A Build-Your-Own Open Source CNC Lathe Machine

Transcription

1 A Build-Your-Own Open Source CNC Lathe Machine Fabrication and User manual MHRD Teaching Learning Centre for Design and Manufacturing Indian Institute of Information Technology for Design and Manufacturing Kancheepuram, Chennai

2 A Build-Your-Own Open Source CNC Lathe Machine August, 207 Documentation Author Rakesh Nair Project Team Raja Ganapathi S. Rakesh Nair Kamal Prasath Balaji Guide Dr. Shunmugham R. Pandian For information: Teaching Learning Center for Design and Manufacturing(TLC), IIITDM Kancheepuram, Melakottaiyur Village, Chennai Website:

3 Table of Contents. Introduction. CNC.2 Lathe machine 2. CNC Lathe fabrication Design. 2. Parts 2.2 Fabrication procedure.9. Associated software CAD software...7. Grbl GRU...7. Universal G-Code sender..8. Grbl 8. Operating Procedure.. 9. Sample Experiments Simple Facing and Turning Step Turning..2. Taper Turning 9. Step and Taper Turning.. Conclusion. Appendix I Design Sheets Appendix II Product Datasheets Appendix III Bill of Materials and Part Suppliers

4 . INTRODUCTION Industrial revolution that had led to the emergence of modern era has its roots in the Lathe machine. Widely known as the Mother of machine tools, Lathe works by removing materials from a workpiece to give a desired shape and size. Various material removing operations such as facing, turning, chamfering, knurling, grooving etc can be performed with it. In the past, mechanized power generated by water wheels and steam engines was used to operate lathe, imparting a certain degree of control to it. But it s not until the 90s that servomechanisms were applied to the control, coupling with the computers to yield Computer Numerical Control (CNC) lathe. Today CNC lathe machines are being used in almost all manufacturing industries.. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Computer Numerical Control or CNC refers to the automation of machine tools by using computers executing pre-programmed sequence of machine control commands. A simple CNC system Taking digitized data fed into it by the user, a computer and CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided Manufacturing) program is used to control, automate and monitor the movement of the machine. The machine can be a lathe, milling machine, router, welder, grinder, laser or waterjet cutter. CNC controller works with a series of motors and drive components to move and control the machine axes, executing programmed motions... Parts... Computer system and CAD/CAM All modern CNC machines constitute a computer system with a CAD/CAM software into which the user can feed in the CAD diagram or directly enter a set of commands called NC code for the machine to understand.

5 ...2 Numerical Control or NC Code Originally developed to program parts directly at the machine keyboard without any CAM software, the Numerical Control (NC) codes tell the machine what moves to execute, one by one, as well as controlling other machining functions like spindle speed, feed rate. The most commonly used language is G-code or ISO code, a simple alphanumeric programming language developed for early CNC machines. Instead, if a CAD diagram is fed, the postprocessor in the program converts the diagram to the relevant NC code and pass it to the Control Unit.... Control Unit The control unit constitutes a controller, drives and circuitry for machine motion along multiple axes, atleast two (X and Y), in the case of CNC lathe machine while a third axis (Z) can be used to move the tool spindle as in the case of CNC milling machine. Stepper motors are used for accurate control of the machining process resulting in high quality, accurate finishing...2 Types of control Open loop control, without any feedback can used for simple machining operations requiring less accuracy and speed. Open loop controller Driver Motor A simple open loop control Closed loop control with feedback from sensors is used for increased accuracy, repeatability and speed. Closed loop controller Driver Motor Feedback A simple closed loop control..2 G-Code and M-Code G-Code and M-Code are the most widely used Numerical Control (NC) programming languages for the automation of machine tools. The codes constitute instructions to the machine controller that tells the drives where to move, performing machining operation on the mounted workpiece. G-Code instruction specifically deals with the type of motion control required for machining operation. 2

6 M-Code deals with machine functions like coolant control, spindle control, List of G-Code, M-Code instructions: G00 - Positioning at rapid speed; Milling and Turning G0 - Linear interpolation (machining a straight line); Milling and Turning G02 - Circular interpolation clockwise (machining arcs); Milling and Turning G0 - Circular interpolation, counter clockwise; Milling and Turning G0 - Milling and Turning, Dwell G09 - Milling and Turning, Exact stop G0 - Setting offsets in the program; Milling and Turning G2 - Circular pocket milling, clockwise; Milling G - Circular pocket milling, counter clockwise; Milling G7 - X-Y plane for arc machining; Milling and Turning with live tooling G8 - Z-X plane for arc machining; Milling and Turning with live tooling G9 - Z-Y plane for arc machining; Milling and Turning with live tooling G20 - Inch units; Milling and Turning G2 - Metric units; Milling and Turning G27 - Reference return check; Milling and Turning G28 - Automatic return through reference point; Milling and Turning G29 - Move to location through reference point; Milling and Turning (slightly different for each machine) G - Skip function; Milling and Turning G2 - Thread cutting; Turning G - Thread cutting; Milling G0 - Cancel diameter offset; Milling. Cancel tool nose offset; Turning G - Cutter compensation left; Milling. Tool nose radius compensation left; Turning G2 - Cutter compensation right; Milling. Tool nose radius compensation right; Turning G - Tool length compensation; Milling G - Tool length compensation cancel; Milling (sometimes G9) G0 - Set coordinate system and maximum RPM; Turning G2 - Local coordinate system setting; Milling and Turning G - Machine coordinate system setting; Milling and Turning G~G9 - Workpiece coordinate system settings # t0 #; Milling and Turning G - Exact stop check; Milling and Turning G - Custom macro call; Milling and Turning G70 - Finish cycle; Turning G7 - Rough turning cycle; Turning G72 - Rough facing cycle; Turning G7 - Irregular rough turning cycle; Turning G7 - Chip break drilling cycle; Milling G7 - Left hand tapping; Milling G7 - Face grooving or chip break drilling; Turning G7 - OD groove pecking; Turning G7 - Fine boring cycle; Milling G7 - Threading cycle; Turning G80 - Cancel cycles; Milling and Turning G8 - Drill cycle; Milling and Turning G82 - Drill cycle with dwell; Milling G8 - Peck drilling cycle; Milling G8 - Tapping cycle; Milling and Turning

7 G8 - Bore in, bore out; Milling and Turning G8 - Bore in, rapid out; Milling and Turning G87 - Back boring cycle; Milling G90 - Absolute programming G9 - Incremental programming G92 - Reposition origin point; Milling G92 - Thread cutting cycle; Turning G9 - Per minute feed; Milling G9 - Per revolution feed; Milling G9 - Constant surface speed control; Turning G97 - Constant surface speed cancel G98 - Per minute feed; Turning G99 - Per revolution feed; Turning M00 - Program stop; Milling and Turning M0 - Optional program stop; Turning and Milling M02 - Program end; Turning and Milling M0 - Spindle on clockwise; Turning and Milling M0 - Spindle on counter clockwise; Turning and Milling M0 - Spindle off; Turning and Milling M0 - Tool change; Milling M08 - Coolant on; Turning and Milling M09 - Coolant off; Turning and Milling M0 - Chuck or rotary table clamp; Turning and Milling M - Chuck or rotary table clamp off; Turning and Milling M9 - Orient spindle; Turning and Milling M0 - Program end, return to start; Turning and Milling M97 - Local sub-routine call; Turning and Milling M98 - Sub-program call; Turning and Milling M99 - End of sub program; Turning and Milling.2 Lathe machine Lathe is a machine tool that rotates the workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations like facing, turning, knurling, chamfering etc. using cutting tools to create objects with symmetry about that axis. Manual lathe machine

8 .2. Parts of manual lathe machine Main parts of manual lathe are as following;.2.. Lathe Bed The bed of the lathe machine is the base on which all other parts are mounted. It is horizontal, massive and rigid single piece of casting made to support other active parts of the lathe. Headstock and tailstock are located the two extremities of the bed. A guideway runs in between holding the carriage for transverse axis. Generally, cast iron alloyed with nickel and chromium material is used for manufacturing lathe bed Headstock Head stock bears the horizontal axle parallel to the bed, called spindle. Spindles are often hollow and have exterior threads for mounting work-holding accessories like chuck. Spindle is driven by an electric motor via gearbox or belt to impart motion to the workpiece. In addition to this, the headstock can also contain speed control methods for adjusting the spindle speed as the machining requirement..2.. Carriage The carriage runs on the guideway along the working length of the lathe. It carries the cross slide, saddle, compound rest and tool post for the transverse movement and machining. It can be adjusted to fit any angle for machining operation. The compound rest is actuated by a screw, which rotates a nut fixed to the saddle. Tool post mounts the tool holder..2.. Tailstock The tail stock is commonly used for the objective of primarily giving an outer bearing and support the circular job being turned on centres. Tail stock can be easily set or adjusted for alignment or non-alignment with respect to the spindle centre and carries a centre called dead centre for supporting one end of the work. Both live and dead centres have 0 conical points to fit centre holes in the circular job, the other end tapering to allow for good fitting into the spindles. The dead centre can be mounted in ball bearing so that it rotates with the job avoiding friction of the job with dead centre as it important to hold heavy jobs Feed Mechanism Feed mechanism is the combination of different units through which motion of headstock spindle is transmitted to the carriage of lathe machine. The gearing at the end of bed transmits the rotary motion of headstock spindle to the feed gear box. Through the feed gear box the motion is further transmitted either to the feed shaft or lead screw, depending on whether the lathe machine is being used for plain turning or screw cutting. The feed gear box contains a number of different sizes of gears. The feed gear box provides a means to alter the rate of feed, and the ration between revolutions of the headstock spindle and the movement of carriage for thread cutting by changing the speed of rotation of the feed rod or lead screw. The apron is fitted to the saddle. It contains gears and clutches to transmit motion from the feed rod to the carriage, and the half nut which engages with the lead screw during cutting threads.

9 2. CNC LATHE FABRICATION 2. Design The main design requirements of the CNC lathe include machining accuracy, rigidity and compactness. Wood was chosen as the primary material for the CNC lathe for its sturdiness, low weight, easy machinability and low cost. To attain compactness, easy usage and light weight, the machine has been designed to be table top type. CNC Lathe design 2.2 Parts of CNC Lathe Hardware parts of the machine are combined with fabricated as well as few commercially available products. Main frame of the machine is constructed using wood blocks of and size, as per design. Design file of each component is attached in Appendix I. Following table contains list of components required for CNC Lathe machine construction. Table. Parts List Parts List Wooden blocks, CAD Model Base Wooden block Headstock frame CAD Model Headstock Setup

10 Three Jaw chuck 2V 20W 20 DC Motor V- belt (2x) 80mm xmm Guideway & Sliders CAD Model: Guideway (2x) 80mm xmm Guideway & Sliders CAD Model: Guideway 2 (x) 2mm, 80mm Ball lead screw rod & nut CAD Model: Ballscrew (x) 2mm, 220mm Ball lead screw rod & nut CAD Model: Ballscrew 2 (x) NEMA 7 Stepper Motor CAD Model: NEMA-7 7

11 (x) NEMA 2 Stepper Motor CAD Model: Stepper Motor N-2 (2x) 2V,.A Micro Stepper Motor Drivers (x) 2V, 0A Switched Mode Power Supply (x) Arduino UNO Microcontroller board x Emergency Stop switch Miscellaneous Fasteners ` (2x) Bearing block CAD Model: Support Bearing (2x) Motor clamp CAD Model: MotorClamp - N7 8

12 2. Fabrication procedure. Lathe headstock frame is firmly fixed on the wooden base of dimension 00mm x 200mm x0mm. Spindle is connected to an electric motor via V belt. A three jaw chuck is mounted on the spindle to hold the workpiece. 2. Wood block is cut into 700mm x 200mm x 0mm base for the lathe bed.. Two wood blocks of dimension 700mm x 0mm x 0mm are cut for the mounting the linear guideway (X axis).. Two mm, 80mm guideway rails are mounted on top of the wooden blocks (X axis). 9

13 . NEMA 2 stepper motor is fixed to the motor clamp.. The motor is fixed in between the guideways. 7. Rigid coupler is attached to the motor shaft. 0

14 8. Bearing blocks are fixed at both ends to mount the ball lead screw. 9. A protrusion block of dimension 80mm x mm x 20mm is attached to the base of the carriage to be fixed to the ball lead screw nut. 0. A ball lead screw of diameter 2mm and length 80mm is fixed in between the guideway blocks with a bearing block and NEMA 2 stepper motor.

15 . wooden block is used for making the carriage with dimension of 0mm x 0mm. 2. Two wood blocks of dimension mm 20mm x 0mm x 0mm are cut for mounting the transverse guideway (Y axis).. Two HSAC mm, 80mm guideway rails are mounted on top of the wooden blocks (Y axis).. Mount the carriage to the X axis guideway saddles.. A Motor clamp is fixed on the carriage at one end. 2

16 . NEMA 7 motor is fixed to the clamp. 7. Bearing block are fixed in between the guideways. 8. A Tool post is made from block with dimensions mm x 0mm and a support block is attached to it.

17 9. A second ball lead screw of diameter 2mm and length 220mm is attached to the support block of the tool post. 20. The assembly is then fixed in between the guideway blocks with a bearing block and NEMA 7 stepper motor. 2. Tool post is mounted on saddle block slides on the transverse guideway and a protrusion block from the tool holder base is connected to the ball lead screw nut. The ball lead screw is then attached to the NEMA 7 motor with a rigid coupler.

18 22. Tool holder of dimension 0mm x 00mm is placed on the tool holder with screw. 2. A cutting tool is fixed to the holder with screws. 2. Stepper motors NEMA 2 (Y Axis) and NEMA 7 (X axis) are connected to the motor drivers. Arduino based control unit

19 2. Motor drivers are connected to the Arduino Uno, which is connected to the desktop PC. Spindle motor is also connected to the Arduino through a potentiometer for rotary speed control of the workpiece. CNC Lathe assembly

20 2. ASSOCIATED SOFTWARE. CAD software - AutoCAD Student version AutoCAD is a computer aided design and drafting software application with 2D, D design and documentation, drawings. AutoCAD Student version is a fully comprehensive D CAD application that you can download and install for free. You can download the student version of AutoCAD from the following link:- GrblGRU GrblGRU is a free Computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and simulation software for converting the CAD diagram to G-Code. GrblGRU works by importing a.dxf file of the CAD diagram and converts it into G-Code to be post processed by a G-Code parser..2. Download and Installation of GrblGRU v. GrblGRU v. is available in the page: Download the.7zip file and extract it with 7zip extractor. Run the Grbl-GRU installer.exe file to start the installation. After installation you can run the program. GrblGRU window On top, just below the title bar you can find the menu bar for the general tasks of loading, saving, importing, settings and help index. Tool bar contains various options for clearing the workplace, scale objects, scanning / probing, G Code creator, STL creator, measurements etc. To the centre is the workplace window where the CAD diagram / simulation of the current process can be viewed. To the left of workplace is the parameter section for 2D / D configuration. Different properties and values like feed, spindle speed, port etc can be configured as per the numerical control requirements. Jogging can also be performed with the 7

21 directional buttons provided. To the right is the preset diagrams for quick access and simulation.. Universal G-Code sender Universal G-Code sender is a Java based Grbl compatible cross platform G-Code sender used to run Grbl controlled CNC machines. It is used to send the NC code generated into the Grbl program in Arduino for CNC machining. Universal G-Code sender also contains controls to directly jog the tool for accurate positioning before CNC machining and visualizing window to see the real time machining in progress.. Grbl G-Code parser Grbl is an open source, embedded, high performance, G-Code parser and CNC controller writer in optimized C that will run on Arduino. It is a high performance, low cost alternative to parallel port based motion control for CNC machines. Running primarily on Atmega 2 microcontroller, Grbl maintains upto 0kHz of stable, jitter free control pulses and can achieve precise timing and asynchronous operation. It accepts standards-compliant G-Code and has been tested with output of several CAM tool with no problems. Grbl also includes full acceleration management with look ahead in which the controller will look up to 8 motions into the future and plan its velocities ahead to deliver smooth acceleration and jerk free cornering. Compiled version of GRBL software is available in the form of hex file and is burned into the Arduino. Grbl CNC code will receive signals from Arduino s seriel buffer and parses it to decode the serial data into G code. Grbl settings in Arduino will be stored in the EEPROM of Arduino and so when configured will not erased during power off. Settings can also be viewed and modified anytime by sending corresponding configuration characters. $$ symbol is used as configuration character from which we can view different settings of the machine, such as axis feed rate, steps/mm, software limits, axis acceleration values and resolution of movement..2. Download and installation of Grbl Grbl is available in the GitHub site: Download the zip format and extract the bundle. Inside you will find a list of build files, header files and examples for Arduino. 8

22 . OPERATING PROCEDURE. Draw one half of the symmetrical part to be machined in AutoCAD (Student version) CAD software. 2. Export the CAD diagram in.dxf format. 9

23 . Open GrblGRU and import the.dxf file.. Click on 2D on the tool bar to scale the imported part. Set Fx to appropriate value and accordingly other scaling parameters will change automatically. Lathe parameters can be altered in the properties section. Change the Y coordinate to half the size of the actual workpiece. Also set X to move the tool and set the reference position. 20

24 . Set offset distance of mm for both X & Y. Now set the origin by clicking on the Set Coordinate Origin.. Click NC on the tool bar. 2

25 7. Now change the parameters as per the machining requirements. 8. Click Start to start the simulation. 22

26 9. Select File and Save NC with.nc extension to export the file. 0. Open Universal GCode Sender and set COM port for Arduino. 2

27 . Use the virtual control panel to manually move the tool to mm in X & Y for origin reference as per the NC code. 2. Click on machine control and reset zero in X & Y. 2

28 . Select file mode ad browse open the NC file previously saved.. Click Send to transfer the code to Grbl in the Arduino that controls the CNC Lathe. Visualize button on the right can be used for real-time machining simulation. 2

29 . CNC Lathe will automatically machine the workpiece as per the CAD diagram input by the user. You can see the machining visualization by clicking on the Visualize button on top right side.. Wood and wax workpiece can be machined to the required shape. 2

30 . SAMPLE EXPERIMENTS. Experiment Simple Facing and Turning using CNC Lathe Aim: To machine the given work piece according to the dimensions given in diagram using CNC Lathe Tools required: Chuck key Tool post spanner/ Hex key Turning tool Chamfering tool Vernier Calliper Steel rule Power supply Software required: GrblGru V..7.0 Arduino.8. Universal G-Code sender Procedure:. The work piece is held in the lathe chuck. 2. The cutting tool is held in the tool post and its cutting point is set to lathe axis using reference from the open source software.. Import the drawing in. stl /.nc/.dxf into the software. Make sure the drawn piece is imported within the specific parameters. Otherwise Resize the workpiece into appropriate dimensions.. Fix the feed cut parameters and tolerance level and fix the tool piece at the centre.. Once the outer diameter of the piece is set we can start simulating the feed cut machining 7. Save the simulated piece by converting it into G-code using the G-code creator button. 8. After the G code is generated, switch on the power source and start rotating the chuck and spindle setup. (make sure that the tool post is set to pre-set origin before commencement of running the code) 9. Commence the transmission of code into the universal G-code sender and start the process by pressing the send button. 0. Automatically according to the code produced in the system, the carriage is moved on the bed and is clamped at the required position.. By giving cross feed the tool is fed parallel to lathe axis. 2. The facing operation of the work piece is machined to required dimensions.. The system by repeating the same procedure, the next face of work piece is machined.. Then the tool is automatically fed parallel to lathe axis with suitable depth of cut. (can be done manually). The finished piece is retrieved. 27

31 Result: The given work piece is machined according to required dimensions by the CNC lathe according to the code given by the universal G-code Sender. Diagram: Part Diagram in modelling software Simulation and generation of G-Code in GrblGRU Materials supplied: Machinable Wax Ø2mm x 0mm Tool material: High Speed Steel 28

32 Generated Code: ; Created by GrblGru:GCodeCreator ; :: ; Finfeed= 800 ; F= 00 ; Fmax= 2000 ; OffsetX = 0 ; DeltaY = ; Smart clearance = True ; Free entry = False ; Both directions = True ; Finfeed Finish = 00 ; F Finish = 00 ; Fmax Finish= 2000 ; DeltaY Finish = 2 G90 G F000 ; Rough 2 ; Move to startpoint G90 G F y0.000 F x0.000 ; Back to startpoint G90 G F y0.000 F x0.000 ; Finish G90 G F00.00 x0.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-2. G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-2.7 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-2.02 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y

33 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y

34 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 ; Back to startpoint G90 G F y0.000 F x0.000

35 .2 Experiment 2 Step Turning using CNC Lathe Aim: To machine the given work piece according to the dimensions given in diagram using CNC Lathe Tools required: Chuck key Tool post spanner/ Hex key Turning tool Chamfering tool Vernier Calliper Steel rule Power supply Software required: GrblGru V..7.0 Arduino.8. Universal G-Code sender Procedure:. The work piece is held in the lathe chuck. 2. The cutting tool is held in the tool post and its cutting point is set to lathe axis using reference from the open source software.. Import the drawing in. stl /.nc/.dxf into the software. Make sure the drawn piece is imported within the specific parameters. Otherwise resize the work piece into appropriate dimensions.. Fix the feed cut parameters and tolerance level and fix the tool piece at the centre.. Once the outer diameter of the piece is set we can start simulating the feed cut machining 7. Save the simulated piece by converting it into G-code using the G-code creator button. 8. After the G code is generated, switch on the power source and start rotating the chuck and spindle setup. (make sure that the tool post is set to pre-set origin before commencement of running the code) 9. Commence the transmission of code into the universal G-code sender and start the process by pressing the send button. 0. Automatically the facing and plain turning operation are carried out as per the given dimensions.. After the plain turning operation is completed the tool is fed parallel to the lathe axis to the particular length assigned by the code. 2. Two or more cuts are given accordingly to retrieve the required diameter.. Now the first step of machining is completed and by repeating the same process the CNC lathe comenses its operation with the specified diameter.. By this time the work piece would be completed. 2

36 Result: The given work piece is machined according to required dimensions by the CNC lathe according to the code given by the universal G-code Sender Diagram: Part Diagram in modelling software Simulation and generation of G-Code in GrblGRU Materials supplied: Machinable Wax Ø2mm x 0mm Tool material: High Speed Steel Code Generated: ; Created by GrblGru:GCodeCreator ; ::

37 ; Finfeed= 800 ; F= 00 F x y F00.00 x0.000 ; Fmax= 2000 ; OffsetX = 0 ; DeltaY = ; Smart clearance = True ; section: 0 <- 07 F y F x0.000 ; Free entry = False ; Both directions = True ; Finfeed Finish = 00 ; F Finish = 00 ; Fmax Finish= 2000 ; #Line : F x0.000 y F x0.000 y-.000 F00.00 x-9.97 ; DeltaY Finish = 2 ; section: 0 <- 0 G90 G F000 F y-.000 F x-8.2 ; Rough ; #Line : ; Move to startpoint G90 G F y0.000 F x0.000 F x-8.2 y-.000 F x-8.2 y-.000 F00.00 x0.000 ; #Line : F x0.000 y0.000 F x0.000 y-.000 ; section: 0 <- 72 F y-.000 F x0.000 F00.00 x ; #Line : ; section: 08 <- 0 F y-.000 F x F x0.000 y-.000 F x0.000 y-.000 F00.00 x ; #Line 2: F x y-.000 ; section: <- 0 F y-.000

38 F x-9.97 F00.00 x ; #Line : F x-9.97 y-.000 F x-9.97 y-.000 ; section: 2 <- 0 F y F x F00.00 x0.000 ; #Line 0: ; section: 0 <- F y-.000 F x0.000 F x y F x y F00.00 x0.000 ; #Line 7: ; section: 0 <- F x0.000 y-.000 F x0.000 y F00.00 x-8.2 ; Back to startpoint G90 G F y0.000 F x0.000 ; section: 20 <- 0 F y F x ; Finish ; #Line 8: F x y F x y F00.00 x0.000 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y ; section: 0 <- F y F x0.000 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y ; #Line 9: F x0.000 y F x0.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-2.990

39 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-7.990

40 G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-.990 G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y

41 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y ; Back to startpoint G90 G F y0.000 F x0.000 G90 G F00.00 x y

42 . Experiment Taper Turning using CNC Lathe Aim: To machine the given work piece according to the dimensions given in diagram using CNC Lathe Tools required: Chuck key Tool post spanner/ Hex key Turning tool Chamfering tool Vernier Calliper Steel rule Power supply Software required: GrblGru V..7.0 Arduino.8. Universal G-Code sender Procedure:. The work piece is held in the lathe chuck. 2. The cutting tool is held in the tool post and its cutting point is set to lathe axis using reference from the open source software.. Calculate the taper angle using the formula. Prepare drawing using drawing tools and import the drawing in. stl /.nc/.dxf into the software.. Make sure the drawn piece is imported within the specific parameters. Otherwise resize the work piece into appropriate dimensions.. Fix the feed cut parameters and tolerance level and fix the tool piece at the centre. 7. Once the outer diameter of the piece is set we can start simulating the feed cut machining 8. Save the simulated piece by converting it into G-code using the G-code creator button. 9. After the G code is generated, switch on the power source and start rotating the chuck and spindle setup. (make sure that the tool post is set to pre-set origin before commencement of running the code) 0. Commence the transmission of code into the universal G-code sender and start the process by pressing the send button.. The step and plain turning process operation are carried out according to the prescribed dimensions. 2. Then the taper angle cut operation is done and the work piece is finished. Result: 9

43 The given work piece is machined according to required dimensions by the CNC lathe according to the code given by the universal G-code Sender Diagram: Part Diagram in modelling software Simulation and generation of G-Code in GrblGRU Materials supplied: Machinable Wax Ø2mm x 0mm Tool material: High Speed Steel 0

44 Code Generated: ; Created by GrblGru:GCodeCreator ; :2: ; Finfeed= 800 ; F= 00 ; Fmax= 2000 ; OffsetX = 0 ; DeltaY = ; Smart clearance = True ; Free entry = False ; Both directions = True ; Finfeed Finish = 00 ; F Finish = 00 ; Fmax Finish= 2000 ; DeltaY Finish = 2 G90 G F000 ; #Line : F x0.000 y0.000 F x0.000 y-.000 F00.00 x-.77 ; section: 2 <- 0 F y-.000 F x-.022 ; #Line 2: F x-.022 y-.000 F x-.022 y F00.00 x0.000 ; section: 0 <- 9 F y F x0.000 ; Rough ; Move to startpoint G90 G F y0.000 F x0.000 ; #Line : F x0.000 y F x0.000 y-.000 F00.00 x-2.07

45 F x0.000 y ; section: 7 <- 0 F y-.000 F x-0.92 ; #Line : F x-0.92 y-.000 F x-0.92 y-.000 F00.00 x0.000 ; section: 0 <- F y-.000 F x0.000 ; #Line : F x0.000 y-.000 F x0.000 y-.000 F00.00 x ; section: <- 0 F y-.000 F x-27.2 ; #Line : F x-27.2 y-.000 F x-27.2 y-.000 F00.00 x0.000 ; section: 0 <- F y-.000 F x0.000 ; #Line 7: F x0.000 y-.000 F00.00 x-2.7 ; section: 9 <- 0 F y F x-2.72 ; #Line 8: F x-2.72 y F x-2.72 y F00.00 x0.000 ; section: 0 <- 7 F y F x0.000 ; #Line 9: F x0.000 y F x0.000 y F00.00 x ; section: <- 0 F y F x ; #Line 0: F x y F x y F00.00 x0.000 ; section: 0 <- F y F x

46 ; #Line : F x0.000 y F x0.000 y-.000 F00.00 x-9. ; section: 2 <- 0 ; Back to startpoint G90 G F y0.000 F x0.000 ; Finish G90 G F00.00 x0.000 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-2.99 G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y- 2.89

47 G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y-.789 G90 G F00.00 x y-.89 G90 G F00.00 x y-.89 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-9.89 G90 G F00.00 x y-9.89 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y-8.89 G90 G F00.00 x y-8.89 G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y-7.89 G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-.88 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.88 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.088 G90 G F00.00 x y-.788 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.88 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.88 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.888 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.88 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.288 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.88 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.88 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.088 G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-2.88 G90 G F00.00 x y-2.88 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-.888 G90 G F00.00 x y-.88 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-.288 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99

48 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 G90 G F00.00 x y-0.99 ; Back to startpoint G90 G F y0.000 F x0.000

49 . Experiment Stepper and Taper Turning using CNC Lathe Aim: To machine the given work piece according to the dimensions given in diagram using CNC Lathe Tools required: Chuck key Tool post spanner/ Hex key Turning tool Chamfering tool Vernier Calliper Steel rule Power supply Software required: GrblGru V..7.0 Arduino.8. Universal G-Code sender Procedure:. This experiment comprises of both step and taper turning process. 2. The procedure is same as both experiment 2&.. Produce work piece drawing and import it in.stl/.dxf/.nc file into the CNC lathe software.. Convert the following diagram into G-Code and import it into the universal G Code sender.. By clicking the send button the code is transferred and the turning, facing and taper turning process is completed.. The taper angle is calculated using the formula as done in experiment. 7. The work piece is completed as per the diagram. Result: The given work piece is machined according to required dimensions by the CNC lathe according to the code given by the universal G-code Sender

50 Diagram: Part Diagram in modelling software Simulation and generation of G-Code in GrblGRU Code Generated: ; Created by GrblGru:GCodeCreator ; :: ; Finfeed= 800 ; F= 00 ; Fmax= 2000 ; OffsetX = 0 ; DeltaY = ; Smart clearance = True ; Free entry = False ; Both directions = True ; Finfeed Finish = 00 ; F Finish = 00 ; Fmax Finish= 2000 ; DeltaY Finish = 2 G90 G F000 7

51 ; #Line : ; Rough ; Move to startpoint G90 G F y0.000 F x0.000 ; #Line : F x0.00 y0.000 F x0.00 y-.000 F00.00 x ; section: 0 <- 0 F y-.000 F x ; #Line 2: F x y-.000 F x y F00.00 x0.00 ; section: 0 <- 02 F y F x0.00 ; #Line : F x0.00 y F x0.00 y-.000 F00.00 x-9.8 ; section: 99 <- 0 F y-.000 F x-8.20 F x-8.20 y-.000 F x-8.20 y-.000 F00.00 x0.00 ; section: 0 <- 7 F y-.000 F x0.00 ; #Line : F x0.00 y-.000 F x0.00 y-.000 F00.00 x ; section: <- 0 F y-.000 F x ; #Line : F x y-.000 F x y-.000 F00.00 x0.00 ; section: 0 <- 0 F y-.000 F x0.00 ; #Line 7: F x0.00 y-.000 F x0.00 y F00.00 x-.2 ; section: 7 <- 0 F y

52 F x-.8 ; #Line 8: F x-.8 y F x-.8 y F00.00 x0.00 ; section: 0 <- F y F x0.00 ; section: 28 <- 0 F y-.000 F x-0.99 ; #Line 2: F x-0.99 y-.000 F x-0.99 y F00.00 x0.00 ; section: 0 <- ; #Line 9: F x0.00 y F x0.00 y F00.00 x-27.0 ; Back to startpoint G90 G F y0.000 F x0.000 ; section: 9 <- 0 F y F x-2.2 ; #Line 0: F x-2.2 y F x-2.2 y F00.00 x0.00 ; section: 0 <- F y F x0.00 ; #Line : F x0.00 y F x0.00 y-.000 F00.00 x-.8 ; Finish G90 G F00.00 x0.000 y-.8 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-.22 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.90 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.882 G90 G F00.00 x y-.8 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.0 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.8 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.79 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.7 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.8 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.2 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-. G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.0 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-. G90 G F00.00 x y-.9 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-. 9

53 G90 G F00.00 x y-.27 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-.2 G90 G F00.00 x y-. G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-.0 G90 G F00.00 x y-.0 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-.098 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.092 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.08 G90 G F00.00 x y-.08 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.07 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.09 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.0 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.07 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.02 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.0 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.00 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.0 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.028 G90 G F00.00 x y-.02 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.07 G90 G F00.00 x y-.0 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-.00 G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y- 2.7 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y- 2.0 G90 G F00.00 x y- 2.8 G90 G F00.00 x y- 2.0 G90 G F00.00 x y- 2.2 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y- 2.0 G90 G F00.00 x y-.98 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.80 G90 G F00.00 x y-.7 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.0 G90 G F00.00 x y-.8 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.0 G90 G F00.00 x y-.2 G90 G F00.00 x y-.0 G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y

54 G90 G F00.00 x y- 0.0 G90 G F00.00 x y- 0.8 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y- 0.0 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y- 0.2 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y- 0.0 G90 G F00.00 x y-9.98 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-9.80 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-9.7 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-9.0 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-9.8 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-9.0 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-9.2 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-9.0 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-8.98 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-8.80 G90 G F00.00 x y-8.7 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-8.0 G90 G F00.00 x y-8.8 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-8.0 G90 G F00.00 x y-8.2 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-8.0 G90 G F00.00 x y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y-.988 G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-0.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y-0.988

55 G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-2.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x-.000 y G90 G F00.00 x-.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-8.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-9.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x-7.00 y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y G90 G F00.00 x y ; Back to startpoint G90 G F y0.000 F x

56 . CONCLUSION A low cost DIY CNC Lathe machine has been designed and developed using conventional off the shelf components of open source hardware and software, and sample sets of experiments have been performed. Current design uses wooden frame and will be replaced with mild steel for improved strength, rigidity and durability. The next version will also aim at machining non-ferrous metal workpiece with a higher degree of accuracy by incorporating sensors to it. Addition of limit switches and associated sensors will provide feedback for optimum control during machining operation and good accuracy.

57 APPENDIX I Design Sheets

58 B B 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty- Size 0x200x700mm x D D C C UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A A Wooden block Base wooden block Part- WEIGHT: SCALE:: SHEET OF 2

59 B B 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Size- 0x0x700 Qty-2 D 0 D 2x C C 700 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D Guide way wooden block MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A A Wooden block Part-2 WEIGHT: SCALE:: SHEET OF 2

60 C C B B 2 D D UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D NAME SIGNATURE DATE FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES MFG Q.A MOdel DWG NO. A A A HIWIN GEH SA TITLE: DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty-2 ANGULAR: Size-2xx80mm Guideway WEIGHT: SCALE:: SHEET OF 2

61 D D C C B B UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D NAME SIGNATURE DATE FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES MFG Q.A MODEL DWG NO. A A A HIWIN GEH SA TITLE: DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Size-9.0xxmm Guide way slider Part- Qty- WEIGHT: SCALE:: SHEET OF 2

62 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Length- 0mm Qty-2 R D D x 8 2 x C C B B 2 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MODEL DWG NO. A A A SFU 20- WEIGHT: Ball Screw Flange Nut SCALE:: SHEET OF 2 Part-

63 D D C C B B 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING R Length-80mm Qty- 80 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES MFG Q.A MODEL DWG NO. A A A NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D SFU 20- WEIGHT: SCALE::0 SHEET OF 2 Ball Screw Part-

64 B B 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty- Size-2x0x0mm D D C C 7x 2 0 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A A Wooden Block WEIGHT: Carriage Base SCALE:: SHEET OF 2 Part-8

65 C C B B 2 D D UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D NAME SIGNATURE DATE FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A A HIWIN GEH SA TITLE: DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Guide way-2 Part-9 Qty-2 Size-2.0xx80mm WEIGHT: SCALE::2 SHEET OF 2

66 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty-2 Size-20xx80mm D D R C C x.20 B B UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A A D-Printing WEIGHT: Bearing Block- SCALE:: SHEET OF 2 Part-0

67 C C B B 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty-2 Size-0x0x20mm D D x UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A A Wooden block Guideway wooden Block-2 Part- WEIGHT: SCALE::2 SHEET OF 2

68 D D B B 2 R 220 C C UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty- Size- 2mm X 220mm NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MODEL: DWG NO. A A A SFU 20- Ball Screw-2 Part-2 WEIGHT: SCALE:: SHEET OF 2

69 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty- Size-7x8x80mm D D 7 x x C C B B 8 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN Clamp-N7 A Part- CHK'D Motor APPV'D A MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. D Printing A WEIGHT: SCALE::2 SHEET OF 2

70 D D B B 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty-2 Size- 0x20mm 2 C C 0 R2.0 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MODEL DWG NO. A coupler- A A WEIGHT: mmx2mm Solid Coupler SCALE:2: SHEET OF 2 Part-

71 D D B B 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty- 2.0 C C UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A Part- A WEIGHT: SCALE:: SHEET OF 2 Nema-7

72 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty-2 Size-20x0x80mm D D x PCD.0 C C 20 2X 0 B 80 B UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A Part- A Wooden Block WEIGHT: Bottom Attachment SCALE:: SHEET OF 2

73 B B 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty-2 Size-xx80mm 8 D D C C x.20 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A Part-7 A D Printing WEIGHT: Bearing Block-2 SCALE:: SHEET OF 2

74 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty- Size- 20x0xmm D D x C C B B UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A A Wooden block Tool Post Base Part-8 WEIGHT: SCALE::2 SHEET OF 2

75 C C B B 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty- Size-0x0x0mm D D UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: Top Post- A Part-9 DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D A MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. Wooden block A WEIGHT: SCALE:: SHEET OF 2

76 B B DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Size-20x0x0mm Qty D D C C 8x M UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A A Wooden Block Part-20 WEIGHT: Tool Post-2 SCALE::2 SHEET OF 2

77 C C B B 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Size-M2x2 Qty- D D M UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES DRAWN NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: M2 Nut A CHK'D APPV'D A MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A Mild steel Part-22 WEIGHT: SCALE:2: SHEET OF 2

78 C C B B 2 D M0 D 0 MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A A UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D NAME SIGNATURE DATE FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES WEIGHT: Mild steel TITLE: DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Size-M0x0mm Tool Clamp Bolt SCALE:: SHEET OF 2 Part-2 Qty-

79 C C B B 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING REVISION 0 D D UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D Headstock Setup MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A Part-2 A WEIGHT: SCALE::0 SHEET OF 2

80 C C B B 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty D D 7 7 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A A TITLE: Stepper motor-n2 Part-2 WEIGHT: SCALE::2 SHEET OF 2

81 2 DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Qty- Size-8x2x9mm D D 2 x C 9 C x B B UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS SURFACE FINISH: TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR: FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE: DRAWN CHK'D APPV'D MFG Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO. A A A Wooden block N2 Motor Clamp Part-27 WEIGHT: SCALE:: SHEET OF 2

82 APPENDIX II Product Datasheets

83

84 Rexroth Precision Ball Screw Assemblies Single Nut with Flange FEM-E-C Standard series Mounting dimensions to DIN 9 0, Part Flange type C With standard seals Reinforced seals, see Page 0 With backlash, reduced backlash, preload 2% or % C For precision-rolled screws SN-R of tolerance grade T, T7, T9 and groundthread screws SN-F of tolerance grade P, P, P, (T7) d 0 P D W i = nominal diameter = lead (R = right-hand, L = left-hand) = ball diameter = number of ball track turns Order code: FEM-E-C 20 x R x - 2 T7 R 82Z20 Z Size Part number Load ratings Speed* dyn. stat. d 0 x P x Dw - i C C 0 v max (N) (N) [m/min] x R x x 0R x x R x x R x x 20R x x R x x 0R x x 2R x x R x x 0R x x 20R x x 2R x x R x x 0R x x 2R x x R x x 20R x x 0R x x R x x 0R x x 2R x x R x x 20R x x 0R x x 0R x x 20R x x 0R x x 0R x x 20R x x 0R x x 20R x x 0R x x 20R x * See P. 9 Characteristic speed d 0. n and P. Critical speed n k RE 8 0/

85 Lube port at flange center L 0 D 7 d 0 2 S D D -0.0 D L 9 BB2 D L L L D 7 d 0 0 S D w 0 d2 d d D L 9 BB N.B.: On a ground-thread screw SN-F the core diameter d 2 can be smaller by max. 0. mm due to the manufacture. Dimensions (mm) Weight d d 2 D D Hole D D 7 L L L L 9 L 0 S m g pattern (kg) BB M BB M BB M BB M BB M BB M BB M BB M BB M BB M BB M BB M BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x BB M8x.0 RE 8 0/

86 Sabertooth 2x2 User s Guide Input voltage: -2V nominal, 0V absolute max. Output current: Up to 2A continuous per channel. Peak loads may be up to 2A per channel for a few seconds. These ratings are for input voltages up to 8v in still air without additional heatsinking. V switching BEC: Up to A continuous and.a peaks across the entire range of input voltages. Recommended power sources are: to 8 cells NiMH or NiCd 2s to s lithium ion or lithium polymer. Sabertooth motor drivers have a lithium battery mode to prevent cell damage due to over-discharge of lithium battery packs. v to 2v lead acid v to 2v power supply (when in parallel with a suitable battery). Dimensions: Size: 2. x 2.9 x. Weight: 2.2oz x 7 x mm Switch settings: See the manufacturers instructions for operating mode, sample. settings etc. (

87

88

89 Stepper Motor NEMA 7 This document describes mechanical and electrical specifications for PBC Linear stepper motors; including standard, hollow, and extended shaft variations. Phases 2 Steps/Revolution 200 Step Accuracy ±% Shaft Load 20,000 Hours at 000 RPM Axial 2 N (. lbs.) Push N ( lbs.) Pull Radial 29 N (. lbs.) At Flat Center IP Rating 0 Approvals RoHS Operating Temp -20 C to +0 C Insulation Class B, 0 C Insulation Resistance 00 MegOhms Standard shaft motor shown. Description Length Mounted Rated Current (Stack) L Max Amps Mounted Holding Torque Nm Typ. oz-in Typ. Winding Ohms mh 20 C Typ. Detent Torque Rotor Inertia Motor Weight mnm oz-in g cm2 oz-in2 kg lbs Single 9.8 mm (.7 in) Double 8. mm (.90 in) Triple 2.8 mm (2.7 in) *All standard motors have plug connector. Consult factory for other options. Dimensions: mm (in) (CONSULT FACTORY) Standard shaft dimensions shown. All other dimensions apply to hollow and extended shaft options. Dimensions: mm (in) Lead Connector, PBC Part#20090 (Consult factory for optional motor connectors) LINEAR MOTION SOLUTIONS I

90 NEMA 7 Stepper Motor *Performance curves apply to continuous duty cycles. Consult factory for intermittent cycles or other voltages. 2 Vdc, 2 A rms Steps/Sec 0,000 2,000,000,000,000,000 Torque (Nm) RPM Bipolar Drive Speed Single Stack Vdc, 2 A rms 2 Vdc, 2 A rms Torque (oz-in) Torque (Nm) Bipolar Drive Steps/Sec0,000 2,000,000,000,000,000 RPM Speed Double Stack 8 Vdc,.7 A rms Vdc, 2 A rms 2 Vdc, 2 A rms 2 Vdc, 2 A rms Torque (oz-in) Torque (Nm) Bipolar Drive 8 Vdc, 2 A rms Vdc, 2 A rms 2 Vdc, 2 A rms 2 Vdc, 2 A rms Steps/Sec0,000 2,000,000,000,000,000 RPM Speed Triple Stack Torque (oz-in) I LINEAR MOTION SOLUTIONS

91 Stepper Motor NEMA 2 This document describes mechanical and electrical specifications for PBC Linear stepper motors; including standard, hollow, and extended shaft variations. Standard shaft motor shown. Phases 2 Steps/Revolution 200 Step Accuracy ±% Shaft Load 20,000 Hours at 000 RPM Axial 0 N (9 lbs.) Push 0 N (0 lbs.) Pull Radial 70 N (. lbs.) At Flat Center IP Rating 0 Approvals RoHS Operating Temp -20 C to +0 C Insulation Class B, 0 C Insulation Resistance 00 MegOhms Description Length Mounted Rated Current (Stack) L Max Amps Mounted Holding Torque Nm oz-in Typ. Typ. Winding Ohms mh 20 C Typ. Detent Torque Rotor Inertia Motor Weight mnm oz-in g cm2 oz-in2 kg lbs Single.0 mm (2.7 in) Double 77.0 mm (.0 in) Power Plus (Triple) 77.0 mm (.0 in) *All standard motors have plug connector. Consult factory for other options. Dimensions: mm (in) (CONSULT FACTORY) Motor with leads: Lead wire is 22 AWG UL2, 00 ±0 (2 ±.) long Standard shaft dimensions shown. All other dimensions apply to hollow and extended shaft options. Dimensions: mm (in) Lead Connector, PBC Part#2009 (Consult factory for optional motor connectors) LINEAR MOTION SOLUTIONS I

92 NEMA 2 Stepper Motor *Performance curves apply to continuous duty cycles. Consult factory for intermittent cycles or other voltages. Torque (Nm) Bipolar Drive 72 Vdc, 2 A rms 8 Vdc, 2 A rms Vdc, 2 A rms 2 Vdc, 2 A rms Steps/Sec0,000 2,000,000,000,000,000 RPM Speed Single Stack Torque (oz-in) 2 Vdc, A rms Bipolar Drive 2 Vdc, A rms Steps/Sec0,000 2,000,000,000,000 Torque (Nm) RPM Speed Double Stack Torque (oz-in) Power Plus (Triple Stack) I LINEAR MOTION SOLUTIONS