25-Sep-17. SPECIES, SITE, SOIL, CLIMATE, MICROCLIMATE, WEATHER, GENES etc

Transcription

1 SPECIES, SITE, SOIL, CLIMATE, MICROCLIMATE, WEATHER, GENES etc 1

2 Pine Spruce Grading use 2

3 WOOD 3

4 WOOD: CELLULOSE HEMICELLULOSES LIGNIN (BINDER) 4

5 WOOD: CELLULOSE HEMICELLULOSES LIGNIN (BINDER) RESINS TAR BASED TURPENTINES FAT ACIDS, WAXES WOOD: CELLULOSE HEMICELLULOSES LIGNIN (BINDER) RESINS TAR BASED TURPENTINES FAT ACIDS, WAXES WATER: LIVING TREE: % DRIED TIMBER: 8 24 % 5

6 WOOD LIVES 6

7 ANISOTROPY: ANISOTROPY: properties vary in longitudinal, tangential and radial direction 7

8 HYGROSCOPY HYGROSCOPY; adapts the moisture content of surrounding humidity (indoor outdoor) 8

9 MOISTURE PERFORMANCE MOISTURE PERFORMANCE and MOISTURE BUFFERING CAPACITY 9

10 WOOD: CELLULOSE HEMICELLULOSES LIGNIN (BINDER) THERMAL PROPERTIES 10

11 THERMAL PROPERTIES and INSULATION CAPACITY THERMAL PROPERTIES and INSULATION CAPACITY DENSITY spruce 410 kg/m 3, concrete 2300 kg/m 3, steel 2700 kg/m 3, stainless steel 7700 kg/m 3 11

12 Sawing use Use of the log 12

13 Moisture content use COMBUSTIBLE 13

14 COMBUSTIBLE: 0,8 mm / minute COMBUSTIBLE: sets on fire in 300º C, doesn t create toxic gasses 14

15 ANISOTROPY: longitudinal, tangential, radial compression, bending, tension, shear 15

16 S T R U C T U R A L W O O D Optimal span - massive wood (graded) 4,5 m - kerto lvl (laminated veneer board) 3.12 m - glue-laminated wood 8 50 m (cross-laminated timber panels) S T R U C T U R A L W O O D Optimal span - massive wood 4,5 m - kerto lvl (laminated veneer board) 3.12 m - glue-laminated wood 8 50 m (cross-laminated timber panels) - composite structures - trusses etc 16

17 S T R U C T U R A L W O O D Optimal span - massive wood 4,5 m - kerto lvl (laminated veneer board) 3.12 m - glue-laminated wood 8 50 m (cross-laminated timber panels) - composite structures - trusses etc Rule of thumb: span: = height of a beam ( mm : 12 > 850 mm) Structural timber 17

18 Engineered wood 18

19 GLUE LAMINATED WOOD (structural / non-structural) manufacturing - 45mm (20mm) lamellas (finger-jointed) (the properties of wood mixed) - gluing + compression 19

20 GLUE LAMINATED WOOD (structural / non-structural) manufacturing - 45mm (20mm) lamellas (finger-jointed) (the properties of wood mixed) - gluing + compression properties - homogeneous (variations in quality minimised by laminating many boards) - strength GL28, GL30 - bendable GLUE LAMINATED WOOD (structural) manufacturing - 45mm (20mm) lamellas (finger-jointed) (the properties of wood mixed) - gluing + compression properties - homogeneous (variations in quality minimised by laminating many boards) - strength GL28, GL30 - bendable use - long span structures (8.50m) - wide interior and cladding panels + boards - furniture, fittings, etc (non-structural) 20

21 Glue-laminated beam / structure 21

22 bendability GLUED WOOD (non-structural) 22

23 CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER (clt, klh) CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER (clt, klh) manufacturing - odd number of thick layers ( mm) - glued cross-wise (with vacuum or compression) 23

24 CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER (clt, klh) manufacturing - odd number of thick layers ( mm) - glued cross-wise (with vacuum or compression) properties - rigid panels - large panels (4 000 x mm) - layers can vary in quality / properties (f.ex. Surfaces) - small deformations, cracks CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER (clt, klh) manufacturing - odd number of thick layers ( mm) - glued cross-wise (with vacuum or compression) properties - rigid panels - large panels (4 000 x mm) - layers can vary in quality / properties (f.ex. Surfaces) - small deformations, cracks use - frame (multi-story housing), structural panel (bracing) - wide interior and cladding panels + boards - furniture, fittings, etc 24

25 CLT 25

26 LVL LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (kerto/viilupuu) Laminated veneer lumber LVL (viilupuu) 26

27 LVL LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (kerto/viilupuu) manufacturing - veneer 3,4mm - gluing (continuous process, overlapping veneers) - compression with heat - finishing LVL LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (kerto/viilupuu) manufacturing - veneer 3,4mm - gluing (continuous process, overlapping veneers) - compression with heat - finishing properties - straight components, exact dimensions (+/-1 mm) 27

28 LVL LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (kerto/viilupuu) manufacturing - veneer 3,4mm - gluing (continuous process, overlapping veneers) - compression with heat - finishing properties - straight components, exact dimensions (+/-1 mm) use - structural beams (optimal span 4.12 m) - structural boards (width = max 2500 mm) - interior & exterior wall studs + panels (crosswise plies to have more strength, kertoq) Laminated veneer lumber LVL / manufacturing 28

29 COMPOSITES TRUSSES 29

30 JOENSUU AREENA, l = 150 m x 110m, h = 24 m (Tacoma Dome, Washington USA: l = 160 m, h = 46) WOOD LIVES 30

31 WEARING WEARING 3 mm / 100 yrs 31

32 Rule 1: GROUND Rule 2: WATER 32

33 Rule 3: SUN WHAT to BUILD in WOOD? Pekka Heikkinen AALTO UNIVERSITY Department of Architecture Wood Program 33

34 RENOVATION RENOVATION = more than one half of wood product industry Source: Pajakkala,

35 INEXPENSIVE HOUSING EXPENSIVE HOUSES 35

36 FLEXIBLE HOUSING E2, Berlin / Kaden-Klingbeil. WOODEN INTERIORS 36

37 WOODEN INTERIORS (surfaces, interior concepts ) PUBLIC BUILDINGS 37

38 WORKING ENVIRONMENT BIG STRUCTURES 38

39 WOOD = % of Building Industry and Building Product Industry Source: Pajakkala, 2013 NEW DEMANDS: 39

40 W O O D E N B O A R D S PLYWOOD LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (LVL / KERTO) CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT) BLOCK BOARD (RIMALEVY) ORIENTED STRAND BOARD PARTICLE BOARD (CHIPBOARD) FIBRE BOARD MDF (MEDIUM DENSITY FIBER BOARD) HDF (HIGH DENSITY FIBER BOARD) -size of material (ingredients) diminishes -quantity of binder increases 40

41 -size of material (ingredients) diminishes -quantity of binder increases -wood material used differs: - bigger trunks for veneer - small diameter trunks for particle boards etc 41

42 PLYWOOD - birch plywood (rare) - pine plywood - spruce plywood - combined (laminated veneer board) PLYWOOD - birch plywood (rare) - pine plywood - spruce plywood - combined (laminated veneer board) sizes: 1200 x 2400 / 2700 mm, 1500 x 3000 mm thickness: 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 (every 3 mm) grading! Maxi-plywood 42

43 PLYWOOD - birch plywood (rare) - pine plywood - spruce plywood - combined (laminated veneer board) sizes: 1200 x 2400 / 2700 mm, 1500 x 3000 mm thickness: 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 (every 3 mm) grading! Maxi-plywood manufacturing started in 1890, manufactured in Finland, United States and Asia (Indonesia) steaming - logs steamed in soaking tank in warm water to ease peeling and turnery - trunk is rotary cut or sliced to plies (veneer 0,4 1,4 8mm) - inner core of log (5..8 cm) is used in paper industry, packaging, fuel wood - sliced ply is used mostly as surface ply - sliced plies can be thinner (used in coating other boards) 43

44 drying - plies dried to 8% with hot air to ensure the gluing will succeed sorting - plies can be extended (glued) to bigger sheets (maxi-plywood 3000 x mm) - grain pattern continues - surface plies are patched if needed -gluing - in every other ply the grain direction is crosswise - surface plies always on same direction, (odd number of plies) - grain direction essential to the strength - glue is weather resistant (phenol or formaldehyde urea based glues, resin compounds, synthetically modified) 44

45 -compression -compression with heat (130 degrees C) -finishing -edges are cut, surface is sanded to exact dimensions 45

46 -processing - coating with phenol film-paper - compressed with heat to give extra durability - textures can be also compressed - painting, lacquering - edges should finished carefully - can be easily worked with milling or cutting machines - curved forms (formworks ) properties -birch is suitable for turnery, light colour, strong plys (light weight good strength) - the availability of birch is rather poor, use of conifer plies, combinations of different plys - different grades in quality (surface veneers) - properties are under frequent development - finishing methods, impact resistance, durability, chemicals, moisture, bendability, fire 46

47 use - large range in possibilities of use (variation of qualities) -interior (exterior not recommended) cladding -construction (birch plywood used when strength and stiffness is needed) - frameworks (note: the quality) - coated plywood used in transportation (trucks, ships, train, traffic signs etc.) 47

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50 UPM GRADA - 3D-formable plywood 50

51 BLOCK BOARD (RIMALEVY) manufacturing -small lathes (7 30 mm) are glued with one or two layers of veneer in both sides properties -strength is defined by the veneers, (not with timber layers) -layers are spruce or pine, veneers often birch -more expensive than particle board use -furniture, fittings, etc (expensive, rarely used) Plywood-type products (plywood, blockboard) 51

52 PARTICLE BOARD (CHIPBOARD, lastulevy) manufacturing - lack of big trunks forced to develop particle board to replace plywood, block board - manufacturing started in Germany 1930 s - development of resin glues enforced the use of particle board - first particle board factory in Finland in 1950 s - all wood species can be used - simple manufacturing process cutting -small trunks, chips or sawdust (left over from sawmills) is cut into small particles or chips sorting -particles are sorted - bigger used in centre parts of board - smaller chips used as surface chips scattering -particles are scattered in three layers 52

53 -gluing with 10% of glue -heat compression 160 C / until glue is hardened -sanding to exact dimensions processing - coating with melamine used widely in fixtures - painting The structure of particle board 53

54 properties - not durable - swells easily - moisture performance depends on glue used - non- toxic glues used (formaldehyde) - emissions use - fittings, cabinets (most used material in fittings and furniture) - inner walls, ceilings - in Finland manufacturing is reduced - in Western-Europe use is still growing 54

55 ORIENTED STRAND BOARD (osb) manufacturing - plywood is expensive, particle board has poor properties, OSB is a compromise -manufactured in US, Canada, since 1990 (nowadays also in Europe) - small diameter trunk can be used - manufacturing is like in particle board - extra stage is steaming in soak tank - large chips (100 x 40 mm), - in surface and centre parts chips are oriented differently (strength) properties - strength in surface grain direction similar to spruce plywood, twice as good as particle board. - opposite direction same as with particle board - swells easily use - amount of use is increasing - type of glue used in process define the use - structural boards - packaging 55

56 WOOD FIBRE BOARD (puukuitulevy) manufacturing - lignin melts in 180 C degrees - the wood fibres separated into pulp with low energy demand - The pulp is collected to a sheet - sheet is dried and compressed in 200 C - extra water is taken away (figure in the board surface) - 1 % of glue is added, lignin as binding agent - almost pure, natural product properties - three different qualities porous (soft), medium hard and hard fibreboard - surface can be processed to different grades easily - can be painted easily - resistant against moisture, mould, rot - good insulation properties (porous board) 56

57 use - inner walls, ceilings (acoustics) - creates warm surface - extra insulation in old houses - wind barrier boards (impregnated) - sound absorbing, acoustic panels - hard fibre board used in interior doors etc. MDF (MEDIUM DENSITY FIBREBOARD) manufacturing -need to develop a dense, homogenous board with two smooth sides which can be easily worked -manufactured in US, Europe (not in Finland) -process is a integration of production methods of particle board and fibre board -all the fibres used are similar (board is homogenous, advantage to particle board) 57

58 -wood is separated to fibres -fibres are sprinkled with air to production line (no water used) -fibres are glued with 10% resin based glue (as in particle boards) -compressed with 180 C heat properties -homogenous -easy to work (tailored into needs of fittings industry) use -furniture, fittings etc WOOD BASED INSULATION MATERIALS - RECYCLED PAPER MASS (wood fiber wool) - CELLULOSE BASED BOARDS - WOOD FIBRE BOARDS - PAPERS (air-tightness) 58

59 WOODEN MATERIALS KERTO LVL-PANEL FRAME AIR-TIGHTNESS, SEALING THE CORNERS SEPA-TRUSS THERMAL-CUT ELEMENTS cellulose fiber insulation 350mm, U = 0,08 wood-fibre board 59

60 MATERIALS USE OF RENEWABLE BUILDING MATERIALS 75% RENEWABLE MATERIALS CO 2 STORAGE: kg CO 2 EMISSIONS: kg CHOISE OF MATERIALS BASED ON LIFE-CYCLE ASSESTMENT 60

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63 W O O D E N P A N E L S - QUALITY OF WOOD - FINISHING -NAILING - DETAILS etc 63

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