This knife we cut the fruit with..

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1 í Ω - Ωç 3 -ï- - -J 2008 Ñ-Ø -úø  j«-ü - «-ü 2 Visesh: You are in a very smart shirt today. Where did you buy it? ( y ËÆæ -èπ o shirt î «Ø Wí _ ÖçC. áéπ\úø éìø o?) Sasesh: I usually buy all my clothes from smartdress. I bought this there as well. (Ø ü Ææ h- Fo ØË smartdress apple éìçö«. ÉC èπÿú Åéπ\úË.) Visesh: You were talking to a tall guy yesterday. Who was he? (E o y Òúø í _ Ö o äéπ-ûª-úõûó ö«x-úø -ûª -Ø o. á - Ω-ûªúø?) Sasesh: Don't you remember? He is Raghu. I spent my last summer with him. He is my distant cousin. (í Ω h- ü Fèπ? éàçü öà ËÆæN apple Åûª-úÕûÓØË ÖØ o ØË. Ø èπ ü Ω æ cousin Åûªúø.) Visesh: Yea. I remember now. ut why did you go to him? I usually remember something about his helping you. (Å. É æ púø í Ìh-*açC Ø èπ. ÅÆæ y ÅûªúÕ ü í _- Ωèπ áçü -Èé- «}? Åûªúø FÍéüÓ Ææ æ ߪ ç îëߪ úøç í Jç* ÅÆæp æ dçí í Ω hçc Ø èπ.) vague (= ÅÆæp- æ d- Á i ) X clear. (vague- Áß í ) Sasesh: You were out of town at the time. I had to spend time with someone. So I went to him. He is very good at a number of games. Chess is one of them. I learnt it from him. (Ç Ææ -ߪ ç apple y Ü applex. á Ó äéπjûó time í úø- ƒ-l-í ü? Åçü -éπe } Ω Á «}. Åûªúø Çô «í Çúø-û úø. öà apple chess äéπöà. ÅûªúÕ ü í _ Ω ÅC ØË Ω a-èπ Ø o.) Visesh: I now understand why you play the game so well. (É æ púø Ø éπ- Ωn- - uçc Áyçü èπ chess Åçûª «í Çúø-û Ó.) Sasesh: Have you seen the cricket bat at my place? He used to practise with it. He gave it to me. ( Éçöapplex cricket bat îª ÊÆ Öçö«y. Åûªúø ü EûÓØË practise îëêæ- úø. ÅC Ø éà-îëa-»-úø-ûªúø.) EXERCISE Match the words under with their meanings under. 1. Hatch. Offend 2. Rude. Dishonour 3. buse C. Quarrel 4. Scandal D. Impolite 5. Dispute E. rood F. Refined G. Polished KEY: 1-E. Hatch = rood = ( æèπ~ ) í úøx ÒCT í úø f ç* œ x ߪ -öèπ îëa «îëߪ -úøç. ll the eggs have been hatched= ÅEo í úøx ç* œ x ߪ öéì-î a. The eggs are about to hatch = í úøx- appleç* (í úø x-â õ d à v ƒù jø ) œ x ߪ -ôèπ apple-ûª -Ø o, à éπ~ùç- apple-øájø. To hatch (a plan) = àüájø Ω æ«ææu æü -é Eo/ èπ vô Ω Òç-Cç-îªúøç. Visesh: Seems to be the good sort. ( ç*- Ω-éπç-í ØË ( ç* úõ- «Íí) éπe œ-ææ h- Ø o-úø-ûªúø.) Sasesh: He really is. He is one of the people who like company. (Eï Ë. Éûª- Ω ƒ æ«-îª Ωuç éó Ω -èπ -ØË- - x apple Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø.) Visesh: I like to meet him. (ÅûªúÕE éπ -Ææ -éó èπ ç-ô -Ø o.) Sasesh: You will have the opportunity when he comes here next week. ( îëa- Ωç Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ *a- - æ púø Fé Å -é - - ç-ô çc.) í ûª È çúø lessons apple ç who, whose, which, that, where, when ûó È çúø sentences á «éπ ÒîÓa ûá -Ææ -èπ -Ø oç-í ü? Ñ lesson apple èπÿú ç ü ØËo îª úø- apple-ûª Ø oç Å ûë éìçûª ûëú ûó. - çü í ç prepositions í Jç* ûá -Ææ -èπ - oc ( ƒûª lessons apple) «í í Ω hèπ ûáîª a-éó- L. í Ω hçc éπü. Prepositions Åçõ : above, after, along, at, before, between, by, down, for, from, in, into, like, near, of, off, on, out of, over, since, through, under, up, with, without «çöà ô. OöÀE place, positions, time, or method ûál-ê ç-ü èπ nouns/ pronouns çü úøû ç. OöÀE î «N - Ωçí ƒûª lessons apple ç. Who, whose, etc. ûó È çúø úø sentences éπl-ê -ô- æ púø prepositions áéπ\úø ú - -ØËC î «êu- Á i N æߪ ç Modern Spoken English apple. Prepositions sentences * Ω úøôç É æpöà úø éπ. In which class are you? ( Ëy class?) Ñ sentence apple, preposition (prep) sentence çü çc éπü? Å ûë Modern English ( êuçí Spoken English) apple, sentence * Ω Ææ hçc preposition, É «. Which class are you in? ( Ëy class apple ÖØ o?/ Ëy class?) a) Of which college are you a student? = y à college Nü u-jnn? = b) Which college are you a student of? - (a), (b) apple (b), (Preposition- 'of' * Ω úõçc) áèπ \ common. yc à shop apple éìø o? = Which shop did you buy it from? (From which shop did you buy it? Å ç) ÅC éóêæçü èπ Ø èπ î èπ é L= I want a knife to cut it with. (with * Ω ú ç.) ÉC í Ω hç-îª -éóçúõ É æ púø È çúø, úø sentences join îëêæô æ púø  j sentences apple «preposition * Ω úøôç correct. Now look at the following pairs of sentences and observe how we can join them with the preposition in the end. This knife we cut the fruit with.. Terrorists hatched the plan to kill MS enazir hutto even before she returned to Pakistan = enazir hutto ƒé èπ éπ- çüë v - -ü Ç Á æ«ûªuèπ èπ -vô æø o Ω. 2-D. Rude = Impolite = Ill mannered- Éûª- Ω æôx íı Ω u-ü îª æ-éπ- Ú úøç/ Á ô / Á Ωô í v æ -JhçîË. He was rude enough not to offer even a seat to his visitor = ÉçöÀ-éÌ-*a Å-C E èπÿ Óa- E èπÿú îá æp- çûª Á Ωô Åûªúø. She told him rudely to get out = à vûªç uü èπ çú Åûª-úÕE ߪ -ô-èé- x- çc. Rude X Refined (Ææç ƒ\ Ωçí ) 3-. buse = Offend = ü s - æ- «-úøôç/ ØÓöÀ-éÌ-*a- ô x öàd Åíı- Ω æ Ω-îªúøç. The two cricketers abused each other and it took some time for the umpire to calm them- Ç Éü l Ω cricketer äéπ-j-øì-éπ Ω «í ô d-èπ -Ø o Ω. } Ææ -üµ - - æ- Ω-îËç-ü èπ umpire èπ éìçûª Ææ ߪ ç æöàdçc. He abused me for no fault of mine = Ø ØË Ωç àç éπ- Ú- Ø o Åûªúø ØÓöÀ-éÌ-*a- ô d ö«dúø / ü s - æ- «-ú úø. buse X Praise/ Commend ( Á îª a-éó- úøç) buse èπ Éçé Å n- -Ø o. Spoken English apple ÉC ûª Ωîª úøû ç. N í û Å n ûª y lesson apple. 4-. Scandal = Dishonour= Éûª- Ω - Cví s ç-ûª- æ- ΩîË îáúø v æ - Ωh, îáúø u - æ - ûó Ææç çüµ ç = scam. Lalu Prasad Yadav was involved in the fodder scandal = æ Ÿ- Ë ûª èπ ç µº-éóùç apple «v æ ƒü ߪ ü èπ Ææç çüµ ç Öçü ç-ö«ω / É Ω -èπ \-Ø oúø = (involved) 1) You are in very smart shirt today. Where did you buy it? = Where did you buy the smart shirt you are in? (In * Ω ÚhçC éπü?) 2) I usually buy all my clothes from smartdress. I bought this there as well = I bought this from smartdress where I usually buy all my clothes from (from- prep) 3) You were talking to a tall guy yesterday. Who was he? = Who was the tall guy you were talking to, yesterday? (to- prep) 4) He is Raghu. I spent my last summer with him = He is Raghu, who I spent my last summer with. (with- prep) 5) I had to spend time with someone. So I went to him = I went to him to spend time with. (with- prep) 6) He is good at a number of games. Chesss is one of them = Chess is one of the number of games he is good at. (Åûª-úÕéÀ «í *a games apple chess äéπöà) 7) Have you seen the cricket bat at my place? He used to practise with it = Have you seen at my place the cricket bat he used to practise with?  Ω éπü,  j sentence pairs ( é u ïûª- ) éπl- œ- - æ púø, preposition * Ω ôç. Spoken English apple É «Íí éπ- - æ û ç. É «úõûë conversation î «effective í Öçô çc. ÉçéÓ N æߪ ç.  j pairs of sentences ÅEoçöÀ apple èπÿú, öàe éπl-ê -ô- æ púø which, that, whose, where, and when «çöà ô omit îë»ç éπü. É «omit îëêæ J-éÌEo examples îª ü lç, prepositions * Ω îëaô x. 1) We cut the fruit with this knife. It is very sharp. Ñ È çúõç-öàe É «éπ - æ- îª a: a) This knife which we cut the fruit with (prep) is very sharp. b) This knife we cut the fruit with is very sharp. a) apple which úõ éπl ƒç. b) apple which èπ çú éπl ƒç. (b) apple «éπ - æ-úø Ë «í çô çc. Ææ µºç èπÿú. 2) I am looking for a stick. I want to beat the dog with it (ØË éπv Ω éóææç îª Ææ hø o. ü EûÓ èπ éπ\ éìõ dç-ü èπ ) OöÀE join îëêæh: a) I am looking for a stick which I want to beat the dog with. b) I am looking for a stick I want to beat the dog with. a) is more common and more accepted than (b). ÉN éìçîáç éπ æ dç. Åçü -éπe «í practise îëߪ çúõ. O oçûª English îªü - çúõ. 404 Most Ministers are involved in some scandal or the other = î «- çc çvûª v æï- Cví s ç-ûª- æ- ΩîË îáúø v æ - Ωh, ü a- Ωu ûó Ææç çüµ ç Ö o- Ÿx. People in public service should guard themselves against scandals= v æñ«-êæ- apple Ö o- - Î}- - Ω- Ø Cví s ç--éπ Ω ü a- Ωu ûó Ææç çüµ ç èπ çú ñ«ví -ûªh- æ-ú L. Scandal X Honour/ Glory (=íı Ω ç/ Áj µº ç) 5-C. Dispute = Quarrel. N ü ç. order dispute = ÆæJ- æ«ü l N ü ç. River waters dispute = D ï «N ü ç. Nobody buys disputed property- N -ü applex Ö o ÇÆœhE á Ω éì Ω. Dispute X greement G. Polished = Ææç ƒ\ Ωçí / good - mannered. He is a polished young man = ç* manners Ö o ߪ -èπ úø. (Refined DEéÀ èπÿú synonym). Q. i) pplications called for for the post of... -Ñ - éπuç- apple for È çúø - ƒ Ω x -Ö æ-ßá -Tç-îª- -î a? ii) Ex èπ former èπ ûëú -à-n -öà? -. Kiranmai, Hyderabad. pplications called for, for the post of... Ééπ\úø for È çúø - ƒ Ω x Å -Ææ- Ω Ë. Á ü öà for, pplications èπ - pplications called for = pplications which have been called for. È çúó for, for the post of = Ç ÖüÓuí ç éóææç. ii) Ex= former- Å Ωnç apple Ö æ-ßá -í ç apple ûëú ü. Q. iodata, Resume èπ ûëú -à-n -öà? - GVSM Patnaik, Chinamerangi. iodata Åçõ N - apple ƒcµç-* N - ñ«gû. (Nü u- Ω -ûª- ûó) ç Job application apple ûál-ߪ - æí an. Resume (È Vu- Á ß Vu, size apple ñ «) = ç ÖüÓu-í -EéÀ apply îëêæ-ô- æ púø, application apple ÉîËa Nü u- Ω -ûª, Éçûª-èπ - çü / É æpöà Ωèπ îëæœ ÖüÓu-í - N -. iodata éπç-õ Resume apple áèπ \ N - - L ƒhç. Resume apple v æ N Ωç É ƒhç. Resume (merican English) = Curriculum Vitae (CV) (ritish English) Resume èπ ÉçéÓ Å Ωnç äéπj v æææçí ç, uææç, etc applee ë«uç-» / summary.

2 -Ç-C- Ωç 6 -ï- - -J 2008 Ñ-Ø -úø  j«-ü - «-ü 2 Q. i) ssent, Consent; ii) stonished, Surprised; iii) venge, Revenge; iv) ill, ct- -Ñ - æ-ü Å Ωn µ ü ç N -Jç-îªí - Ω. áç. Ωç-í ߪ u, É xçü. i) ssent = ÅCµ-é - Ωç apple Ö o- J ÅçU-é Ωç/ ÅçU-é Ωç ûál-ߪ -ñ - ߪ úøç. The president assented/ gave his assented to the bill passed by the parliament = Parliament Ç Á -Cç-* bill èπ æz- æ ÅçU-é Ωç ûál- ƒ Ω. Consent= Å - / Å - -ç-îªúøç. The father gave his consent/ consented to their marriage = x  RxéÀ ûªçvúõ Ææ t-ç-î úø / Å - -ç-î úø. È çúø ô ví çc -éπ- Á i- Ë.  j îá œp Ææçü - s applex vûª Ë úøû ç. ii) stonished, surprized- Ñ È çúõç-öàéã Å Ωnç Ç a- Ωu- Ú- úøç ÅØË. Å ûë, surprized Åçõ ç Å -éóe æ -ô àüájø ïj-t- - æ púø èπ éπlíí µ«ç. stonish Åçõ surprize éπçõ î «áèπ \ Ç a Ωuç Cví s éπl-tç-îëc ÅE. ÅÆæ Ü œ«ç-îªe N æ-ߪ ï Ω-í -úøç- x éπlíí Ç a Ωuç. I was surprized at his presence there = Åûª- -éπ\úø Öçúøôç îª Æœ Ç a- Ωu- Ú-ߪ (Åûª- -éπ\úø Öçö«-úø- -éó- ü / ÖØ oúø ). venge, Revenge We were astonished at the six year old boy's memory and his ability to do complicated mathematics = Ç ÇÍ x «úõ Å æ Ωy ñ«c æ-éπ- éàh, à ÆæçéÀx- æ d- Á i éπ\- jø îëߪ - í - -í úøç, èπ Cví s éπl-tç-*çc. (stonish = ç «, ƒnù - «EL*- Ú-ßË çûª Ç a Ωuç). iii) venge - èπ Ææç ç-cµç-* JéÀ ïj-t ÅØ u-ߪ -EéÀ ç v æ-é Ωç ƒcµç-îªúøç. eg: He avenged his father's death = ûª ûªçvúõe îªç œ- ç-ü èπ v æ-é Ωç Ω a-èπ -Ø oúø. Parasurama avenged his father's killing by Karthaveeryarjuna by killing Kshatriyas = éπ~v-ߪ - îªç œ ûª ûªçvúõ é ΩhO u- Ω b- -úõe îªç œ ç-ü èπ, æ Ω- Ÿ- - úø v æ-é Ωç Ω a-èπ -Ø oúø. Revenge = èπ ïj-t ÅØ u-ߪ -EéÀ ç v æ-é Ωç Ω a-éó- úøç. Duryodhana took revenge on Pandavas because he felt insulted by Drowpadi = vüˆ æc ûª Å - -Eç-*ç-ü ØË «üµ ûó ü Óu-üµ - úø v æ-é Ωç Ω a-èπ -Ø oúø. iv) Parliament/ ssemblies apple Ç Á ü ç ÒçC t ç ill. ÅC æz- æ/ Governor ÅçUé Ωç ÒçC ûª yûª îªôdç ct Å -ûª çc. Q. Corporate æü -EéÀ Å Ωnç àn öà? Corporate hospital, corporate industries, corporate culture - OöÀ Å n àn öà? 2. Hang out Åçõ Å Ωnç àn öà? -D-E-E éπuç apple á «, à Ææçü - Ωs ç apple Ö æ-ßá -Tç-î L? 3. Men are from mars and women from venus - Ñ éπuç Å Ωnç àn öà? 4. Side, side Å Ωnç, ûëú àn öà? á «Ö æ-ßá -Tç-î L? - Naaz Sultana, Hyderabad 405 Side, side Don't hangout here e any longer. Corporate = äéπ  ü l u ƒ Ω ÆæçÆænèπ Ææç ç-cµç- *. Corporate hospital = (v æ µº ûªy/ üµ tææ ævûª -- «x) ÊÆ -ü %-éπp-ü çûó é èπ çú, u ƒ- Ωçí «µ«-ê -éπ~ûó E Ωy- œ«çîë ÇÆæ æv. Corporate Industries =  ü l  ü l u ƒ Ω ÆæçÆæn E Ωy- œ«çîë æj-v -. Corporate culture = - u- ƒ Ω ÆæçÆæn t-é, ü %éπp-ü, Æœü l ç-û, working habits. 2. Hangout = äéπîóô ç* ÁRx- Ú-èπ çú Åéπ\úË ûªî aúøôç. Get going. Don't hangout here any longer = Éçéπ- úø. à vûªç Ééπ Ééπ\úø Öçúøèπ. 3. ÉC ñapple æç applee ô. Mars = Åçí - Ω-èπ úø Venus = Ÿvéπ--ví æ«ç. 4. Side = æéπ\. side = äéπ-jéà ûál-ߪ -èπ çú ÉçéÌ-éπ-JûÓ Ω æ«- ƒu ö«x-úøôç. He said this in an aside = ÉC Ø ûó ÅØ oúø (Éûª- Ω - èπ NE œç-îª-èπ çú ). Q. 1. Each, every ûëú -à-n -öà? 2. It is useful to/ for me. It is convenient to/ for me. etc. É «çöà sentences apple to, for apple àc ߪ L? àüájø Ω Öçü? 3. He sold half of his property. Half of the fruit is bad. Ñ é u- of èπ çú ßÁ î a? 4. Cotton clothes, iron box Åçö«ç éπü? Woollen clothes wool clothes, gold medal golden medal, wooden horse wood horse Å-ØÌî a? - T. Siva, Nandikotkuru. 1. Each Åçõ ã group apple v æ Ææ h / v æ uéàh (äéì\éπ\) ÅE. Every Åçõ ã group apple ÅFo/ Åçü Ω ÅE. Each boy here has a book = Ééπ\úø Ö o v æ Å «s- éã ã æ Ææhéπç ÖçC. Every boy here has a book= Ééπ\úø Ö o Å «s- - ç-ü -Jéà æ Ææh-é - -Ø o. Éçé îª úøçúõ: Each of them received a gift = x applex v æ äéπ\ Ω äéó\ æ - Òçü Ω. Every one of them received gifts = xç-ü Ω æ - -ûª Òçü Ω. I saw each car pass by = v æ car É «Á xúøç/ É «- Á-Rx v æ car . I saw every car pass by = É «cars Á xúøç/ ÅEo cars É «Á xúøç (Åéπ\-úø o ÅEo cars É «Á xúøç) . 2. Useful to somebody = äéπ uéàhéà (to) Ö æ-ßá -í -éπ Ωç, useful for something= äéπ N æ-ߪ -EéÀ Ö æ-ßá -í -éπ Ωç (for) a) Tools are useful to mechanics for their repairing work= Ω- t-ûª îëêæç-ü èπ (for repairing work), æj-éπ- mechanics (to Each, Every èπ mechanics) Ö æ-ßá -í -éπ Ωç. b) This book is useful to you (Fèπ / uéàhéà) for your research (F æj- apple-üµ - èπ / äéπ N æ-ߪ -EéÀ) Convenient for somebody for something car will be convenient for me for my movements = ØË J-Ííç-ü èπ car éπ- Ωuçí Öçô çc. É «çöà öàéà rules Öçúø, ÉN úø éπ. îªü - -úøç- x, dictionary, grammar books ƒßª çûó ûá -Ææ -éó- -LqçüË. 3. Half of his property = Half his property- á «ÆœØ correct. 4. î «ç* v æ o. Cotton, iron N æ-ߪ ç apple, öàéà cotton/ iron ûó îëæœ ÅØË Å Ωn-N îëa adjectives èπÿú cotton, iron. Åçü -éπe cotton cloth/ clothes, iron trunk, iron rod Åçö«ç. Wool N æ-ߪ ç apple wool ûó îëæœ ÅE Å Ωnç îëa adjective, woollen ÅE ËÍ ÖçC é öàd woollen clothes Åçö«ç. Ééπ çí ΩçûÓ îëæœ ÅE Å Ωnç, gold èπÿ ÖçC. Golden èπÿ ÖçC. Å ûë µ«æ apple çí - Ω æ ÅØË Å ΩnçûÓ gold áèπ \- í úø -éπ apple ÖçC. çí - Ω æ ÅØË Å ΩnçûÓ golden ÅØË ô, áèπ \- í ƒ œ«-ûªuç apple úø-û Ω. çí - Ωç- «çöà (Åûªuçûª N Ö o) ÅØË Å Ωnç-ûÓØË ( çí - Ω æ ÅØË Å ΩnçûÓ é èπ çú ) golden, Å úøç úø éπ (usage). Wool, woollen «í ØË, wood, wooden. Wooden- îáéπ\-ûó-îë-æœ wooden furniture; wooden chair, etc. (wood work= îáéπ\- æe). Wooden èπ Ó Å Ωnç, êç apple µ«- -O éπ-e œç-îª-e. This actor's face is wooden = Ñ ô úø ûª Á æ«ç apple µ«- -O îª æ- -úø. ( ô- - ü ). Her delivery of dialogues is wooden = Ç Á ( öà) Ææç µ«- æ-ù applex æ - µ«- ç éπe œç-îª. (Dialogues æ -éπúøç îëûª-é ü.) Q. English to Telugu to English èπ dictionaries à author N Å ûë «í ç-ö«ßá ûál-ߪ -ñ -ߪ çúõ. - K. Vijay, Kadapa. É æp-öàéã çéπ- Ω-Ø - ߪ ù Telugu to English Dictionary, the best. Q. I request you to kindly let me know the Indirect speech for this: "Do you go to gra this year?'' she said to Kamala. -. unganna, Kurnool. She asked Kamala if she would go to gra that year. Q. 1. Future tense apple Ö æ-ßá -TçîË shall, will üµ u ûëú N -Jç-îªçúÕ. 2. Mayor èπ feminine noun - Mayoress éπü! J Nï-ߪ - -úøèπ lady Ö o- æ púø mayoress ÅØ L. Mayor Åçô -Ø o Ω. áçü èπ? 3. Spoken English-367 lesson apple Who gave this news to you? ÅE îá ƒp Ω. Å- «é èπ ç-ú Who did give this news to you? Å -èπÿ-úøü? N -Jç-îª-í - Ω. 4. The point is why you didn't tell this to me ÅE îá ƒp Ω. Question word ûª yûª helping verb L éπü? Why didn't you tell this to me ÅE ߪ -èπÿ-úøü? - T. Vijayapal, Vijayawada. 1. Shall, will ûëú î «N - Ωçí Éçûª-èπ - çü lessons apple ÖØ o. îª úøçúõ. 2. Mayor, actor, poet, etc «çöà öàéà feminine forms (Mayoress, actress, poetess, etc) Ö o- æp-öàéã, Modern English apple öà-e úøôç ü. í - - x-èéjø, Çúø- - x-èéjø äíé Whom - Who æü ç úøôç É æpöà æü l. eg: She is a great singer (Songstress = í ߪ E úøôç ü ) 3. Who ûó Question begin îëæœ- - æ púø, ü E ûª yûª helping verbs like do, does & did. ÉC who = á Ω ÅØË Å ΩnçûÓ úõûë. É æpöà English apple á -JE, á -JéÀ, ÅØË Å ΩnçûÓ whom ü who úø -ûª Ø oç. (Whom úøéπç É æpöà English apple ü ) who á -JE á -JéÀ ÅØË Å ΩnçûÓ whom ü úõûë Å æ púø questions apple who ûª yûª do, does, did «çöà ô (helping verbs) úøû ç. Who gave it to you = FéπC á Ω Éî a Ω? Who did you give it to? = yc á -J-éÀ-î a? Who saw you there? = E o-éπ\úø á Ω îª» Ω? Who did you see there? = y-éπ\úø á JE . 4. The point is why you didn't tell this to me? Ñ sentence apple Why you didn't tell this to me, ÅØËC question é ü éπü? Why you didn't tell this to me Åçõ Ééπ\úÕ Å Ωnç, Áyç-ü èπ Ø ûó îá æp- -ü -ØËC, ÅE Å Ωnç, Question é ü é öàd helping verb ü, èπÿúøü. The point is why you didn't.. Å úøç correct. Nobody knows where he is (Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\-úø --Ø oúó á -Jéà ûá-l-ߪ -ü )..where he is = áéπ\-úø -Ø oúó question é ü -éπü. Åçü -éπe Where is he Å ç... Where he is Å -úø Ë correct. Q. O Ω Spoken English apple Out of the six best in the class she is the top ÅE» Ω. é F best ÅØËC á æ púø äéπ\õ Öçô çc éπü? (superlative) ü Eo É «îáê h «í ç-ô çc éπü?out of the six top students in the class she is the best. - P. Srinivas, Vegayammapeta. est ÅØËC äéπ\õ Öçú - E Å ç éπü? One of the best ÅØËC úø - éπ apple ÖçC éπü? He is one of the best students in the class Åçö«ç éπü? È çúóc, of the six top students, she is the best, - Å o- æ púø í -Eç-î -Lq N æߪ ç - í top Åçõ ÅEoçöapplex íì æpc/ Åçü -J apple íì æp- Ω ÅE éπü? Åçõ ƒ - uçí top ÅØËC äéπ-jíé/ äéπ N æ-ߪ -EÍé.

3 - çí - - Ωç 8 -ï- - -J 2008 Ñ-Ø -úø  j«-ü - «-ü 2 Tejas: Vihar, you've been searching for a book. Is this it? ( y ã æ Ææhéπç éóææç Áûª -èπ -ûª -Ø o. ÉüËØ ÅC?) Vihar: That certainly it is. Where did you see it? (éπ*a-ûªçí ÅüË. áéπ\úø éπe- œç-*çc Fèπ?) Tejas: You lent it to Vinai. He asked me to give it back to you. ( yc N -ß -éà-î a. Åûªúø Fèπ DEoîËaߪ -Ø oúø.) Here it is. (ÉCíÓ) Vihar: How forgetful of me. I lent the book to him. I clean forgot it. (áçûª - - Ω æ Ø èπ! Åûª-úÕéà æ Ææhéπç Éî a- E æ Jhí Ω-*- Ú-ߪ -ØËo.) Tejas: What's the book about? (üëeo í Jç* æ Ææhéπç ÅC?) Vihar: It's a wonderful book. It tells us how to develop self confidence. (Åü s -ûª- Á i æ Ææhéπç ÉC. Çûªt-N-»yÆæç á «Â çîª -éó- apple îá æ hçc.) Tejas: How about lending it to me for a few days? (éìeo ÓV- - ƒô Ø é - æ -Ææhéπç É ƒh?) Vihar: Certainly, but let me finish it. This author has a son. He is famous too. (ûª æp-èπ çú. Á ü ô o ü Eo æ Jh-îË-ߪ F. Ñ Ωîª- ûªéìéπ éìúø -èπ -Ø oúø. Åûª èπÿú «í Ê Ω - o- úë.) Tejas: Does he write on the same subjects too? (Åûªúø èπÿú ÉüË N æ-ߪ O ü ƒhú?) Vihar: He does. They are well known too. (Å. ÅûªúÕ æ Ææh-é èπÿú «í Ê Ω - o Ë.) Tejas: Our lecturer Sambasiva Rao recommended their books to me. He also conducts training programmes on these subjects. ( x æ Ææh-é îªü - - E lecturer Sambasiva Rao îá ƒp Ω. Çߪ èπÿú Ñ N æߪ applex Péπ~ù ûª Ω-í -ûª E Ωy- œ«- ƒh Ω.) Vihar: When do you think you can finish the book? ( æ Ææh-é Eo á æ púø æ Jh-îË-ߪ -í - E Å èπ çô - Ø o?) Tejas: It is not just reading, you know. I have to study it and make notes. Just a few days. Let's say the weekend. (ÅC Íé ç îªü - ôç é ü -éπü. ü Eo «í æj-q-lç* îªcn notes Ææ éó L. éìcl ÓV. Ñ çûªç Å éó.) Vihar: OK then. ut do let me have it. (ÆæÍ. é F Ø é æ Ææhéπç vûªç É y) Look at the following sentence pairs from the dialogue above. 1) You've been searching for a book. Is this it? 2) You lent it to Vinai. He asked me to give it back to you. 3) I had lent it to him. I clean forgot about it. 4) It is a wonderful book. It tells us how to develop self confidence. 5) The author has a son. He is famous too. 6) He writes books on the same subject. They are well known too. 7) Our lecturer Sambasiva Rao recommended their books to me. He conducts training programmes on the same subject. Éçûª- - Ωèπ ç Who, whose, which, that, when, where ûó È çúø sentences á «join îëßá îóa ç éπü? Ñ ƒj ÅüË æü l - apple é Ææh Òúø -í öà sentences á «join îëߪ -í - Á ûá -Ææ - èπ çü ç. É «join îëêæ-ô- æ púø, ûá -í applee Á ü öà sentence, English apple * Ω îª a; Éçü èπ u-í -éπ Ë Å îª a. ç á «join îëæœø Å Ωnç vûªç Ωèπÿúøü. ÅC êuç. 1) You've been searching for a book. Is this it? - book- inanimate (ÅîË-ûª- - Á i / v ƒùç- E Åçü -éπe which ûó join îë ƒhç.) Is this the book which you've been searching for? Éçûª-èπ - çü ç. É «ç-öà-îóôx which C- - ßÁ -îªae. Is this book you've been looking for. 2) You lent it to Vinai. He asked me to give it back to you. Ñ È çúõç-öàf, É «çöà sentences E éπl-ê --ô æ púø é Ææh ñ«ví ûªh Å -Ææ Ωç. éìclí éπ æ dç. îª úøçúõ. Vinai who you lent the book to, asked me to give it back to you. Vinai who you lent the book to = Vinai to whom you lent the book - whom É æ púø É «úø-ôç- -ü E, ü E- -ü who to Åçö«- ΩE ç î «- ƒ Ω x ç. : I gave the book to Satish. : Who to? (To whom ü ) = á -JéÀ? 406 3) I lent the book to him. I clean forgot about it = I clean forgot (that) I lent it to him. The stench of corr uption fills India (Åûª-úÕéÀ æ Ææhéπç Éî a. ÅC ØË Ω-*- Ú-ߪ = Åûª-úÕéÀ æ Ææhéπç Éî a- E Ω-*- Ú-ߪ ) 4) It is a wonderful book. It tells us how to develop self confidence. It is wonderful book which (that) tells us how to develop self confidence. (Ééπ\úø ç which/ that, C- ߪ ú EéÀ ü. áçü -éπçõ, Ééπ\úø which/ that ûál-ê C, sentence subject í Jç*.) ÅüË sentence No.1 apple Å ûë which/ that, book í Jç* îá ƒh. Ééπ\úø book subject é ü. Åçü -éπe which/ that, C- -ßÁ îª a. [I bought a pen yesterday. It is this. Ééπ\úø Pen, subject é ü. Åçü -éπe sentence éπl-ê -ô- æ púø which/ that omit îëߪ -í ç.) This is the pen which/ that I bought yesterday = This is the pen I bought yesterday. 5) The author has a son. He is famous too = The author has a son who is famous too. (Ééπ\úø èπÿú who êuç. Omit îëߪ ôç èπ ü - Ωü.) 6) He writes books on the same subject. They are well known too. Ñ È çúø sentences He writes books on the same subjects which are well known too ÅE éπl ƒç Å -éóçúõ. Å æ púø which books í Jç* îá æp-èπ çú, ü EéÀ ü í _- Ω o subject í Jç* îá œp- -ôx- -ûª çc. é öàd É «çöà Ææ Ææu *a- - æ púø, which ûó éπlê æøë- -èπ çú, and ûó éπl- œûë problem Öçúøü. He writes books on the same subject and they are famous too. èπ çõ which é - - -èπ çõ, É «éπ - æ û ç. The books (which/ that) he writes on the same subject are famous too. (Ééπ\úø which/ that C- -ßÁ îª a) 7) Our lecturer Sambasiva Rao recommended their books to me. He conducts training programmes on the same subject. = Our lecturer Sambasiva Rao who recommended their books to me conducts training programmes on the same subject. Ñ sentence pairs ( é u ïûª- ) éπ - æúøç éìçîáç éπ æ d- Á i- üë. Åçü -éπe é Ææh practice Å - Ææ Ωç. O Ω join îëߪ - -éπ- Ú- - çûª vû ÅüµÁj- Ωu- æ-úø- -éπ\- Ω- ü, îªü - ûª, practise îëææ h Öçõ ÅüË Ææ hçc. EXERCISE I Join the following pairs of sentences using who, whom, whose, which/ that. 1) He has two sons. They are the same height as he. (who) 2) There are two rooms upstairs. They have not been used for years. (which/ that) 3) Is that your teacher? His son left for the states last week. (whose) 4) few attended the lecture. They found it interesting. (who/ that) 5) This pen is Ramesh's. He is not here now. (whose) NSWERS 1) He has two sons who are the same height as he. 2) There are two rooms upstairs which/ that have not been used for years. 3) Is that your teacher whose son left for the states last week? 4) The few who attended the lecture found it interesting. 5) Ramesh whose pen this is is not here. EXERCISE II Match the words under with their meanings under 1. raggart. Sideview (of head) 2. Profile. Stink 3. Deserve C. Wish 4. Stench D. Earn 5. Frown E. oaster F. Glare G. Outline KEY: 1-E. raggart = oaster = íì æp îá æ péì-øë- Ÿx/ v æí - «s æl-íé- Ÿx. rag = oast = v æí - «s æ -éπôç/ íì æp îá æ p-éó- úøç. Team India did not live up to its brag= µ«ωûª ïô d ûª v æí - «s Eïç îëߪ - -éπ- Ú- çc. Uttarakumara (the Mahabharatam) was a braggart/ boaster= µ«ω-ûªç apple Öûªh- Ω-èπ - - Ω úø v æí - «s - - J. Each political party boasts of its achievement= v æ ƒkd û ƒcµç-*- -ü E í Jç* íì æp îá æ péìç-ô çc. 2-, G. Profile = Sideview (of head), Outline æéπ\- ç* îª Æœ- - æ púø äéπ uéàh ê-í ê (sideview of a person's head & face), (áü -öà- ç* îª Æœ- - æ púø é èπ çú ). NT RamaRao had an impressive profile = NT - Á æ«ç (sideview) -Ææ q- -Çéπô d-èπ -ØËC. äéπ-je/ äéπ-ü E í Jç* êu- Á i N - èπÿú profile. Let me have a profile of the company = Ç éπçâ E N - (ü E îªjvûª ÆæçéÀ~- æhçí ) Ø èπ ûá æ. High profile = v æ -ê- Á i. He is a high profile actor. 3-D. Deserve= Earn= Å Ω ûª Òçü úøç. Kumble deserves to be the captain = Captain í ÖçúË-ü èπ èπ ç xèπ ûªt Å Ω ûª ÖçC. Most ministers don't deserve to be ministers = çvûª applex áèπ \- - çc Ç æü - - èπ Å Ω - -é Ω. (earn = v æ µº, éπ% œ x Å Ω ûª Ææç ƒ-cç-îª -éó- úøç) He deserves the punishment/ to be punished = Åûªúø Ç Péπ~èπ Å Ω úø. undeserving = Å Ω -ûª- E. 4-. Stench= Stink = ü y-ææ / éπç æ / èπ Ÿx éπç æ. The stench of the dead bodies at the place of the accident filled the air = ü y-ææ (èπ Ÿx, éπç æ ) ûó EçúÕ- Ú- ç-ü -éπ\úø í çû. The stench of corruption fills India = µ«ωû Åçû ÅN-F èπ Ÿx-éπç- æ ûó EçúÕ ÖçC. The stench of something burning could be felt strongly = àüó é L ü y-ææ ÚhçC. X fragrance (Ææ -Ææ ) 5-F. Frown = Glare =ØÌÆæ *öàxç* éó æç/ v ÅÆæ- t ûá - æúøç. The minute I turn on the TV, I see a frown on my dad's face = ØË TV on îëêæh î, Ø o Á æ«ç-o ü ØÌÆæ *öàxç- æ ûó éó æç/ ÅÆæ- t Öçö«. frown = éó æç, ÅÆæ- tûó ØÌÆæ *öàxç-îªúøç. Elders frown at youngsters talking of love and sex = * o- Ÿx vê, %çí Ωç í Jç* ö«xúøôç  ü l- - xèπ éó æç ûá œp-ææ hçc. Glare = éó æçí îª úøôç. He glared at me when I asked for more salary = áèπ ÅúÕ-T- ç-ü èπ Ø Áj æ éó æçí úø. frown X smile.

4 í Ω - Ωç 10 -ï- - -J 2008 Ñ-Ø -úø  j«-ü - «-ü 2 Ramesh: Do you know if Jagadish is back from the US? (ïí -D ˇ Å Á -Jé ç* J-íÌ-î aú ü ÅØËC FÍé- Á iø ûá ƒ?) Naresh: Of course he is. He landed in Chennai a few days ago. I don't remember exactly whether it was last Wednesday or Thursday, but he called me from Chennai one of those days. ( î a-úø. éìeo- Ó-V éàçü õ îáøáj o apple Cí úø. üµ - - Ω Á, í Ω - - Ω Á í Ω h- ü é F, Ç È çvúó-v applex äéπ- ÓV Ø èπ phone îë»úø.) Ramesh: He told us that he would get us some books from the US. ny idea if he has brought them or not? (Å Á -Jé ç* -Íé Ó æ Ææh-é ûá ƒh- - Ø oúø. ûáî aú ü ÅØË-üË- Ø o ûá ƒ?) Naresh: No. He said he would call you too. Didn't he? ( ü. Fèπÿ phone îë ƒh- E ÅØ oúø. îëߪ - ü?) Ramesh: He must have. I haven't had my cell about me for the past few days. (îëêæ Öçö«úø. éìcl- Ó-V- í Ø cell Ø ü í _ Ω ü.) Naresh: Why? What happened? (à - çd?) Ramesh: It hit the floor as it slipped from my pocket. The cell technician doubts if it can be repaired at all. (Ø ñ - appleç* ñ«j ØË -O ü æúõçc. Åü -Ææ- Lçé æe-îë-ææ hçü ÅE Ç cell technician èπ Å - - çí ÖçC). Naresh: I do not know if it is an expensive piece, but it is very nice to look at. (ÅC êk-üájçü é ü ÅØËC Ø èπ ûál-ߪ ü é F, îª úø-ö«-eéà î ««í ç-ô çc). Ramesh: You let it is expensive. I am not sure if I can get the same kind of piece again. (éπ*a-ûªçí ÅC î «êk-üájçüë. Å «ç-öàc ÉçéÓöÀ üì Ω -èπ -ûª çü ÅØË N æߪ ç Ø èπ Å - - Ë ) Naresh: Don't worry. You can get much better pieces than that for a much less price. The market is flood with all kinds of cells. EXERCISE I Practise the following aloud in English. Ram: Åûª- -éπ\úø ÖØ oúó úó Fèπ ûá ƒ? Som: Ø Èé «ûá -Ææ hçc? Åûª- -éπ\-úõéà ߪ - -üë- ú ü ÅØË N æߪ ç èπÿú ûál-ߪ ü Ø èπ. Ram: FÍé- Ø o Å - - úø-ææ Á «hú ú ÅE? Som: Å «ÅE é ü. Åûªúø Ñ ÓV Á «hú Í æ Á «hú ÅØËüË Ø èπ ûál-ߪ E N æߪ ç. Ram: Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ÁRxØ èπÿú, Ñ N æߪ ç í Ω hç-îª - èπ ç-ö«ú ü ÅE Ø µºßª ç. Som: ØË Åûª-úÕE Ñ N æߪ ç á -JûÓ îªja- ƒh- E Åúø-í úøç Ω-*- Úߪ. Officer ûóø Çߪ P ûóø Åûªúø îªjaç-îª- apple-ßë C? Ram: Ø èπÿ ûál-ߪ ü. NSWER Ram: Do you know if he is there? Som: How do I know? I don't even know if he has started for the place or not. Ram: Do you doubt if he has started or not? Som: Not that. What I don't know is whether he will start today or tomorrow. Ram: My fear is even if he goes there whether he will remember this or not. Som: I forgot to ask him who he is going to discuss the matter with the Officer or his P? Ram: I don't know either. (àç «üµ - æ-úøèπ. Åçûª-éπçõ ûªèπ \ üµ Ωèπ, Åçûª-éπçõ ç* cell phones Fèπ üì Ω -èπ û. ÅEo Ωé cell phones market apple Á x- Á-ûª h-ûª -Ø o.) Ramesh: Help me choose one. (Ø éì-éπöà select îëæœ-â ô d). Naresh: Depends on whether you want an ordinary cell or one with additional features like Camera, FM radio, etc. (FÈé- «çöà cell é apple ü E-O ü Çüµ - Ω- æúõ Öçô çc cell é apple, èπ çõ Åü - æ features- Camera, FM radio «çöàn ÖçúËü ÅØË-ü -Eo- öàd.) Ramesh: Depends on my pocket too, doesn't it? (ÅC Ø û æ«-ûª - - öàd èπÿú Öçô çc éπü?) Naresh: It certainly does. (ÅçûË-éπü ) Ramesh: Let us see tomorrow. (Í æ îª ü lç). Éçûª-èπ - çü ç Who, whose, which, that, when, where ûó sentences join îëߪ úøç ûá -Ææ -èπ Ø oç éπü? É æ púø ËÍ Å n- ûó ËÍ Ωéπçí join îëߪ úøç ûá - Ææ -èπ çü ç. Ñ join îëߪ úøç Spoken English apple î «common. Real life situations apple î «ûª Ω-îª í ú Lq Ææ hçc. ûá -Ææ -èπ E practise îëü lç. Has he come? Do you know? (= úø î aú? Fèπ ûá ƒ?) Ñ È çúø sentences É «join îë ƒhç: Do you know whether/ if he has come or not? = Åûª-ØÌ-î aúó üó Fèπ ûá ƒ? ç éπü? É «çöà sentences éπl-ê çü èπ, whether é F if é F àü - Ø úìîª a. Å ûë áèπ \- í whether úø-ô Ë ÆæÈ jç-ü ç-ö«ω. áçü -éπçõ whether Åçõ Å Ø?/ é ü? ÅE vûª Ë. If éà Å Ø?/ é ü? ÅØË é èπ çú Éûª Ω Å n èπÿú ÖØ o. (If= Å ûë ÅØË Å Ωnç èπÿú ÖçC éπü?) Å ûë If * o- ô úøçûó, ÅüË áèπ \- í úø-û Ω. I do not know whether/ if he did it or his brother= ÅC îëæœçc Åûªú ÅûªúÕ ûª tú ÅØËC Ø èπ ûál-ߪ ü. È çúõçöà/ Éü lj üµ u ÅØË N æ-ߪ Eo í Jç* ö«xúë-ô- æ púø Ñ whether/ if úøû ç. I am unable to say whether I am happy or sad = ØËØË îá æp- -éπ- Ú-ûª - Ø o, ÆæçûÓ- æçí ÖØ oø, ü êçí ÖØ oø ÅE. Has he come? Do you know? EXERCISE II Match the words under with their meanings under 1. Fuss. Dodge/ void 2. Renew. Stopgap 3. Circumvent C. Injury 4. Trait D. Complain 5. Makeshift E. Characteristic F. Resume G. Rotate. KEY: 1-D. Fuss= Complain= * o* o N æ-ߪ í Jç* Ææ/ íìúø- - -ôdúøç/ ÖvüË-éπ- æ-úøôç. He fusses over a few rupees he had to spend extra = È çúø vúø - ƒ-ߪ - -èπ \ ê Ωa- ç-ü E àç Ææ  úø -ûª -Ø oúó (àç «üµ - æ-úø -ûª -Ø oúó). "Mom, I bunked just one class in a whole month. Why fuss so much about it" = Å t ØÁ Á ûªhç apple ØË - Á- xçc äéπ\ class èπ éπü. áçü -éπçûª íìúø îë ƒh ü Eo í Jç*? Don't make a fuss about small things. Get on with the work = * o * o N æ-ߪ í Jç* íìúø îëߪ -èπ çú æe-é F. fussy= v ƒ -êuç- E N æ-ߪ æöàdç-îª -éìøë. She is fussy about even about the water she drinks = - í û Íí F x N æ-ߪ ç apple èπÿú Ç Á èπ Å -Ææ- Ω- Á i æöàdçê. fussy x easy going. 2) èπ ûá Ææ Direct speech apple Ö o 'Non Wh' questions Indirect speech appleéà Í a-ô- æ púø, If/ whether úø-û - E. "Can you do it?" he said to me. (Direct speech) He asked me if (whether) he could do it. Now look at the following sentences from the passage above. 1) Do you know if Jagadish is back from the US? 2) I don't remember exactly whether it was last Wednesday or Thursday. 3) ny idea if he has brought them or not? 4) The cell phone technician doubts if it can be repaired at all. 5) I do not know whether it is an expensive piece. 6) I am not sure if I can get the same kind of piece again. 7) Depends on whether you want an ordinary cell or one with additional features. 1) Is Jagadish back from the US? Do you know: (ïí -D ˇ Å Á -Jé ç* J-íÌ-î aú? FÍé- Ø o ûá ƒ?) Ñ È çúø sentences if/ whether ûó éπl- œûë: Do you know if Jagadish is back from the US (or not)? 2) Was it last Wednesday or Thursday? + I don't remember = I do not remember whether/ if it was last Wednesday or Thursday. 3) Has he brought them or not? (Have you) any idea? = (Have you) any idea whether/ if he has brought them or not? 4) The cell phone technician doubts if it can be repaired at all = Can it be repaired at all (or not)? + The cell phone technician doubts. 5) Is it an expensive piece or not? + I do not know = I do not know if/ whether it is an expensive piece (or not) 6) Can I get the same kind of piece? + I am not sure = I am not sure whether/ if I can get the same kind of piece. Ñ sentences ÅEoç-öÀ apple whether/ if sentence üµ u apple Ææ hçc éπü? É «é èπ çú sentence ç if/ whether ûóøë v ƒ Ωç-Gµç-îª- îª a. a) Is he is going to help me? + It is doubtful= If he is going to help me (or not) is doubtful/ It is doubtful if he is going to help me. b) Is he a Congressman or TDP man? + It is very difficult to say = If/ whether he is a Congressman or TDP man is difficult to say F. Renew = Resume = æ -v ƒ- Ωç-Gµç-îªúøç/ æ - Ω -ü l -Jç-îªúøç. We have to renew our driving licenses which expire this month end = Ñ ØÁ «-ê- Ω ûó expire ÅßË u driving licenses æ - Ω -ü l -Jç-îª -éó- L. The lease is for 6 years. It can be renewed further = ÅüÁl é ç ÇÍ Ÿx. Ç ûª yûª ü Eo Sx éì - ƒ-tç-îª- îª a. é - æ-j-n Å - Ú- ç-ûª- yûª Sx ÒúÕ-Tç-îªôç renew. Renewed vigour= éìûªh éàh, éìûªh Öû q æ«ç. Renew X Terminate. 3-. Circumvent= Dodge/ avoid. ÅÆæ Å Ωnç: ü J-Íé-ü - Ø Åúøfç- ÊÆh îª ô d JT Á xúøç. Road èπ Åúøfçí í ôd, éìçúø Öçõ, road, öàe circumvent îëææ hçc. Åçõ ü E îª ô d JT Á ŸhçC) áèπ \- í úë Å Ωnç: äéπ îªö«deo, Å -éπ- Ωuçí Ö o E ç-üµ - ûál-ní ÅCµ-í -N ç-îªúøç. He is circumvented the tax law by registering a part of his property in his brother-in-law's name = æ o îªôdç ûª èπ Jhç-îª-èπ çú ÖçúËçü èπ, ûª «- -JC Ê Ω éìçûª ÇÆœh»úø. For every law, there is a circumvention = v æ îªö«dfo Ö xç- œ ç-îëç-ü èπ üìúõf üó àüó Öçô ØË Öçô çc (ÉC English proverb). Circumvent X Confront (áü - Ó\- úøç). 4-E. Trait = Characteristic = éπ~ùç (äéπj Ææy µ«- ç- applee éπ~ùç) a) Honesty, truth and non violence were the important traits of Gandhi= Eñ«-ߪ, Ææûªuç, Å œ«çææ, í çdµ Ææy µ«- ç- applee êu éπ~-ù«. b) Most traits are hereditary = î «éπ~-ù«ç - ƒ- Ωç- æ Ωuç. 5-. Makeshift= Stopgap = temporary = û û \-L-éπçí Ö æ-ßá -í - æúë. a) The speaker made his speech from on a makeshift stage = û û \-L-éπçí à Ωp- Ω-* ËCéπ O C- ç* Çߪ v æææç-tç-î úø. b) Madamme Curie, the discoverer of radioactivity carried on her experiments in a make shift lab = Åù -üµ -Jtéπ éàhe éπ -íì o Mme Curie ûª æj- apple-üµ Å æp-öà-éπ- æ púø à Ωp- Ω-îª -èπ o ( æé \ é E) lab apple éì - ƒ-tç-*çc. Stopgap = v æææ h-û -EéÀ à Ωp- Ω-îª -éìøë Ææ, æé \ Ææ îëa- - Ωèπ. Makeshift/ Stopgap X Permanent É Fo èπÿú high frequency words in Spoken English. O conversation apple úõ practice îëߪ çúõ.

5 -Ç-C- Ωç 13 -ï- - -J 2008 Ñ-Ø -úø  j«-ü - «-ü 2 Q. 1. éìeo ÇKdÆ Ææ q-  j picket ÅE Öçô çc. DE Å Ωnç àn öà? 2. English apple æü ÆæÈ j pronunciation phonetics (IP) ü y ØË Ω a-èπ çô Ø oç éπü? J English is not a phonetic language áçü -éπç-ö«ω? 3. Hello, Good morning one and all ÅE äéπ group of members wish îëߪ - î a? 4. Sister concern company Åçõ Å Ωnç àn öà? á æ púø Ö æ-ßá -Tç-î L? 5. Glad to see you- So am I... Ééπ\úø So am I Åçõ Å Ωnç àn öà? So am I 6. The nerd Åçõ Å Ωnç àn öà? 7. Sale, Sell Å Ωnç, ûëú N -Jç-îªçúÕ. - M.Navitha, Nalgonda. 1. Picket is the name of an area in Hyderbad, just as Koti, Sultan azar are. RTC bus O ü Picket ÅE Öçõ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ (Picket ÅØË v æüë-»-eéà) Á Ïx bus ÅE. Å ûë Picket ÅØË English ôèπ Å Ωnç, strike (Ææ Á t) îëææ h o é Jt-èπ, á JF factory, company appleeéà Á x-èπ çú Åúø f-éó- úøç. 2. IP èπ çú, English applee letters of alphabet (a, b, c,... z) èπÿ ÅN ûálê «l- èπÿ Ææç çüµ ç ç-ü - x, English spelling is unphonetic Åçö«ç. C E éìeo-îóôx, éπ, éìeo-îóôx 'Ææ í æ -èπ û ç. Q. -ü -ߪ -îëæœ -Ñ Ææç-üË æ Ωaí - Ω. 1) Ææçû - æ-ææ- µº English apple à ç-ö«ω? Condolence meeting ÅØÌî a? 2) ƒt Ωéπ * æ«oç Åçõ àn öà? -ü -ߪ -îëæœ 3) Functions Ææçü - s applex Å-ü - Ç æ y-eç-îª-ú -EéÀ Ææç ç-cµç* English apple á «ö«x-ú L? '' ËC-éπ- - ç-éπ-jç-*  ü l- èπ, Ææ µºèπ NîËa-Æœ Å-ü - èπ, vê éπ~-èπ - èπ, Ç æfi-ûª - èπ Ø æ«%ü -ߪ - æ - Ωyéπ - ƒ\- 4) ''áçûª busy í ÖØ o èπÿú œ - -í ØË NîËa-Æœ- ç-ü èπ, tlo Eoç* Ææ µºèπ *a- ç-ü èπ áçûó ÆæçûÓ- œ-ææ hø oç. JéÀ µºí - ç-ûª úõ éπö«éπ~ç Ææü Öçú - E éó Ω -ûª Ø oç 5) ''... -J-E - Ë-Céπ- - çéπ-jç-î -Lqç-Cí éó Ω -ûª -Ø oç 6) '' Ω Éçûª-ÊÆ æ ûª Ææ -ߪ Eo ûó æçîª - èπ - oç-ü èπ èπ áçûó Ç ç-ü çí ÖçC 7) ƒt Ωéπ/ Ææçû - æ-ææ- µº applex Ë Ω í ö«x-úø-û Ω. J èπ ô ç- «-EéÀ ƒ - µº ûá - æ ûª îªe- Ú- uéàhéà ûó/ èπ JûÓ Ö o Å - çüµ ç í Jç* ÆætJ- ƒhç-éπü! -Å æ p-úø -á- «- -ö«x-ú -L? OöÀ -í -Jç* à- ÁjØ books üì Ω -èπ -û ߪ? ûá - æ-í - Ω. 8) Letter Writing ooks á -JN Ææ -éó- L? 9) O Ω having -ú -EéÀ Ææç ç-cµç* ú Ø o Ω. é E ã lesson apple (1) Having lost his parents in his childhood, parental love is new to them. (2) Having made the mistake repentance filled him. (3) Having seen his mother after a long time was a great joy for him. (4) Having been elected unanimously, he felt very happy. 4 ÆæJ-ßÁi - -ü -Ø o Ω. Having phrase Åçõ àn öà? Have áeo- Ω-é - í úìîª a? M.L../ M.P. çü à article Ö æ-ßá - Tç-î L. æ Jh ÅvG- Ë- æ-ø îágûë The Ö æ-ßá - Tç-î «? Åçõ The Member of Parliament/ The Member of Legislative ssembly? Councillor èπ çü article àc L? Nobody/ anybody ûª yûª has/ have àc Ææ hçc? Singular or plural? Verb àc? He, She, It III person singular «? ü II person «? ÉC äíé Åéπ~ Ωç, È çúø «l- èπ úøû ç. Å «Íí È çúø úø Åéπ~- äíé «leo ûá - æ -û. Å «Íí ' æ «l-eéà tion, ssion, shun É «ÉEo spellings ƒh. Puff - rough (ff = gh = ˇ) Though (Ééπ\úø gh éà N - - ü ) É «æü l Åçô E spelling, pronunciation x, English, unphonetic. 3. îëߪ - îª a 4. Sister concern/ company Åçõ ü ü æ äíé ߪ ï- uç éàçü Ö o äéπ company, ÅüË ßª ï- uç éàçü Ö o ÉçéÓ company éà sister concern (company). concern = company 5. Glad to see you = E o éπ -Ææ -èπ ç-ô - oç-ü èπ ÆæçûÓ- æçí ÖØ o. So am I = Å «Íí (so) am I = ØË (ÆæçûÓ- æçí ) ÖØ o. 6. Nerd = 1) Ω ^úø / Old fashioned/ bore 2) computers apple ÇÆæéÀh «í Ö o- úø. 7. Sale = Å téπç; Sell= Å túøç. 408 I, We, They ÉN, You singular «ü Plurals? Direct, Indirect speech í Jç* * o Å - ç. eg: He asked "Have you seen her anywhere?" Åûªúø ÅúÕ-í úø, ''F Ç Á -ØÁ-éπ\- úájø ?. DEE He asked me if (whether) I had seen her anywhere, Éçü apple If (whether) áçü -éì- ƒh? äéπ ook apple D & Ind speech í Jç* îªc-. ü E apple 4 types æj-q-lç-î - -Ø o Ω. 1. Statements (2) Yes/ No Questions (3) Wh & How Questions (4) to infinitives (Command & Request) í Jç* Éî a Ω. eg: I. He said "I am very happy."' DEéÀ He Said that he was very happy í îá ƒp Ω. II. He asked me "re you happy?". DEE He asked me if I was happy í îá ƒp Ω. Ééπ\úø If áçü èπ? He asked me ü He told/ said me he was happy ÅØÌî a? III. He asked me "why are you happy?". DEE He asked me why I was happy í îá ƒp Ω. IV. He said to me "uy a Computer". DEE He told me, to buy a computer. OöÀ í Jç* Åçõ speech í Jç* N -Jç-îª-í - Ω. -äéπ - ƒ Ω π -, éπ Ω o- ->- «x.. 1) Ææçû - æ-ææ µº = Condolence Meeting 2) ƒt Ωéπ * æ«oç = Memorial. 3) My hearty welcome to the distinguished people on the dais, the other guests, the audience and the other invitees. 4) We are extremely happy to have amidst us, Sri..., who inspite of their being busy have taken the time off to be here this evening. May god shower his blessings on them! Q. 1. Think = Ç apple-*ç-îªúøç, suppose = Å -éó- úøç ÅØ o Ω. J I think he is watching the T.V. éπuç apple 'Å -èπ çö«åø o Ω. N -Jç-îªçúÕ. 2. What does the glass contain?/ What's there in that glass = (Ç í xæˇ apple à çc?) 3. I was at college ( apple ÖØ o ). DEo I was incollegeí -ßÁ î a? - N.Suguna Santhi, Vizag Q. äéπ Ççí x C - æ-v-éπ apple *a Ωh- applee ô- Ééπ\úø v æ ƒh-n-ææ h-ø o. "ll I can say is that I have full faith in the Judiciary. I am thankful to the people of the country..." Ééπ\úø I am grateful to the people of the country ÅØ L éπü? I am thankful ÅE áçü èπ úõ- ô x? No reference is made to divine beings éπü? Å «èπÿú Å-ØÌî a? N -Jç-îª-í - Ω. - P.run Prasad, Vizag 5) May I now request Sri... to come up the dais and take his/ her seat. 6) We are grateful to them all for sparing their valuable time to us. 7) Our heartfelt condolences to the bereaved family. The late ---- (Name of the dead person) was closely associated with this institution and helped the institution to grow. We remember with gratitude his/ her contribution to the institution. May his/ her soul rest in peace. É «çöà öàéà English for various occasions ûó books Öçö«. îª úøçúõ. 8) Letter Writing èπ English Grammar & Composition O ü à standard book Å Ø æ y ü. 9) Having úøèπÿúø-ü E îá æp- ü à lesson apple èπÿú. m having/ is having/ are having- Ñ expressions èπ éπlt Öçúøôç (possession) ÅØË Å Ωnç ü. úøç/ û í úøç ÅØË Å Ωnç Ææ hçc. éπlt Öçúøôç (äéπ-jéà äéπ Ææ h ÖçC ÅØË Å Ωnç) ü. Having lost his parents- É «çöà expressions apple having, verb form vûª Ë. Ñ having èπÿ, éπlt Öçúøôç ÅØË Å ΩnçûÓ îëa have èπÿ Ææç çüµ ç ØË- ü. Having lost his parents= ûªlxü ç-vúø - éó applep- úøç x É «çöà Å Ωnç Ææ hçc. Å «Íí have gone/ has seen/ had done «çöà expressions apple have/ has/ had èπÿ éπlt Öçúøôç ÅE Å Ωnç îëa have/ has/ had èπÿ Ææç çüµ ç à vûªç ü. Having gone, has done etc apple have, has verb forms vûª Ë ƒ Ω-èπ - -ÉC í -Eç-î L. Having done his duty, he went home for rest = ûª duty æ Jh-îË-Ææ -èπ E/ æ Ωh- -úøçûó Åûªúø Nv»ç éóææç ÉçöÀéÀ Á «}úø. Having seen it, I understand why people are talking like that = ØË C îª úø-ôç- x Ø éπ- Ωn- - -ûóçc Åçü Ω áçü -éπ «Åçô Ø o Ó.. 1. Think = Ç apple-*ç-îªúøç/ Å -éó- úøç È çúø- n ÖØ o. 'Å -éó- úøç ÅØË Å ΩnçûÓ think = suppose. I think so = ØË «Å -èπ ç-ô -Ø o. Think about it = ü Eo í Jç* Ç apple-*ç-îªçúõ. 2. oth are correct. May I now request r.. to.. -Å--ü - èπ -Ç æ y- ç.. t college 3. I was at college - correct. ƒ - uçí standard English apple ØË- college apple ÖØ o ÅØË Å ΩnçûÓ I was in the college ÅØ o Ω. Å ûë ÉC îª úøçúõ. There are 1800 students in the college = College apple îªc- Ë- Ÿx 1800 ÅE. I studied at that college = ØË college apple îªc-.. You are right. Thankful = üë -úõ æôx éπ%ûªïcûª ûál-ê ç-ü Íé úøû ç. - æôx éπ%ûª-ïc-ûªèπ grateful to somebody Åçö«ç, Å «ØË ÅØ L. üë -úõ-èéj-ûëøë, Thankful Åçö«ç, Å «Åçõ î. Thankful to God ÅE Å -éπ\-í xü grateful èπÿú. áçü -éπçõ Thankful Åçõ ØË üë -úõíé ÅE. I am Thankful I have such good parents = Ø éπ- «çöà ûªlx-ü ç-vúø - - oç-ü èπ üë -úõéà éπ%ûª--vcúõe/ éπ%ûª-vc- -. (í - Eç-îªçúÕ: Thankful vûª Ë. Thankful to God é ü.) Have úë Nüµ : 1) Have= possess=own=éπlt Öçúøôç (Ñ Å ΩnçûÓ am having/ is having/ are having úøç). 2) Have= úøç/ û í úøç (am having/ is having/ are having Ñ Å Ωnç-ûÓØË úøû ç). 3) Present perfect, past perfect tenses apple verb apple µ«í çí vûª Ë, v æûëuéπ Å Ωnç èπ çú uxiliary/ helping verb í úøû ç. 4) Having seen/ Having gone «çöà expressions apple èπÿú, have ÅØËC participle apple µ«í Ë, îª Æœ/ îª Æœç-ûª- yûª/ îª úø-ôç- x ÅØË Å n- ûó. Having gone èπ èπÿú É «çöà Å n ƒh. ML, MP çü an úøû ç, a é ü (ML, MP = áç.á.á., áç. œ. éπü? Å Ç É Ñ á à â ä ã «l- ûó v ƒ Ωç- µº- ßË u English ô- - çü an úøû ç). Nobody/ nybody III person singular (He/ she) é öàd has úøû ç öà ûª yûª. æ Jhí Å ûë, general sense apple úõûë, a Ææ hçc. æ «Ø ML, æ «Ø MP Åçõ The Ææ hçc. / n or The Ö æ-ßá -í éóææç ƒûª lessons îª úøçúõ. / The Councillor. Person Singular Plural I I We II You ( y) You (O Ω ) III He, She, it They You ûª yûª á æ púø plural verb úøû ç. 1) Statement direct ç* indirect èπ JÊÆh, quotations ÊÆÆœ that ûó v ƒ Ωç-Gµ ƒhç. 2) Wh questions Indirect appleéà JÊÆh quotations ÊÆÆœ 'Wh' word ûóøë v ƒ Ωç-Gµ ƒhç. Ééπ\úø asked vûª Ë. Tell ü. 3) Non Wh questions Å ûë, quotations ÊÆÆœ, Whether/ if ûó v ƒ Ωç-Gµ ƒhç. Ééπ\úø asked vûª Ë Ææ hçc Tell ü. 4) uy a Computer- ÉC imperative sentence (Åúø-í úøç/ Çñ«c- œç-îªúøç, etc). É «ç-öà-îóôx tell/ ask àü - Ø úìîª a. Éçé N - é -LÊÆh ƒûª lessons îª úøçúõ.

6 - çí - - Ωç 15 -ï- - -J 2008 Ñ-Ø -úø  j«-ü - «-ü 2 Q. She, Women, Lady, Girl - Ñ æüδ- áéπ\úø, á æ púø á «Ö æ-ßá -Tç-î apple N - Jç-îªí - Ω. - M. Satyanarayana, Hyderabad.. She Åçõ O èπ ûá - ÆæØË Å -èπ ç-ô Ø o. Women = Æ Y. Lady Å Ωnç èπÿú Æ Y ÅØË. Å ûë - í Æ Y ÅØË Å ΩnçûÓ, Woman ÅØË Åçö«ç. Ñ Å ΩnçûÓ Lady ÅØË ô É æpöà úø -éπ apple ü. Women, Lady ƒûª- Ó-V applex Ö oûª _- / - ç-q-èπ Æ Y ladies ÅØË- Ÿx. v æñ«- ƒy uç v æ μ«- ç- x É æ púø à - _-EéÀ îáçc Æ Y --ØÁj-Ø women ÅØË Åçö«ç. Ææ μº applex v appleûª- üëlpç* v æææç-tçîë ladies and gentlemen ÅØË expression apple vûª Ë lady N T-L-ÖçC. äéó\- ƒ-j éó æç- apple-í F, áí -û -R-éÀ-í F, éìç-îáç formal í í F Çúø- - x- lady Åçô çö«ω. Girl Åçõ Å t ÅE ûá -Ææ -éπüδ. Q. 1. He developed skills while he was working in police department. (or) He developed skills when he was working in police department. While éà when éà usage î «confusion í ÖçC. N -Jç-îª-í - Ω. 2. One finds difficulty in answering phone call even in one's home. (or) One finds difficulty in answering phone call even inside one's own home. - in áéπ\úø inside áéπ\úø ú apple N -Jç-îª-í - Ω. while, when 3. I am told there are many crocodiles in the lake. (or) I am told that there are many crocodiles in the lake. Ñ È çúõç-öà apple àc éπè é d? that áéπ\úø ú apple, áéπ\úø úø-èπÿ-úøüó ûá - æçúõ. -.ppala Raju, Visakhapatnam. 1. While áèπ \- í ã action continuing during a period of time îáê pç-ü èπ úøû ç. While he was working... = Åûªúø æe-îë-ææ h- o- æ púø Ç æe-îë-ææ h o é ç Åçû. When he was working..= Åéπ\úø æe-îë-ææ h- o- æ púø When úõ- - æ púø, Ç Ææ -ߪ ç apple á æ púó äéπ- æ púø, Å æ púø æ púø, î «- ƒ Ω x. While Åçõ Ç Ææ ߪ ç Á ü ç* * J Ωèπ. Å ûë continuity Åçûª important é - æ púø when Å Ø úìîª a. while Å Ø úìîª a. While/ When he was reading something the police entered the room. While they were playing, he was studying - ( Ÿx Çúø -ûª - oçûªêæ æ Åûª-úø îªü - -ûª -Ø oúø ) Ééπ\úø when ü. 2. In = apple; Inside = apple æ. «í apple æ-léà Öçõ inside Åçö«ç. ûëú îª úøçúõ. a) The box was hidden in the room. b) The box was hidden somewhere inside the room. éà Å Ωnç, room apple. éà Å Ωnç room apple æ áéπ\úó. In= apple. Inside = «í apple æ. 3. That omit îëߪ úøç, áéπ\-úájø ÆæÍ, ûª æ p é ü. Q.  vöapple-lߪ ç ö«uçéπ Á -é Highly Inflammable ÅE Æœ Öçô çc. éì-eoç-öàéà In -O -ü -ûá- x Ωçí æ Ææ h-ø o Ω. --O-öÀéÀ ÆæÈ j- Å n- -ûá- æí - Ω. - MVS Kondala Rao, Visakhapatnam. Inflammable = Flammable. È ç-úõç-öà Å n- -äéπ-õ - ç-úõ- Ú-ßË -Å-E. Q. éàçc- -öàe ÖüΔ- æ«- Ω-ù- ûó N -Jç-îªçúÕ. 1) ever 2) meanwhile 3) feature 4) more over 5) still later 6) still further 7) through 8) throughout 9) else, or else. - G. Naresh, rmoor. 1. Ever = á æ p-úájø / á æp-öà-èéjø a) I am ever ready to help you = I am always ready to help you = Fèπ Ææ æ ߪ ç îëêæç-ü èπ ØËØÁ- æ púø Æœü l Ë b) Have you ever been to London? = y á æ p-úájø London Á «x? 2. Ñ apple æ. Get the vegetables. Meanwhile I will cook the rice = O Ω èπÿ Ω ûáçúõ. Ñ apple- æ ØË Å oç çúø - û. 3. feature = éπ~ùç. Truthfulness was the important feature of his character. = Ææûªu- ƒ- Çߪ êu éπ~ùç. êç, éπ o, èπ \- Ω = feature. äéπ v æüë- æ μ íó-réπ éπ~ùç = feature. Magazines/ Newspapers applee QJ{éπ. 4. moreover = ÅçûË-é -èπ çú. The doctor not only treated him. Moreover he gave him some money = -Ççí x- μ«- æ-ù 409 We e have to advise them Q. 1. Some words in English are - i (â) sound, some are e (É) sound. e.g.: a) I (â) sound words are: fight, kite, might, night, wife, knife, ride. b) E (É) sound words are: kill, mill, silk, nill, grim, kiss, miss, big - How to recognize their sound with respect to these words. If there is any rule to identify please mention. c) Mention the pronunciation of these words: Fill, live, milestone, file, hive with regard to 2. Could you mention the meanings of these phrases in Telugu. i) With regard to; ii) In regard to; iii) In reference to; iv) Where of; v) Where on; vi) Where in. - Gurram Shankar, Keshavapatnam. 1. a) ƒ - uçí äíé syllable Ö o ô- applee spelling apple 'i' ûª yûª consonant *a (a, e, i, o, u é E «l ) * Ω e Öçõ Å «çöà ô- applee 'e' E â í pronounce îë ƒhç. Å «Íí single syllable Ö o ô apple gh, i ûª yûª ÊÆh üδeo â í æ -èπ û ç. Åçü -éπe O Ω Æœ first set of words, fait, kait, mait... - «pronounce îë ƒhç. b) O È çúó set of words apple, i ûª yûª double consonant (u) úøç, * Ω e çü - x, i E É í pronounce îë ƒhç. Kill, mill, nill, kiss, miss - i followed by double consonants, and no e in the end. So 'i' has the sound of É. ig, grim etc apple * Ω e ü. Åçü -éπe 'i' E É í æ -èπ û ç. c) Fill - œ, Live = L = Live = j = éà Ö o/ Ææ@- - Á i / ߪ üδ- Ωn- Á i Å æp-öà-éπ- æ púø ï Ω -í -ûª o. Live ( j ) telecast - ï Ω -í -ûª o N æߪ Eo Å æp-öà-éπ- æ púø îª œç-îªúøç (TV apple). 2. i) With regard to = Ç Ææçü - Ωs ç-í / Ç N æߪ Eo í Jç*- with regard to = In regard to. ii) Å ûë In regard to éπçõ with regard to áèπ \ úø éπ. With regard to his health, I can't say anything = ÅûªúÕ Ç Óí uç N æߪ ç (í Jç*) ØËØËç îá æp-. iii) In reference to - áèπ \- í with reference to Åçö«ç = üδeo í Jç* (about). With reference to your application, please attend an interview on... = O application í Jç*, Ç Ææçü - Ωs çí O Ω... ûëd Interview èπ ΩçúÕ. iv) Where of = of which = Åçü apple ( μ«í çí ) The book where of the sentences are a part = The book of which the sentence are a part = Ñ é u μ«í çí Ö o æ Ææhéπç. He bought some land where of (of which) he gave an acre to his sister. v) Where on/ Where upon = üδe ælûªçí / ü J-N «- He called her a liar where on/ where upon she walked out- Åûªúø Ç Á Å -üδl - éó Ω -Å-Ø o-úø. üδe-o ü Ç Á Åéπ\-úÕoç* ÁRx- Ú- çc (Ç é Ω-ùçí ). vi) Where in= Åçü apple= in which. I showed him the letter where in he found the amount clearly written= Ç Á ûªhç Ææp æ dçí Æœ Ö o ñ«åûª--úõéà îª ƒ. meanwhile Q. 1. a) We have to advice them. b) We have to advise them.  j é u applex àc éπè é d. öà Å n àn öà? Have to + V 1 v æé Ωç b correct éπüδ? Å ûë äéπ uéπ- Ωù æ Ææh-éπç apple have to advice (N) ÅE ÖçC. ÅC Åîª a-ûª ƒp? N -Jç-îªçúÕ. 2. a) If he runs fast, he will catch the bus. b) If he runs fastly, he will catch the bus -  j öà apple à éπuç correct? Ééπ\úø fast adverb éπüδ? adverb fastly í èπÿú Ö æ-ßá -Tç-îª- î a? 3. If I drop the chalk piece, it will break to pieces (or) break into pieces. Which is correct? 4. a) He is dead. Doctor Åûª--úÕéÀ Ájü uç îë»úø. ÅçûË-é èπ çú Åûª--úÕéÀ éìçûª úøgs-î aúø. 5. still later = Ç ûª yûª/ Éçé ûª yûª. I came late. He came still later = ØËØË Ç Ææuç. Åûª-úø Ø éπçõ Ç Ææuç. 6. still further- Éçé. Still further delay will be dangerous. Éçé Ç Ææuç Å ûë v æ -ü Ë. 7. through = í çú. The train travels through a tunnel = Ç train Ò Ωçí ç (tunnel) í çú Úûª çc. 8. through out = äéπ Ææ ߪ ç Á ûªhç. Throughout his stay here he was helpful to others = Åûª--úÕéπ\úø Ö oeo ÓV / Ö oç-ûª-êæ æ Éûª Ω èπ Ææ æ ߪ ç îë»úø. 9. else/ or else = éπ- ÚûË. Study well, else/ or else you can't pass = «í îªü. éπ- ÚûË pass é. break into pieces b) He is died - ÉN È çúø éπè -ÍédØ? b éπuç S + H.V + V 3 Ææ vûªç v æé Ωç p.v. apple Ö æ-ßá -Tç-îª- î a? Object E verb èπ p.v. Öçúøü éπüδ? äéπ ÆœE- apple She is died ÅE Ö æ-ßá -Tç--î Ω. Ç Á îªç æ- -úõçc ÅØË Å Ωnç apple ÅC ÆæÈ jç-üëø? ---ûá- æí - Ω -. - R.Chittibabu, Tanuku. 1. Sentence b correct. Have to advice (N) Å úøç ûª æ p. 1) Have to ûª yûª á æ púø plain infinitive (advise) úøû ç. 2) dvice verb é ü é öàd Ééπ\úø úøç. 2) Fast èπ adverb fast vûª Ë. fastly ÅØË ô ü. 3) It will break into pieces, correct. reak it to pieces ÆæJ-é ü. 4) Die éà past participle died. Die Åçõ î úøç ÉC intransitive verb (verb without an object). We don't use the past participle of an intransitive verb after a 'be' form. So he is died - wrong. Dead = îªe- Ú- / îªe- Ú Ö o djective. 'e' from (is) ûª yûª adjective úøû ç. é öàd He is dead - correct. Is died (be from + PP(V 3 ) of an intransitive verb) ÅÆæ verb é ü í üδ? She is died á Ω / áéπ\úø úõø ûªê p. Ç Á îªç æ- -úõçc = She is killed. (She has been killed).