings? A loose connection in an antenna or a feed line
172 Which of the following types of feed line has the lowest loss at VHF and UHF?
173 Which of the following types of feed line has the lowest loss at VHF and UHF? Air-insulated hard line
174 End of Module 9
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