ENAE 697 Overview and Introduction

Transcription

1 ENAE 697 Overview and Introduction Course overview! Goals! Web-based content! Syllabus! Policies! Project content! Overview of space human factors and life support! History of humans and flight! Brief overview of the space environment David L. Akin - All rights reserved

2 Contact Information Dr. Dave Akin! Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility/Room 2100D! ! 2

3 Goals of ENAE 697 Learn the fundamentals of human physiology in the context of space flight! Learn the principles of life support system design! Understand issues affecting the design of an effective habitat for long-duration human space flight! Perform an open-ended design task for future human planetary exploration habitats and/or space vehicles 3

4 Web-based Course Content Data web site at Course information! Syllabus! Lecture notes! Problems and solutions! Interactive web site at Communications for team projects! Lecture videos 4

5 Syllabus - Major Topic Overview History of Human Space Flight! Human Factors! Space Physiology! Life Support Systems! Extravehicular Systems! Biomechanics! Manual Control 5

6 Syllabus - Human Factors Human factors testing and analysis! Space architecture! Habitability! Stowage and inventory! Anthropometrics! Psychosocial aspects! Unit evaluation: term design project 6

7 Syllabus - Space Physiology Circulatory physiology! Pulmonary and respiration! Neurovestibular! Musculoskeletal! Sensorimotor! Cellular biology! Radiation effects! Unit evaluation: research project 7

8 Syllabus - Life Support Systems Air revitalization and handling! Water regeneration! Food and waste handling! Bioregenerative life support! Thermal modeling and control! Unit evaluation: term design project 8

9 Syllabus - Extravehicular Systems History of extravehicular activity! Suit design! Fabrication technologies! Human augmentation! Future EVA systems! Unit evaluation: research project 9

10 Syllabus - Biomechanics Fundamentals of kinematics! Fundamentals of dynamics! Strength! Gait and mobility! Restraint systems! Unit evaluation: analytical modeling assignment 10

11 Syllabus - Manual Control Human-in-the-loop control fundamentals! Fitts law! Tracking tasks! Human-computer interaction! Human-robot interaction! Unit evaluation: computer-based lab experiment 11

12 Grading Scheme 15% physiology quiz! 15% biomechanics analysis project! 15% manual control lab project! 15% EVA research assignment! 40% life support/human factors term project 12

13 Term Design Project Goals Provide opportunity to use principles of class to perform open-ended realistic design! Reinforce experiences with engineering in teams, making technical presentations! Address a problem of real interest to NASA 13

14 Hot Topic: Mars Mars One - One-way trip to Mars! One-way trip to Mars in 2023, 20 people by 2033! First-level downselect to 1058 applicants! Inspiration Mars! Two crew on Mar flyby in 2018! Now 2021 launch for Mars/Venus flybys! Supported by Dennis Tito! The Martian! Excellent novel by Andy Weir (strongly recommended!!)! Astronaut has to survive alone on Mars for years 14

15 Bioregenerative Life Support 15

16 SpaceX-Based Mars Base Concept 16

17 Mars as a Second Abode for Humans 17

18 ENAE 697 Term Project - Spring 2015 Design a human settlement for Mars! The goal is to support a crew of 24 people indefinitely! Focus will be on internal layout (habitat design/ habitability), life support system design, and accommodation of EVA support systems! Strong effort to minimize the requirement for supplies from Earth! Goal is to make Mars safely habitable for the average human lifetime 18

19 Term Project Level 1 Requirements 1. The habitat shall be capable of supporting a crew of 24 people indefinitely! 2. The habitat shall be modular in nature to allow the loss of two independent living volumes (e.g., fire, depressurization) without significant impact on nominal crew activities! 3. The system shall minimize the amount of consumables required from Earth resupply! Aspirational goal: 200 kg/crew/resupply (26 Earth months) 19

20 Term Project Level 1 Requirements 4. The system shall accommodate interfaces and support equipment for EVA and pressurized rovers! 5. The habitat shall provide radiation protection for the crew to keep the total dosage ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)! Aspirational goal: 5 csv/(earth) year! 6. TBD 20

21 Highlights of Life on Earth Formation of the Earth 5,000,000,000 yrs January 1 Multicellular Organisms 500,000,000 yrs November 16 Mammals 200,000,000 yrs December 12 Humans 200,000 yrs December 31 11:33 pm 21

22 Highlights of Human (Flight) History Homo Sapiens 200,000 yrs 10,000 generations Agrarian Societies 10,000 yrs 500 generations Writing 5,000 yrs 250 generations First Human Flight 1500 yrs 75 generations Balloon Flight 200 yrs 10 generations Aircraft Flight generations Space Flight 40 2 generations 22

23 Leonardo da Vinci 23

24 First Human Untethered Flight November 21, 1783! Pilatre de Rozier Marquis d Arlandes! Peak altitude ~1000 m! Traveled 9 km 24

25 Discoveries from Balloon Flight Temperature drop with altitude! John Jeffries (1784) first publication of studies of upper atmosphere! Loss of consciousness/death with altitude! First oxygen mask 1794 (used to set altitude record of 30,000 feet)! Paul Bert (1878) published first study of effects of altitude on humans! Danger! Death of de Rozier (1785) 25

26 Atmospheric Density with Altitude Ref: NOAA/NASA, U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976, NASA TM-X-74335,

27 Heavier-than-Air Flight 27

28 Discoveries from Early Aviation Limitations of human control! Requirements for training! Effects of acceleration! Disorientation and airsickness! Effects of hypothermia and hypoxia 28

29 Mid-Century Aviation 29

30 Discoveries from Golden Age of Aviation G-induced loss of consciousness! Interactions of human control with aeroelasticity and compressible flow! Crew restraints! Survivability of bailout at speed and altitude 30

31 Alan Shepard and MR-7-5/5/61 31

32 Discoveries from Early Space Program Human survival in microgravity! Eating/drinking! Sleeping! Cognitive functions! Human performance! Flight control! Visual acuity! Early extravehicular activities (EVAs) 32

33 Apollo Lunar Missions 33

34 Discoveries from Apollo Landing and launch from other body! Surface EVA operations! Driving mobility vehicles! Survival in higher-radiation areas! Communications/teleoperations with time delay 34

35 Long-Duration Space Flight 35

36 Discoveries from Skylab/Mir/ISS Adaptation to microgravity! Role of exercise countermeasures! Productivity and adaptability of humans! Expanded boundaries for long-duration space flight! Longest single flight: 438 days! Longest cumulative time: 745 days! Logistics and stowage! In-space construction 36

37 Challenges for the Future 37

38 Future Challenges Long-duration space flight (2-4 years for Mars)! Extended survival and operations in partial gravity! Survival of solar particle events (SPEs) and galactic cosmic rays (GCRs)! Extended operations without resupply! In-situ resource utilization (ISRU)! Medical treatment, including childbirth and aging! Psychosocial aspects of isolation and small crew sizes 38

39 The Earth-Moon System L4 Note: Earth and Moon are in scale with size of orbits L3 Earth Geostationary Orbit L1 Moon L2 Photograph of Earth and Moon taken by Mars Odyssey April 19, 2001 from a distance of 3,564,000 km L5 39

40 In The Same Scale... Sun Venus Mercury Earth-Moon Mars 40

41 Still In The Same Scale Pluto Neptune Uranus Jupiter Saturn 41

42 Comparison of Basic Characteristics Quantity Earth Free Space Moon Mars Gravitational Acceleration 9.8 m/s 2 (1 g) m/s 2 (.16 g) m/s 2 (.38 g) Atmospheric Density 101,350 Pa (14.7 psi) 560 Pa (.081 psi) Atmospheric Constituents 78% N 2 95% CO 2 21% O 2 3% N 2 Temperature Range 120 F -100 F 150 F -60 F 250 F -250 F 80 F -200 F Length of Day 24 hr 90 min Infinite 28 days 24h 37m 22.6s 42

43 Closing Notes Verify that you have access to both the spacecraft.ssl.umd and Canvas (ELMS) web sites 43

44 Partial Bibliography DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine (2nd edition) Williams and Wilkins, 1996! Nicogossian, Huntoon, and Pool, Space Physiology and Medicine (3rd edition) Lea & Febiger, 1994! Larson and Pranke, Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design McGraw-Hill! Johnson, Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology Wiley & Sons,

45 Partial Bibliography Nicogossian, Mohler, Gazenko, and Grigoryev, Space Biology and Medicine AIAA, 1994! Volume II: Life Support and Habitability! Volume III, Books 1&2: Humans in Spaceflight! Churchill, Fundamentals of Space Life Sciences (Volumes 1&2) Krieger Publishing, 1997! Stanton, Salmon, Walker, Baber, and Jenkins, Human Factors Methods Ashgate,