Overview of Micro- Synchrophasors in Distribu8on and Smart Grids

Transcription

1 1 Overview of Micro- Synchrophasors in Distribu8on and Smart Grids Alexandra Sascha von Meier Co- Director, Electric Grid Research, California Ins8tute for Energy and Environment (CIEE) Adjunct Associate Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, UC Berkeley

2 2 Acknowledgment: The informa5on, data, or work presented herein was funded in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency- Energy (ARPA- E), U.S. Department of Energy, under Award Number DE- AR Disclaimer: The informa8on, data, or work presented herein was funded in part by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any informa8on, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily cons8tute or imply its endorsement, recommenda8on, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

3 Synchrophasors compare voltage phase angle at different loca5ons δ the small phase angle δ between different loca8ons on the grid drives a.c. power flow δ = 0 power flows from Unit 1 toward Unit 2

4 Synchrophasors compare voltage phase angle at different loca5ons / / Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) Voltage - kv John Day Malin Summer L Slatt McNary Ashe reactor 500 Grizzly reactor #2 475 Grizzly reactor # Time - seconds synchronous data useful real- 5me informa5on for system operators

5 Transmission PMUs in North America NASPI 2010

6 Transmission PMUs in North America NASPI 2012

7 µpmu concept Substa8on Phase Angle TRADITIONAL PMU NETWORK Transmission (Bulk) System PROPOSED µpmu NETWORK Distribution System 7

8 8 What do we want? When do we want it? Be[er visibility and situa8onal awareness for operators Support faster service restora8on Accommodate impacts of more ac8ve devices: reverse power flow greater variability and uncertainty dynamic interac8ons (oscilla8ons) Leverage opportuni8es to recruit distributed resources: volt- VAR op8miza8on real power control microgrids resilience yesterday today tomorrow

9 9 Challenges for distribu5on synchrophasor measurements and their interpreta5on, compared to transmission smaller voltage angle differences more noise in measurements different X/R ra8os P 12 V 1V 2 X sinδ unbalanced three- phase systems few measuring points compared to network nodes need lower cost per PMU to make business case

10 10 Challenges for distribu5on synchrophasor measurements and their interpreta5on, compared to transmission smaller voltage angle differences more noise in measurements different X/R ra8os unbalanced three- phase systems few measuring points compared to network nodes need lower cost per PMU to make business case

11 11 Challenges for distribu5on synchrophasor measurements and their interpreta5on, compared to transmission smaller voltage angle differences more noise in measurements different X/R ra8os unbalanced three- phase systems few measuring points compared to network nodes need lower cost per PMU to make business case

12 Time scales in electric grid opera5on

13 µpmus and power quality measurements: Time resolu5on in perspec5ve clock accuracy impulse capture angular resolution accuracy of GPS time stamp: differential absolute waveform changes 512 samples per cycle voltage and current harmonics RMS sags, swells, interruptions W, VAR, VA +/-/0 sequence imbalance frequency, df/dt, angle meas. interval min/avgas/max recording proposed µpmu measurements proposed device capabilities reference magnitudes temperature, 0.1 o 1 o 1 cycle 12 cycles humidity µpmu data buffer and notifications seconds nanosecond microsecond millisecond second minute hour day month

14 14 Micro- Synchrophasors in Distribu8on and Smart Grids ARPA- e Project Update Alexandra Sascha von Meier Co- Director, Electric Grid Research, California Ins8tute for Energy and Environment (CIEE) Adjunct Associate Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, UC Berkeley

15 15 Research Project Overview Three- year, $4.4 M ARPA- e project began in 2013 Research partners: CIEE, UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Na8onal Laboratory, Power Standards Lab Prospec5ve u5lity and field site partners: Southern California Edison, Sacramento Municipal U8lity District, Southern Company, Na8onal Renewable Energy Laboratory, UC San Diego

16 16 Project Objec5ves develop a network of high- precision phasor measurement units (µpmus) to measure voltage phase angle to within < 0.05 o understand the value of voltage phase angle as a state variable on power distribu8on systems explore applica8ons of µpmu data for distribu8on systems to improve opera8ons, increase reliability, and enable integra8on of renewables and other distributed resources evaluate the requirements for µpmu data to support specific diagnos8c and control applica8ons advance the adop8on of this technology and its successful applica8ons through technology transfer and outreach

17 17 Key ac5vi5es in 2014 Install 90+ µpmus at field sites (about 10 per circuit) in collabora8on with research partners

18 Choosing field deployment sites where the circuit has unique characteris8cs that the u8lity wishes to be[er understand (e.g., extremely high DG penetra8on, some unexpected behavior, etc.). the circuit presents a rich opportunity to study one or more diagnos8c applica8ons for distribu8on PMU data that the project is considering. the circuit has other monitoring equipment installed against which µpmu measurements can be compared and validated.

19 19 Key ac5vi5es in 2014 Install 90+ µpmus at field sites (about 10 per circuit) in collabora8on with research partners Compare µpmu measurements against circuit models for mutual valida8on

20 Planning Tool Selec5on to Address U5lity Concerns Issue Timeframe SoZware op5ons Opera5ons Op5ons FIDVR Milliseconds, sub- cycle None Data input to opera8ons Dynamic Load Behavior Similar to FIDVR CymDist, PSCAD, DEW, DigSilent Data input to opera8ons Dynamic Inverter Behavior Milliseconds, Seconds CymDist, PSCAD, DEW, DigSilent Network model representa8on Controllable inverter behavior (Volt/Var) Seconds, Minutes, Hours CymDist, DEW, DigSilent Data input to opera8ons Transient switching impacts (microgrids) Subcycle PSCAD, PSS/Sincal, DigSilent Not opera8on issue preventa8ve in planning and protec8on analysis Load flow reverse power, voltage profiles etc Hours, minutes, steady state CymDist, DEW, SynerGEE Electric Data input to opera8ons Protec8on in high penetra8on scenarios Milliseconds DEW, CymDist, SyenrGEE Electric Not opera8onal issue 20

21 21 Key ac5vi5es in 2014 Install 90+ µpmus at field sites (about 10 per circuit) in collabora8on with research partners Compare µpmu measurements against circuit models for mutual valida8on Study feasibility of instrumen8ng the secondary side, to view primary through distribu8on transformer Work on algorithms for selected applica8ons Experiment with networking, examine latencies but first: Get some actual measurements!

22 Pilot Site Development at LBNL Pilot site at LBNL for µpmu devices Installing µpmu devices in 4 locations at LBNL from substation to Building 90 Will measure high fidelity phase angle data, voltage and current to validate the LBNL CymDist Model Challenges: communications, calibration, and commissioning 22

23 Grizzly Substa5on feeds LBNL and UC Berkeley campus 115kV from PG&E 12.47kV distribu8on 2014 Power Sensors Ltd All rights reserved 23

24 µpmu antennas, receivers Calibrated GPS Receiver, and dual 4G modem antennas Magne8c mounts for all no roof penetra8on 2014 Power Sensors Ltd All rights reserved 24

25 Installa5on proof of concept Temporary power, measurement from extension cord Good signals, good phase lock Need to have further discussion about real signals 2014 Power Sensors Ltd All rights reserved 25

26 17 min on a Friday lunch8me 2014 Power Sensors Ltd All rights reserved 26

27 UCB Soda Hall Lab 27

28 Very first µpmu network setup at UC Berkeley Internet Cloud services Redundant archivers Primary archiver Gateway Campus LAN 4G LTE Broker (MQTT) 4G TE modem POE ethernet 4G TE modem SODA1 SODA2 GRIZZLY PEAK 28

29 Ini5al data transfer Phase angle difference between Grizzly Sub and Soda Hall 0.2 o 0 o o o 10 min 29

30 Illustra8on: Michael Sowa

31 Extra Slides

32 32 Categories of applica5ons diagnos8c vs. control applica8ons (quasi- ) real- 8me vs. off- line based on observa8on of steady- state vs. dynamic behavior Research objec5ve: iden8fy benefits of explicit voltage angle measurements es8mate data requirements to support various applica8ons begin to develop algorithms

33 33 Possible diagnos5c applica5ons supported by micro- synchrophasors topology detec8on: switch status, uninten8onal islanding, phase iden8fica8on state es8ma8on: voltage profile, reverse power flow fault loca8on, high- impedance fault detec8on oscilla8on detec8on characteriza8on of dynamic behavior: loads, distributed generators, iner8a, FIDVR risk detec8on, unmasking loads behind net metered DG?

34 34 Possible control applica5ons supported by micro- synchrophasors protec8on: adap8ve relaying Volt- VAR op8miza8on microgrid balancing: load, DG and storage control ancillary services coordina8on inten8onal islanding

35 Ini5al thoughts about data requirements 35

36 Ini5al thoughts on the value of δ for various applica5ons 36

37 Ini5al thoughts on the value of δ for various applica5ons 37