Photolithography II ( Part 2 )
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1 1 Photolithography II ( Part 2 ) Chapter 14 : Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology by M. Quirk & J. Serda Saroj Kumar Patra, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Norwegian University of Science and Technology ( NTNU )
2 2 Objectives of this Lecture 1. State and explain the critical aspects of optics for optical lithography. Reflection of Light Refraction of Light Lens Diffraction Numerical Aperture, NA Antireflective Coating 2. Explain resolution, describe its critical parameters, and discuss how it is calculated.
3 3 Ten steps of Photolithography UV Light HMDS Resist Mask 1-3) Vapor prime 4) Spin coat 5) Soft bake 6) Alignment and Exposure 7) Post-exposure bake (PEB) 8) Develop 9) Hard bake 10) Develop inspect
4 4 Laws of Reflection The angle of incidence of a light wavefront with a plane mirror is equal to the angle of reflection. Incident light i r Reflected light Law of Reflection: i r Figure Quirk & Serda
5 5 Application of Mirrors Flat mirror Illuminator for a simple aligner Ellipsoidal mirror Mask Important for uniform illumination of the mask Flat mirror Used with permission from Canon USA Figure Quirk & Serda
6 6 Refraction of Light based on two mediums Snell s Law: sin i = n sin r Index of refraction, n = sin i / sin r Speed of light: c = c 0 / n fast medium air (n 1.0) slow medium glass (n 1.5) glass (n 1.5) slow medium air (n 1.0) fast medium Figure Quirk & Serda
7 7 Absolute Index of Refraction for selected materials Material Index of Refraction (n) Air Water 1.33 Fused Silica (Amorphous Quartz) Diamond Table 14.4 Quirk & Serda
8 8 Converging Lens with Focal Point 2f f f = focal length F = focal point S = 2f O = origin, center of lens S Object Real F O F image S Figure Quirk & Serda
9 9 Diverging Lens with Focal Point f = focal length F = focal point S = 2f O = origin, center of lens S Object Virtual image F O F S Figure Quirk & Serda
10 10 Optical System of Lenses Masking unit Mirror Condenser lens Condenser lens Fly s eye lens Mirror Flat mirror Collimator lens Optical filter Shutter Mercury lamp Light sensor Reticle Reticle stage (X, Y, ) Lamp monitor Lamp position knob Ellipsoidal mirror Fiber optics X-drive motor Projection optics Optical focus sensor Interferometer mirror -Z drive stage Y-drive motor Vacuum chuck Wafer stage assembly Used with permission from Canon U.S.A., FPA-2000 i1 exposure system Figure 14.14
11 11 Lens Material 365 nm UV: glass (traditionally) 248 nm DUV: fused silica (less light absorption at DUV wavelengths) 193 nm DUV and 157 nm VUV: calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) which is more transparent at these wavelengths then fused silica Absorption => loss in exposure power and induces heat in the optics, which leads to refractive index changes and imaging problems
12 12 Laser-Induced Lens Compaction => reduced image quality Compacted area of lens Figure Quirk & Serda
13 13 Interference Pattern from Light Diffraction at Small Opening Light travels in straight lines. Diffraction occurs when light hits edges of objects. Diffraction bands, or interference patterns, occur when light waves pass through narrow slits. Diffraction bands Figure Quirk & Serda
14 14 Diffraction in a Reticle Pattern Diffracted light rays Slit Plane light wave Figure Quirk & Serda
15 15 Lens Capturing Diffracted Light Quartz UV Mask Chrome Diffraction patterns Lens Figure Quirk & Serda
16 16 Numerical Aperture (NA) For a lens, the NA is a measure of how much diffracted light the lens can accept and image by converging the diffracted light to a single point. NA = (n) sin θ m (n) (radius of lens) / (focal length of lens) where, n = index of refraction of the image medium (n 1 for air) θ m = angle between the optical principal axis and the marginal ray at the edge of the lens
17 17 Effect of Numerical Aperture on Imaging Pinhole masks Lens NA Image results Bad Poor Good Diffracted light Figure Quirk & Serda
18 18 Typical NA Values for Photolithography Tools Type of Equipment Scanning Projection Aligner with mirrors (1970s technology) NA Value 0.25 Step-and-Repeat Step-and-Scan Table 14.5 Quirk & Serda
19 19 Photoresist Reflective Notching Due to Light Reflections UV exposure light Mask Edge diffraction Exposed photoresist Unexposed photoresist Surface reflection Polysilicon Notched photoresist STI Substrate STI Figure Quirk & Serda
20 20 Light Suppression (up to 99 %) with Bottom Antireflective Coating (BARC) UV exposure light Mask Exposed photoresist Polysilicon Unexposed photoresist BARC STI Substrate STI Figure Quirk & Serda
21 21 Incident and Reflected Light Wave Interference in Photoresist Incident wave Reflected wave Photoresist Film Substrate Standing waves cause nonuniform exposure along the thickness of the photoresist film. Figure Quirk & Serda
22 22 Effect of Standing Waves in Photoresist Photograph courtesy of the Willson Research Group, University of Texas at Austin Photo 14.1 Quirk & Serda
23 23 Antireflective Coating to Prevent Standing Waves Incident wave Antireflective coating Å Photoresist 1 μm Film Substrate The use of antireflective coatings, dyes, and filters can help prevent interference. Figure Quirk & Serda
24 24 BARC Phase-Shift Cancellation of Light (A) Incident light (B) Top surface reflection (C) (D) Photoresist C and D cancel due to phase difference BARC (TiN) Aluminum Figure Quirk & Serda
25 25 Top Antireflective Coating (TARC) Incident light Resist-substrate reflections Incident light Top antireflective coating absorbs substrate reflections. Photoresist Photoresist Substrate reflection Substrate Substrate Figure Quirk & Serda
26 26 Antireflective Coatings (ARC) Organic ARC reduces reflection by absorbing light Inorganic ARC (e.g. TiN) work by phase-shift cancellation Organic ARC easier to remove than inorganic ARC (sometimes left to become part of the device) BARC in general more effective than TARC
27 27 Optical Lithography Resolution Calculating Resolution Depth of Focus Resolution Versus Depth of Focus Surface Planarity
28 28 Resolution of Features The dimensions of linewidths and spaces must be equal. As feature sizes decrease, it is more difficult to separate features from each other. Figure Quirk & Serda
29 29 Calculating Resolution for a given, NA and k k = 0.6 Illuminator, R = k NA Mask Lens, NA Wafer R i-line DUV R 365 nm nm 365 nm nm 193 nm nm 193 nm nm Figure Quirk & Serda
30 30 Depth of Focus (DOF) Lens Center of focus - Depth of focus Photoresist + Film Figure Quirk & Serda
31 31 Resolution Versus Depth of Focus for Varying NA DOF = 2(NA) 2 Illuminator, Mask i-line DUV R DOF 365 nm nm 901 nm 365 nm nm 507 nm 193 nm nm 476 nm 193 nm nm 268 nm Lens, NA Center of focus - Depth of focus Photoresist Wafer DOF + Film Figure Quirk & Serda
32 32 g{tç~ léâ
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