IMPACTS OF PLASTIC-BASED MATERIAL EMPLOYED IN FURNITURE MANUFACTURING ON COMPRESSION AND TENSILE PERFORMANCES OF VARIOUS JOINT TECHNIQUES

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1 IMPACTS OF PLASTIC-BASED MATERIAL EMPLOYED IN FURNITURE MANUFACTURING ON COMPRESSION AND TENSILE PERFORMANCES OF VARIOUS JOINT TECHNIQUES Musa Atar, Hakan Keskin, Meryem Dereli, Adem Kaya, Yasemin Öztürk, Davut Şakacı Gazi University, Technology Faculty, Department of Wood Products Industrial Engineering, Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey Key words Abstract Box construction furniture, Corner joints techniques, This study was carried out to determine the effects of various corner joint techniques prepared from plastic-based material (polystyrene lam) Tensile and Compression employed in furniture manufacturing on the diagonal compression and Strengths, tensile performances. For this purpose polystyrene lam from traditional, Plastic-based material. star and allen screws, diagonally copression and tensile test according to ASTM D 1037 mainly for joining minifix, and trapeze techniques are made with prepared corners. As a result, the diagonal compression; the amount of deflection in combining the highest stars screw 4x50 (91mm), the lowest; dowel + Desmodur-VTKA glued in the coupling (7 mm) were found. Diagonal compression in; minifix, the highest (MFA) in consolidation (18 mm), the lowest Dowel + Desmodur-VTKA glue to merge (3 mm), respectively. According to this; application of screw joining techniques in terms of the amount of deflection to the corners of the cabinet are produced from polystyrene lam advantageous than others. Corresponding author: Musaatar@gazi.edu.tr, Musa ATAR, Gazi University, Technology Faculty, Department of Wood Products Industrial Engineering Department, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey. 1. INTRODUCTION Made from chipboard; flat-dowel, plastic slatted 90 o square nose, nose dowel square, miter nose to nose and drawing foreign slatted consolidation and compression test was performed. Resistance joining with foreign slatted square nose first, the dowel square nose was reported to be joining in second row (Englesson, T., (1973). The screws of different diameters and lengths, we investigated the effect of the tensile strength of the particle board; plus screw to increase the tensile strength of the neck, while the increase in screw diameter; has been reported to cause reduction in tensile strength ( Fujimoto, Y., Mori, M., (1983). Box construction furniture back in the corner and joining methods, the survey aimed to unify the resistance; joining the highest resistance outside of the vertical side plates superimposed upper and lower horizontal plate dowel in combination, it is stated that the lowest value in combining L-ferrous profile (Shih-Chao, L., Eckelman, C.A., (1987). Joining has a significant effect on the stiffness of the box. Corner joints, if reinforced with dowels and metal connection is emphasized that gradually increase in strength ( Lin, Shih-Chao., Eckelman, C., (1987). In chipboard, the tensile and compressive try to joining prepared with different number of dowel corner, width and spacing of dowels example have been changed. 7.5 cm distance

2 between dowel case has been reported to obtain the highest resistance (Zhang J.L., Eckelman C.A., (1993). Screw diameter in box furniture, the research conducted on the length and position; box use the most effective way to strengthen and the distance between screw more screws are as they should be about cm ( Chia-Lin, H., Eckelman, C.A., (1994). For quality furniture, with high mechanical properties and performance characteristics it is reported to be important to use the best composite plate ( Eckelman, C.A., (1999). Box-type diagonal compressive strength in furniture chipboard my highest foreign plastic moldings, obtained the lowest MDF moldings plastic biscuit. The highest tensile strength in a diagonal wood type biscuits were obtained in foreign slats( Türk, M., (2007). Page MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Plastic-based panels Polystyrene panel is a kind of plastic types used in plate production. Polystyrene are thermoplastic and possess a linear molecule. Ease of thermoplastics soften when heat and pressure are applied, deformable, are fluent hard able material is in any case can receive and cooled. While the use of thermoplastic material and are subject to fatigue from 54ºC to 120 ºC under their own weight, sometimes depending on the structures deteriorate at temperatures of up to 270ºC. Şeref Plastic and Machine Industry Tic. Ltd. Sti. in Turkey. by edge profile, skirting, paneling and panel plate production are conducted. Panel sheets from 0.8 to 1.8 x 90 x 280 cm and is referred to as being produced in new wood. 100% resistant against water and moisture. Average life expectancy is 75 years. Nails can be gravel, does not crack split, flexible, easily bent with the help of hot dry air. in places where hygiene does not contain bacteria can be used to be used in the food industry because it does not contain carcinogenic substances (Şeref Plastik (2009). All products, including the cutting of sheet panels and profiles do with sparsely toothed diamond circular saws. Milling, the hole should be done at low speed machine. Adhesives Desmodur-VTKA adhesive usually has been found preferable for the assembly process in the woodworking industry. It is a one component (without any solvent), polyurethane based and moisture cured adhesive. Bonding surface should be clean, dry, dust and oil free. Dry surfaces should be moisture so as to increase hardening speed of the glue. Adhesive is directly applied to one of the surfaces and bonding process is conducted at 20 2 C and 65 5 % relative humidity conditions. Polyurethane glue has a ph of about 7 and a viscosity of mpa s at 25 2 o C. Its density is g cm -3, the period of solidification at 20 2 C with 65 5 % relative humidity is 24 h. It is recommended that Desmodur-VTKA adhesive be applied to both surfaces ~180 g m -2. It solidifies in 30 min. according to its producer (Örs, Y., Atar, M., Keskin, H). Polystyrene adhesive; his own chip material cellulosic thinner (solvent) obtained by dissolving a adhesive type. Petroleum is obtained. Quick lights, emits a strong smell of gas and rapidly swell in acetone environment. Good resistance to UV radiation, has good impact and tensile strength. Also against acid alkali and salt it shows a high resistance. Viscosity; At 25 C cps, density at 20 C, 0.7 ± 0.02 g / cc, ph 6; ( İnternet (2010).

3 2.2. METHODS Preparation of test samples Two test method, including two adhesive types and different assembly techniques and experiments total of 100 samples including 5 samples were prepared for each factor. Each test sample consists of two components A and B being. Page 511 Dowel joints Threaded body in the test sample, prepared in 8x30 mm plastic dowels are used. The corresponding drawings and dimensions shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Wooden dowels and dowel (size in mm) Foreign slatted straight and miter 45º nose joining Foreign slats slide in straight and 45 degree miter made from plastic-based strips joining the foreign 300x18x6 mm was used. Merge of drawing and dimensions are given in Figure 2. Figure 2. Foreign slatted straight 45 o miter joining nose and foreign lath (size in mm)

4 Merge, joining the lamp(grooved) The thickness of the lamp to merge, combine 1/2 have opened up Studded plate edge and lamp. Merge of drawing and dimensions are given in Figure 3. Page 512 Figure 3. The lamp Merge, merge (size mm) Stars and allen screw joining Joining in 4x50, 4x60 No. stars and Allen screws (AV-50) was used head screws. Merge of drawing and dimensions are given in Figure 4. Figure 4. The test sample, star and hexagon socket screws (size mm) Minifix joining Assembling the camshaft must often fixing portion consisting of two parts in the socket-screw type plastic, other parts were used of the cylindrical connecting element is made of steel material. Merge of drawing and dimensions are given in Figure 5.

5 Page 513 Figure 5. Test sample minifix, metal and plastic anchors (size in mm) Trapeze joining Trapezoidal metal fasteners are used in the experiments. Merge of drawing and dimensions are given in Figure 6. Figure 6. Test sample and trapeze fastener (size mm) Test Method The experiments were performed essentially according to ASTM D1037. Of this embodiment it is utilized in the test method similar studies are shown below in Figure 7. (ASTM D 1037 (1998). Figure 7. Test method; a) diagonal compression test b) diagonal tensile testing device

6 Execution of the tests Test equipment Experiments 5 ton "Universal Testing Machine" is made. Download speed can be adjusted manually. Upload speed application time of 2 mm to be between 30 to 60 sec / min will travel is set. The tests are to comply with ASTM D 1037 in principle. Evaluation of Data The effects of joining in the amount of PSlam deflection of diagonal compressive and tensile strength were investigated. Multi-variance analysis to determine deflections (MANOVA) was used. With a 5% margin of error interplay of factors that go into a meaningful, DUNCAN test was applied to indicate the severity. Page RESULTS Deflection Amount Diagonal compression-tensile force of multivariate analyzes of variance results for the effect on the amount of deflection are given in Table 1. Table 1. Diagonal compression-tensile force of multivariate analyzes of variance results for the effect on the amount of deflection Variance Source Degrees of Freedom Sum of Squares Mean Squares F Value P α < 0,05 Factor A Factor B AB Error Total Factor A: Diagonal pull compression, Factor B: Deflection amount According to this; diagonal compression-pulling force, the difference between the amount of deflection, and their interactions were significant statistically significant (α = 0.05). Test results to determine if Duncan made a significant difference between groups which were given during the comparison of interaction. Table 2. The amount of deflection by the experimental sort of average values (mm) TYPE OF TEST X HG* Diagonal compression (BS) 41 A Diagonal tensile (ÇK) 11 B * LSD: 2.407, X: arithmetic mean, HG: homogeneity groups According to the types of experiments: the highest amount of deflection in the diagonal compression (41 mm) and the lowest diagonal tension in (11 mm), respectively. Diagonal compression performance compared to the amount of deflection The amount of deflection of diagonal compression performance compared to the average value of Merge sort is given in Table 3.

7 Table 3. The amount of deflection of diagonal compression performance compared to the average value of merge sort (mm). JOINING TYPE X HG* Dowel + Polystyrene adhesive 14 EFG Dowel + Desmodur VTKA adhesive 7 HIJ Polystyrene adhesive + Foreign slatted flat 33 D Polystyrene adhesive merge + Foreign slatted square nose + Polystyrene adhesive 32 D Page 515 Merge, joining the lamp + Polystyrene adhesive 17 E Stars screw 4x50 91 A Stars screw 4x60 42 C Allen screw A Minifix 48 B Trapeze 35 D * LSD: According to Joining kinds of, deflection amount corner joining the highest star screw 4x50 (91 mm), the lowest in the corner glued dowel Desmodur-VTKA merge (7 mm) were found. Adhesive, merge, according to the average value of the amount of deflection in the deflection amount of screw types are average values given in Table 4. Table 4. Adhesive, merge, according to the average value of the amount of deflection kinds of screw ADHESIVE TYPE X HG** Polystyrene adhesive 14 A Desmodur-VTKA adhesive 7 B CLİCK-FİT JOINING X HG*** Foreign slatted flat 33 A Foreign slatted (45 o ) square nose 32 A Merge, with the lamp 17 B SCREW TYPE X HG**** Stars screw 4x50 91 A Stars screw 4x60 42 B Allen screw A DEMONTE JOINING X HG***** Minifix 48 A Trapeze 35 B ** LSD: 5.382,*** LSD: 5.382, **** LSD: 5.382, ***** LSD: According to the kinds of adhesive, adhesive polystyrene the highest amount of deflection (14 mm), the lowest in vtka Desmodur- VTKA (7 mm) were found. According to joining kinds of click-fit; deflection amount of the highest foreign slats joining flat corner (33 mm), the lowest merge, joining the lamp in the corner (17 mm), respectively. Screw assembly types according to the amount of deflection in the corner joining the highest star screw 4x50 (91) were the lowest star in joining screw 4x60 corner. According to Demonte joining kinds of highest Totally, corner joining deflection amount (48 mm), the lower trapezoid corner joining (35 mm) have been found. Deflection amount by diagonal tensile performance The amount of deflection of the diagonal tensile performance compared to the average value of joining kinds of is given in Table 5.

8 Table 5. The amount of deflection according to the diagonal tensile performance joining sort of average value (mm) JOINING TYPE X HG* Dowel + Polystyrene adhesive 9 CDE Dowel + Desmodur-VTKA adhesive 3 F Foreign slatted flat + Polystyrene adhesive 10 BCDE Foreign slatted square nose + Polystyrene adhesive 12 ABCD Merge, joining the grooved + Polystyrene adhesive 5 EF Stars screw 4x50 17 A Stars screw 4x60 15 AB Allen screw 16 A Minifix 18 A Trapeze 10 BCDE * LSD: Page 516 The amount of deflection of traction performance than the diagonal corner merge joining kinds of highest minifix (18 mm), the lowest in the corner glued dowel Desmodur-VTKA to merge (3 mm) were found. Diagonal tensile performance of merge kinds of of the adhesive dowel corner deflection amount by the average values are given in Table 6. Table 6. Adhesive and merge, depending on the type of diagonal tensile performance average value of the amount of deflection (mm) ADHESIVE TYPE X HG* Polystyrene adhesive 9 A Desmodur-VTKA adhesive 3 B JOINING TYPE X HG** Foreign slatted flat joining 10 A Foreign slatted (45 o ) miter joining 12 A Merge, joining the grooved 5 B SCREW TYPE X HG*** Stars screw 4x50 17 A Stars screw 4x60 15 AB Allen screw A DEMONTE JOINING X HG* Minifix 18 A Trapeze 10 B JOINING WITHOUT GLUE AND GLUE X HG* Glued joints 8 B Glueless joints 15 A * LSD: 5.382, * *LSD: 5.382, ***LSD: 5.382, ****LSD: 5.382, * LSD: The amount of deflection according to the highest polystyrene adhesive type adhesive (9 mm), the lowest in Desmodur-VTKA (3mm) were found. The highest amount of foreign slats deflection according to click-fit joining kinds of (45º) nose miter corner joining (12 mm), the lowest merge, joining the lamp in the corner (about 5 mm) were found. The amount of deflection merge screw corner joining the highest star screw 4x50 (17 mm), the lowest star in the corner joining screw 4x60 (15 mm) have been found. According to demonte joining kinds

9 of highest minifix corner joining deflection amount (18 mm), the lower trapeze corner joining (10 mm) have been found. Adhesive and adhesive corner deflection by joining the highest amount of adhesive in the corner joints (15 mm) and glued corner joints in the lowest (8 mm) were found. 4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Page 517 Diagonal compression performance compared to the amount of deflection joining merge kinds of highest star corner screw 4x50 (91 mm), the lowest in the corner glued dowel Desmodur VTKA merge (7 mm) were found. Diagonal pressure, the star merge with dowel screw 4x50 Desmodur VTKA corner joints was more than 13 times. This situation may arise from inadequate Desmodur-VTKA mechanical theory with the surface of the adhesive bond. According to the terms of the diagonal tensile performance Joining kinds of highest amount of deflection in the corner minifix combining (18 mm), the lowest deflection Desmodur VTKA glued dowel corner merge (3 mm) were found. minifix try compressing the diagonal corner joints, dowel Desmodur VTKA corner of the joining has increased 6 times more adhesive. This could be considered for joining. Experiments at the end, according to the adhesive Desmodur-VTKA of Polystyrene adhesive from the adhesive type, the allen screws of the screw kinds of (50) than the other screws, according to joining adhesive of the glued joints, has been found to show higher performance than other joining kind of trapeze corner joints of the knockdown joining. As a result, the kitchen and bathroom furniture in wet places, such as dowel and decorative applications in polystyrene glued corner joints technique is recommended. Also the physical properties of polystyrene adhesive technique and made investigations to determine the mechanical properties. References ASTM D 1037 (1998), Standard methods of evaluating the properties of wood-base fiber and particle panel materials, West Conshohocken, USA. Chia-Lin, H., Eckelman, C.A., (1994), The use of performance tests in evaluating joint and fastener strength in case furniture, Forest Products Journal, 44 (9): 47-53, USA. Eckelman, C.A., (1999), Designing high quality furniture with wood composites, Purdue University, p , USA. Englesson, T., (1973), Zasammenfassung der undersuchungen vor einigen spanplatten eigenschaften im schwedischen Holzforschungsinstitut, 52-60, SWEDEN. Fujimoto, Y., Mori, M., (1983), Performance of wood screw joints for particleboard Science Bulletin Of The Faculty Of Agriculture, 38 (1): 45-57, USA. İnternet (2010), Polistren ve tutkal, Lin, Shih-Chao., Eckelman, C., (1987), Rigidty of furniture cases with various joint construction, Forest Product Journal, 37(1): 23-27, USA. Örs, Y., Atar, M., Keskin, H., (2003), Bonding strength of some adhesives in wood materials impregnated with Imersol-aqua, International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives (IJAA) 24/4: Shih-Chao, L., Eckelman, C.A., (1987). rigidity of furniture cases wiht various joint constructions, Forest Products Journal, 37 (1): 23-27, USA. Şeref Plastik (2009), Üretici Firma Dokümantasyonu ANKARA

10 Türk, M., (2007), Plastik ve ahşap esaslı kompozit bisküvilerle hazırlanan mobilya köşe birleştirmelerinde bazı direnç özelliklerinin araştırılması Bilim Uzmanlığı Tezi. Z.K.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, KARABÜK Zhang J.L., Eckelman C.A., (1993), Rational design of multi dowel corner joints in case construction, Forest Products Journal, 43(11): 19-25, USA. Page 518 Corresponding author: Musa Atar Gazi University, Technology Faculty, Department of Wood Products Industrial Engineering, Teknikokullar - Ankara / TURKEY Corresponding Author, musaatar@gazi.edu.tr : Author(s) This article is published under Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.