ENAE 697 Overview and Introduction

Transcription

1 ENAE 697 Overview and Introduction Goals Web-based Content Syllabus Policies Project Content Term Design Project Overview of Space Human Factors and Life Support History of Humans and Flight David L. Akin - All rights reserved

2 Contact Information Dr. Dave Akin Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility/Room 2100D

3 Goals of ENAE 697 Learn the fundamentals of human physiology in the context of space flight Learn the principles of life support system design Understand issues affecting the design of an effective habitat for long-duration human space flight Perform an open-ended design task for future human planetary exploration habitats 3

4 Web-based Course Content Data web site at Course information Syllabus Lecture notes Problems and solutions Interactive web site at Communications for team projects Lecture videos 4

5 Syllabus - Major Topic Overview History of Human Space Flight Human Factors Space Physiology Life Support Systems Extravehicular Systems Biomechanics Manual Control 5

6 Syllabus - Human Factors Human factors testing and analysis Space architecture Habitability Stowage and inventory Anthropometrics Psychosocial aspects Unit evaluation: term design project 6

7 Syllabus - Space Physiology Circulatory physiology Pulmonary and respiration Neurovestibular Musculoskeletal Sensorimotor Cellular biology Radiation effects Unit evaluation: on-line quiz 7

8 Syllabus - Life Support Systems Air revitalization and handling Water regeneration Food and waste handling Bioregenerative life support Thermal modeling and control Unit evaluation: term design project 8

9 Syllabus - Extravehicular Systems History of extravehicular activity Suit design Fabrication technologies Human augmentation Future EVA systems Unit evaluation: research project 9

10 Syllabus - Biomechanics Fundamentals of kinematics Fundamentals of dynamics Strength Gait and mobility Restraint systems Unit evaluation: analytical modeling assignment 10

11 Syllabus - Manual Control Human-in-the-loop control fundamentals Fitts law Tracking tasks Human-computer interaction Human-robot interaction Unit evaluation: computer-based lab experiment 11

12 Grading Scheme 15% physiology quiz 15% biomechanics analysis project 15% manual control lab project 15% EVA research assignment 40% life support/human factors term project 12

13 Term Design Project Goals Provide opportunity to use principles of class to perform open-ended realistic design Reinforce experiences with engineering in teams, making technical presentations Address a problem of real interest to NASA Provide opportunity for graduate involvement in design competitions 13

14 Term Design Project X-Hab is being developed by the Space Systems Laboratory for NASA in competition with two other universities 5m diameter inflatable habitat Fits on top of NASA Habitat Demonstration Unit (HDU) Perform detailed design of habitat interior Interior layout Accommodations for habitability and human factors Selection, design, and layout of life support systems Operational interfaces (e.g., storage, living, operations) 14

15 Current Baseline System Solution 15

16 SDR Internal Layout 16 Internal layout adapted from UMd MFHE project for ESMD Concept features individual berths with additional radiation protection, galley, waste management Rejected due to complications with minimal volume

17 Notional Baseline Design (Internal) Common Area (eating, medical operations, exercise) Desk 17 Bed (Stowage Below) Private sleep/work accommodations for each crew Maximize use of fabric wall dividers - deployed with hab envelope Bed provides seating for desk activities 6 CTB storage slots below bed

18 Term Design Project Implementation Break up into teams of ~4 people (six in-class teams; NIA and Southern Maryland each form local teams) Perform detailed designs for habitation and life support functions based on material in lectures Final presentations at end of term Best designs incorporated into final X-Hab submission 18

19 Highlights of Life on Earth Formation of the Earth 5,000,000,000 yrs January 1 Multicellular Organisms 500,000,000 yrs November 16 Mammals 200,000,000 yrs December 12 Humans 200,000 yrs December 31 11:33 pm 19

20 Highlights of Human (Flight) History Homo Sapiens 200,000 yrs 10,000 generations Agrarian Societies 10,000 yrs 500 generations Writing 5,000 yrs 250 generations First Human Flight 1500 yrs 75 generations Balloon Flight 200 yrs 10 generations Aircraft Flight generations Space Flight 40 2 generations 20

21 Leonardo da Vinci UNIVERSITY OF 21

22 First Human Untethered Flight November 21, 1783 Pilatre de Rozier Marquis d Arlandes Peak altitude ~1000 m Traveled 9 km 22

23 Discoveries from Balloon Flight Temperature drop with altitude John Jeffries (1784) first publication of studies of upper atmosphere Loss of consciousness/death with altitude First oxygen mask 1794 (used to set altitude record of 30,000 feet) Paul Bert (1878) published first study of effects of altitude on humans Danger Death of de Rozier (1785) 23

24 Atmospheric Density with Altitude Ref: NOAA/NASA, U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976, NASA TM-X-74335,

25 Heavier-than-Air Flight 25

26 Discoveries from Early Aviation Limitations of human control Requirements for training Effects of acceleration Disorientation and airsickness Effects of hypothermia and hypoxia 26

27 Mid-Century Aviation 27

28 Discoveries from Golden Age of Aviation G-induced loss of consciousness Interactions of human control with aeroelasticity and compressible flow Crew restraints Survivability of bailout at speed and altitude 28

29 Alan Shepard and MR-7-5/5/61 29

30 Discoveries from Early Space Program Human survival in microgravity Eating/drinking Sleeping Cognitive functions Human performance Flight control Visual acuity Early extravehicular activities (EVAs) 30

31 Apollo Lunar Missions 31

32 Discoveries from Apollo Landing and launch from other body Surface EVA operations Driving mobility vehicles Survival in higher-radiation areas Communications/teleoperations with time delay 32

33 Long-Duration Space Flight 33

34 Discoveries from Skylab/Mir/ISS Adaptation to microgravity Role of exercise countermeasures Productivity and adaptability of humans Expanded boundaries for long-duration space flight Longest single flight: 438 days Longest cumulative time: 745 days Logistics and stowage In-space construction 34

35 Challenges for the Future 35

36 Future Challenges Long-duration space flight (2-4 years for Mars) Extended survival and operations in partial gravity Survival of solar particle events (SPEs) and galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) Extended operations without resupply In-situ resource utilization (ISRU) Medical treatment, including childbirth and aging Psychosocial aspects of isolation and small crew sizes 36

37 The Earth-Moon System L4 Note: Earth and Moon are in scale with size of orbits L3 Earth Geostationary Orbit L1 Moon L2 Photograph of Earth and Moon taken by Mars Odyssey April 19, 2001 from a distance of 3,564,000 km L5 37

38 In The Same Scale... Sun Venus Mercury Earth-Moon Mars 38

39 Still In The Same Scale Pluto Neptune Uranus Jupiter Saturn 39

40 Comparison of Basic Characteristics Quantity Earth Free Space Moon Mars Gravitational Acceleration 9.8 m/s 2 (1 g) m/s 2 (.16 g) m/s 2 (.38 g) Atmospheric Density 101,350 Pa (14.7 psi) 560 Pa (.081 psi) Atmospheric Constituents 78% N 2 95% CO 2 21% O 2 3% N 2 Temperature Range 120 F -100 F 150 F -60 F 250 F -250 F 80 F -200 F Length of Day 24 hr 90 min Infinite 28 days 24h 37m 22.6s 40

41 Closing Notes No live lecture on Thursday 1/27 or Thursday 2/3 (check web sites for makeup material) Verify that you have access to both the spacecraft.ssl.umd and ELMS web sites Effort underway to create a student branch of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society on campus - contact me for details if interested 41

42 Partial Bibliography DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine (2nd edition) Williams and Wilkins, 1996 Nicogossian, Huntoon, and Pool, Space Physiology and Medicine (3rd edition) Lea & Febiger, 1994 Larson and Pranke, Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design McGraw-Hill Johnson, Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology Wiley & Sons,

43 Partial Bibliography Nicogossian, Mohler, Gazenko, and Grigoryev, Space Biology and Medicine AIAA, 1994 Volume II: Life Support and Habitability Volume III, Books 1&2: Humans in Spaceflight Churchill, Fundamentals of Space Life Sciences (Volumes 1&2) Krieger Publishing, 1997 Stanton, Salmon, Walker, Baber, and Jenkins, Human Factors Methods Ashgate,