Preface...x Chapter 1 Electrical Fundamentals

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1 Preface...x Chapter 1 Electrical Fundamentals Unit 1 Matter...3 Introduction Matter Atomic Theory Law of Electrical Charges Law of Atomic Charges...5 Negative Atomic Charge...5 Positive Atomic Charge Charged Material (Static Charge)...5 Static Voltage...6 Reducing Static Charge Neutralizing a Charge Lightning Lightning Protection...7 Unit 1 Summary...9 Unit 1 Conclusion...10 Unit 1 Practice Questions...11 Unit 2 Electron Theory...15 Introduction Electron Orbits Valence Electrons Freeing Electrons from an Atom Conductors Insulators Semiconductors Atomic Bonding Compounds...17 Unit 2 Summary...19 Unit 2 Conclusion...20 Unit 2 Practice Questions...21 Unit 3 Magnetism...23 Introduction The Natural Magnet Magnetic Polarities Magnetic Compass Magnetic Molecule Magnetic Properties How to Magnetize Iron Permanent and Temporary Magnets Demagnetizing Magnets Magnetic Lines of Force Magnetic Materials Law of Attraction and Repulsion Retentivity Permeability...26 Unit 3 Summary...27 Unit 3 Conclusion...28 Unit 3 Practice Questions...29 Unit 4 Electricity...33 Introduction Electrical Current Flow (Electricity) Electricity...34 Chemical Activity (Electrochemistry)...34 Magnetism (Magnetoelectricity)...34 Light (Photoelectricity)...35 Thermo Energy (Thermoelectricity)...36 Pressure (Piezoelectricity) Useful Purposes of Electricity...37 Electrochemistry...37 Electromagnetism...37 Heat (Resistance)...38 Illumination (Lighting) Danger of Electricity...39 Understanding Electrical Shock Hazard...39 What Determines the Severity of Electrical Shock?...39 Clearing a Ground Fault...40 Fire...41 Electrical Arc Blast National Electrical Code...42 Unit 4 Summary...43 Unit 4 Conclusion...45 Unit 4 Practice Questions...46 Unit 5 Electromagnetism...49 Introduction Electromagnetism in a Wire Field Intensity Field Interaction Field Interaction of Loops...50 iv iv

2 5.5 Electromagnetism in a Coil Magnetic Core Ampere and Turns...51 Unit 5 Summary...52 Unit 5 Conclusion...53 Unit 5 Practice Questions...54 Unit 6 Uses of Electromagnetism...57 Introduction Basic Electric Meters...57 Voltmeter...58 DC Voltmeter...58 DC Ammeter...58 Clamp-on AC Ammeter...59 Ohmmeters...60 Wheatstone Bridge...60 Megohmmeter Electric Motor...60 Motor Components...60 Understanding Motor Motion Electrical Generator...62 DC Generator...62 AC Generator Electromagnetic Relay...63 Contacts...63 Holding Relay...64 Unit 6 Summary...65 Unit 6 Conclusion...67 Unit 6 Practice Questions...68 Chapter 1 Final Exam...70 Chapter 2 Basic Electricity Unit 7 The Electrical Circuit...77 Introduction The Electrical Circuit Electron Current Flow Theory Conventional Current Flow Theory Voltage (Pressure) Resistance...79 Conductor Resistance Electric Current Power Electrical Formulas...80 Unit 7 Summary...81 Unit 7 Conclusion...82 Unit 7 Practice Questions...83 Unit 8 Math...85 Introduction Whole Numbers Decimal Fractions Percentages Multiplier Percent Increase Reciprocals Squaring a Number Square Root Volume Kilo Rounding Off Parentheses Testing Your Answer for Reasonableness...91 Unit 8 Summary...92 Unit 8 Conclusion...93 Unit 8 Practice Questions...94 Unit 9 Electrical Formulas...99 Introduction Electrical Circuit Power Source Direct Current Alternating Current Conductance Circuit Resistance Ohm s Law Ohm s Law and Alternating Current Direct Current Alternating Current Ohm s Law Formula Circle PIE Formula Circle Formula Wheel Using the Formula Wheel Power Losses of Conductors Cost of Power Power Changes with the Square of the Voltage Power Example at 230V Power Example at 208V Power Example at 240V Unit 9 Summary Unit 9 Conclusion Unit 9 Practice Questions Chapter 2 Final Exam v v

3 Chapter 3 Basic Electrical Circuits Unit 10 Series Circuits Introduction Practical Uses of the Series Circuit Lighting Control Circuit Signaling Circuit Internal Equipment Wiring Understanding Series Calculations Resistance Voltage Kirchoff s Voltage Law Kirchoff s Current Law Power Series Circuit Calculations Power Calculations Variations Series Circuit Notes Series-Connected Power Supplies Unit 10 Summary Unit 10 Conclusion Unit 10 Practice Questions Unit 11 Parallel Circuits Introduction Practical Uses of the Parallel Circuit Receptacle Lighting Other Uses Understanding Parallel Calculations Voltage Kirchoff s Current Law Power Circuit Resistance Equal Resistance Method Product-Over-Sum Method Reciprocal Method Parallel Circuit Notes Parallel-Connected Power Supplies Unit 11 Summary Unit 11 Conclusion Unit 11 Practice Questions Unit 12 Series-Parallel Circuits Introduction Review of Series and Parallel Circuits Series Circuit Review Parallel Circuit Review Working Series-Parallel Circuits Voltage Unit 12 Summary Unit 12 Conclusion Unit 12 Practice Questions Unit 13 Multiwire Circuits Introduction Neutral Conductor Grounded Conductor Current Flow on the Grounded (Neutral) Conductor Wire Circuit Wire, 120/240V, Single-Phase Circuit Balanced Systems Unbalanced Current Wire, 120/240V, Single-Phase Circuit Wire Circuit from a 4-wire, Three-Phase System Wire, Three-Phase Circuit Multiwire Branch Circuit Wire Circuit Voltage Drop Multiwire Circuit Voltage Drop Dangers of Multiwire Circuits Fire Hazard Destruction of Equipment as Well as Fire Hazard NEC Requirements Unit 13 Summary Unit 13 Conclusion Unit 13 Practice Questions Chapter 3 Final Exam Chapter 4 Electrical Systems and Protection Unit 14 The Electrical System Introduction Current Flow Utility Neutral Current Path Multipoint Neutral Ground Utility Ground-Fault Current Path Premises Neutral Current Path Single Point Neutral Bond Premises Ground-Fault Current Path Earth as Ground Fault Path for Systems 600V or Less vi vi

4 14.6 Utility High-Voltage Transmission Lines Conductor Voltage Drop Conductor Power Loss Current Reducing Voltage Drop and Power Loss kv Transmission Line Generating Plants Step-Up Substation at Generating Plant Transmission Line Step-Down Substation Primary Distribution Feeders Distribution Transformer Secondary Distribution Line Unit 14 Summary Unit 14 Conclusion Unit 14 Practice Questions Unit 15 Protection Devices Introduction Part A Overcurrent Protection Devices Overcurrent Protection Overload Ground Fault Short Circuit Clearing Faults Time Current Curves Remove Dangerous Touch Voltage Overcurrent Protection Device Types Fuse Construction Overload Protection Short-Circuit and Ground-Fault Protection Circuit Breaker Trip Elements Thermal Trip Element Magnetic Trip Element Circuit Breaker Types Inverse-Time Adjustable-Trip Instantaneous-Trip Available Short-Circuit Current Interrupting Rating Short-Circuit Current Rating Current-Limiting Protection Part B Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters How a GFCI Works Neutral-to-Case Detection Line-to-Neutral Shock Hazard GFCI Fails Circuit Remains Energized GFCI Test Button Part C Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter Arcing Definition Series Versus Parallel Arc Series Arc Parallel Arc AFCI and the NEC AFCI How They Operate Part D Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment Definition Unit 15 Summary Unit 15 Conclusion Unit 15 Practice Questions Chapter 4 Final Exam Chapter 5 Alternating Current Unit 16 Alternating Current Introduction Current Flow Why Alternating Current is Used How Alternating Current is Produced AC Generator Waveform Direct-Current Waveform Alternating-Current Waveform Sine Wave Sinusoidal Waveform Nonsinusoidal Waveform Nonsymmetrical Waveform Frequency Phase Degrees Lead or Lag Leading Lagging Values of Alternating Current Instantaneous Value Peak Value Effective Value RMS Value Unit 16 Summary Unit 16 Conclusion Unit 16 Practice Questions vii vii

5 Unit 17 Capacitance Introduction Capacitor Current Flow Charged Capacitor Electrical Field Discharging a Capacitor Determining Capacitance Plate Distance Surface Area Dielectric Strength Uses of Capacitors Electronic Power Supplies Phase Relationship Unit 17 Summary Unit 17 Conclusion Unit 17 Practice Questions Unit 18 Induction Introduction Self-Induction Induced Voltage and Applied Current Opposes Current Flow Aids the Current Flow Conductor AC Resistance Eddy Currents Skin Effect Impedance Conductor Shape Current Winding Frequency Magnetic Cores Core Material Core Length Core Area Self-Induced and Applied Voltage Current Flow Inductive Reactance Phase Relationship Uses of Induction Unit 18 Summary Unit 18 Conclusion Unit 18 Practice Questions Unit 19 Power Factor and Efficiency Introduction Inductors and Capacitors Part A Power Factor Apparent Power (Volt-Ampere) True Power (Watts) Direct Current Alternating Current Power Factor Unity Power Factor Power Factor Formulas Cost of True Power Effects of Power Factor Part B Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency Formulas Unit 19 Summary Unit 19 Conclusion Unit 19 Practice Questions Chapter 5 Final Exam Chapter 6 Motors, Generators, and Transformers Unit 20 Motors Introduction Part A Motor Basics Motor Principles Stator Rotor Dual-Voltage AC Motors Motor Horsepower Rating Motor Current Ratings Motor Full-Load Ampere (FLA) Rating Actual Motor Current Motor Full-Load Current (FLC) Rating Calculating Motor FLA Single-Phase Three-Phase Motor-Starting Current Motor-Running Current Motor Locked-Rotor Current (LRC) Motor Overload Protection NEC Requirement Part B Direct-Current Motors Direct-Current Motor Principles Direct-Current Motor Types Shunt-Wound DC Motor Series-Wound DC Motor viii viii

6 20.12 Reversing the Rotation of a DC Motor Part C Alternating-Current Motors AC Induction Motor Alternating-Current Motor Types Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Synchronous Motor Wound-Rotor Motor Universal Motor Reversing the Rotation of an AC Motor Unit 20 Summary Unit 20 Conclusion Unit 20 Practice Questions Unit 21 Generators Introduction Direct-Current Generator Excitation Current Alternating-Current Generator Three-Phase Generators Unit 21 Summary Unit 21 Conclusion Unit 21 Practice Questions Unit 22 Transformers Introduction Transformer Basics Primary Versus Secondary Mutual Induction Secondary Induced Voltage Autotransformers Step-Down Transformers Step-Up Transformers Power Losses Conductor Resistance Loss Flux Leakage Loss Eddy Currents Hysteresis Losses Harmonic Current Efficiency Transformer Turns Ratio Transformer kva Rating Current Flow Current Rating Unit 22 Summary Unit 22 Conclusion Unit 22 - Practice Questions Chapter 6 Final Exam Basic Electrical Theory Final Exam Basic Electrical Theory Final Conclusion Annex A Grounding and Bonding Introduction Understanding the Basics of Electrical Systems Understanding Electrical Shock Hazard What Determines the Severity of Electrical Shock Clearing a Ground Fault Why Grounding is Often Difficult to Understand Scope Definitions Other Code Sections General Requirements for Grounding and Bonding (A) Summary Objectionable (Neutral) Current Index ix ix

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