Lecture 9. Black s Feedback Model + A V. Lecture 9 RF Amplifier Design. Johan Wernehag Electrical and Information Technology Johan Wernehag, EIT
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1 Lecture 9 RF Amplifier Design Johan Wernehag Electrical and Information Technology Lecture 9 Oscillators Oscillators Based on Feedback Requirements for Self-Oscillation Output Power and Harmonic Distortion Tuned LC Oscillators Oscillator Noise Negatie Resistance Oscillators Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCO) Resonators Crystal Oscillators (XO) Some Good Practical Adice about Oscillator Design Black s Feedback Model Oscillators Based on Feedback + A V If the oscillator runs at constant amplitude it complies with the Barkhaussen oscillation criteria: Feedback network β i.e. Amplifier and Barkhaussen oscillation criteria: A = oltage gain β = feedback factor A b is called the loop gain
2 Output Power and Harmonic Distortion The Generalized Oscillator Model for LC Oscillators The phase criteria in Barkhaussen is fulfilled when i.e. the circuit is at resonance The amplitude criteria in Barkhaussen is fulfilled when A V β = 1 when the oscillator runs at constant amplitude = Tip: choose an expression for β where both reactance's are inductie or capacitie Oscillator Circuits Example 1 Oscillator Analysis The feedback network in LC oscillators may be configured in different ways: Hartley Colpitts Clapp large large 1. determine the amplifier configuration (CE, CB or CC)? 2. identify components that determines the frequency and feedback? 3. draw the generalized oscillator model Example 2 4. calculate the oltage gain A V 5. calculate the resonant frequency f 0 6. calculate the feedback factor β one capacitie branch two inductie branches two capacitie branches one inductie branch a ariation of the Colpitts oscillator large 7. check if the Barkhaussen criteria is fulfilled Depending on the selected transistor configuration (CE, CB or CC) there are a lot more ariations.
3 Calculation of A V and β Oscillator Noise compare with lab 4! The noise leel increases close to the resonant frequency as A f g when f g f 0 Noise Model of the Oscillator Noise Spectrum + A 6 db/octae To achiee low phase noise choose: a high-q resonant circuit a low noise amplifier as low gain as possible high power leel in the oscillator The noise consists of both amplitude and phase noise if a limiter is used the amplitude noise will be suppressed and the total noise leel is reduced by 3 db
4 Negatie Resistance Oscillators Negatie Resistance Oscillator Which transistor configuration is used? Lab 4 Lab 4 stub e b c V CC out A serial inductor (a short-circuited stub) is inserted to the base to intentionally make the transistor unstable A resonator (an open stub) is connected to the input to set the resonant frequency Conditions for Oscillation in a Two-Port Clapp oscillator Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) f out V control Express this in impedance! Varicap diode Negatie resistance oscillator C ar V control
5 Varicap Diode Resonators Forward bias P N Reersed bias P N Ex.: BB811 In order to improe the Q-factor, instead of or as a compliment to the LC circuit, you may use: Transmission line microstrip resonator coaxial resonator Ceramic resonator Quartz crystal V R = reerse oltage The Quartz Crystal (Xtal) The Impedance of a Crystal = R + jx equialent circuit diagram Series resonant frequency Parallel resonant frequency r f s f p Symbol f s f p
6 Crystal Oscillators Pierce Crystal Oscillator circuit examples series resonance parallel resonance parallel resonance Compare with lab 4! Some Good Practical Adice about Oscillator Design Generally: select components of high quality use buffer amplifier use filtered and well stabilized supply oltage apply good shielding For high frequency stability: design the resonant circuit for high Q use a ceramic resonator alternatiely a quartz crystal pre-aging of crystals the oscillator may be enclosed in a temperature controlled oen frequency control by temperature sensor and aricap diode Low phase noise: design the resonant circuit for high Q use low noise amplifier use as low gain as possible let the oscillator operate at a high power leel
Lecture 9 RF Amplifier Design. Johan Wernehag, EIT. Johan Wernehag Electrical and Information Technology
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