Fast Bunch Profile Monitoring with THz Spectroscopy of Coherent Radiation at FLASH.
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1 Fast Bunch Profile Monitoring with THz Spectroscopy of Coherent Radiation at FLASH. Stephan Wesch,1, Christopher Behrens 1, Eugen Hass 2, Bernhard Schmidt 1 1 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg 2 University of Hamburg Beam Instrumentation Workshop 2012 Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Outline Longitudinal FLASH Spectrometer design + setup Comparison with TDS Control system implementation S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 1 / 20
2 Longitudinal Diagnostic S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 2 / 20
3 Longitudinal Diagnostic S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 2 / 20
4 Spectrometer Requirements for FLASH Final bunch length from 10 to 100 µm ( fs) Defines roughly covered wavelength range Large shot to shot fluctuations (rollover compression 2009) Single shot measurement High bunch repetition rate (up to 1 MHz) Fast readout electronics Standard bunch length monitor Robust + easy to handle S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 3 / 20
5 Design of CRISP4: Reflective Blazed Gratings Polarisation groove Blaze angle θ B = Incident angle α = m λ d = sin (α) + sin (β) 0.2 order m order 0.2 m 0 m High efficiency > 90% Band-pass character m = 1 Low-pass character m = 0 S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 4 / 20
6 Design of CRISP4: Multi-staged Gratings Each stage acts as dispersive element + filter for next stage Parallel readout 4 Stages cover one order of magnitude in λ S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 5 / 20
7 CRISP4: Setup Specifications Engineered version 2 Grating sets λ Short = 5 44 µm λ Long = µm Mirror set set aligment Ring mirror line focus Inside vacuum vessel avoid IR absorption S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 6 / 20
8 CRISP4: Pyroelectric Detectors I Broadband I Complex spectral sensitivity I FELIX sensitivity HV njl I Custom-made pyro line detector wavelength HµmL I 120 channels in total I Integrated amplifier board I Fast readout with 9 MHz sampling S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 7 / 20
9 CRISP4: Attachment to CTR beamline CTR beamline I Length 20 m I Evacuated I Separation from machine vacuum: diamond window I High THz transmission S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 8 / 20
10 Coherent Radiation Diagnostic: Encoding of Bunch Structure Coherent intensity density d 2 U coh dλdω = d2 U 1 dλdω N2 F 3D (λ, Ω) 2 with F 3D ( k) = ρ 3D ( x) e i k x d x Approximations No longitudinal-transverse coupling Observation in forward direction F 3D F t F l or ρ 3D ρ t ρ l F l (λ cos θ) F l (λ) Coherent spectral intensity du coh dλ [ d 2 ] U 1 Ft(λ, Ω) dω N 2 F l (λ) 2 with F l (λ) = Ω Det dλdω ρ l (z) e 2πi z/λ dz Measure absolute spectral intensity get longitudinal form factor S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 9 / 20
11 CRISP4: Determination of the Longitudinal Form Factor response V Calibration includes CTR source Transport to detector Grating efficiency Detector sensitivity Electronics Electron Bunch Parameters σ l = 0 (F l = 1) σ t = 200 µm Q = 1 nc 1/2 adc signal[v] F l = charge[nc] 2 response[v] S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 10 / 20
12 Benchmark: Transverse Deflecting Structure (TDS) V sin(ωt + φ) S σ y σ ζ β(s 0) TDS ΔΨ s 0 s 1 β(s 1) current ka ρ l (z) 90 deg 90 deg retrieval F F l (λ) 90 deg 90 deg retrieval Hidden (y, z) correlation demands two-point tomography cf. Hendrik Loos, SLAC S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 11 / 20
13 Benchmark: TDS - CRISP4 Comparison ρ l,tds (z) FFT F l (λ) 1 bunch shape I current ka TDS F bunch shape II Λ µm long wavelengths CRISP4: More short wavelengths content Finite resolution Smoothing due tomography 60 m in between F Λ µm S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 12 / 20
14 Profile Determination by using Kramers-Kronig-Relation R. Lai and A. J. Sievers, NIM A 397, , 1997, On using the coherent far IR radiation radiation produced by a charged-particle bunch to determine its shape Complex form factor (ρ l is real) F l (λ) = ρ l (z) e 2πi z/λ dz with F l (λ) = F l (λ) e i Φ(λ) Connection: real imaginary part (certain class of ρ l ) ln F l (λ) = ln F l (λ) + i Φ(λ) Retrieval of minimal phase ( Φ kk = Φ min ) Φ kk (λ) = 2λ π 0 ln F l (λ ) ln F l (λ) λ 2 λ 2 dλ Reconstruction of longitudinal profile ρ l (z) = 2 F l (λ) cos 2πz 0 λ Φ kk(λ) 1 λ 2 dλ S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 13 / 20
15 Kramers-Kronig-Relation: Test with TDS Profiles ρ l,tds (z) FFT F l (λ) KK ρ l,kk (z) TDS profile TDS KK 2.0 TDS profile TDS KK current ka current ka Resonable reconstruction, but known deficits: Steeper + smoother edges Minimal phase Φ kk most compact bunch profile S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 14 / 20
16 Profile: TDS - CRISP4 Comparison Long wavelengths extrapolation Fit with F l (λ) = exp [ A λ 2 B λ 1] Short wavelengths cut at minimal CRISP4 range F l (λ < 5 µm) = current ka TDS profile CRISP4 KK current ka TDS profile CRISP4 KK Average currents agree Total bunch lengths agree More pronounced trailing spike Short wavelengths! Large local energy spread! S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 15 / 20
17 Control System Implementation: Online Spectrum Monitor S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 16 / 20
18 Examples: Short Pulses Measured form factor Reconstructed profile 0.1 FLASHCRISP4141m Q 0.114nC E 700.MeV in total 1 bunches T000651bunch1avg. F current A Λ Μ Q = 120 pc σ z = 10 fs! S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 17 / 20
19 Examples: Within Bunch Train / Double Shot Along bunch train Different shots same bunch number I Possible variation can be detected S. Wesch (DESY) I Small shot to shot fluctuations THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 18 / 20
20 Summary Development of a broadband CTR THz spectrometer Double shot from λ = µm Capable down to charge of 100 pc Now routinely used by operators Complementary method to TDS measurements Thanks to... Lex van der Meer idea of staging gratings Hossein Delsim-Hashemi proof of principle + Prototype Technicians of FLA Group construction + infrastructure FLASH Team beam time + kicked bunch! S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 19 / 20
21 Backup: Wavelength Calibration transmission bandpass 53 µm SP4 short SP4 long transmission bandpass 155 µm SP4 short SP4 long wavelength µm wavelength µm transmission bandpass 83 µm SP4 short SP4 long wavelength µm transmission wavelength µm LDPE: fit d 42 µm SP4 short SP4 long S. Wesch (DESY) THz Bunch Profile Monitoring BIW 2012, Newport News 20 / 20
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