Measurement of Mode Converted ICRF Waves with Phase Contrast Imaging and Comparison with Full-wave Simulations on Alcator C-Mod
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1 Measurement of Mode Converted ICRF Waves with Phase Contrast Imaging and Comparison with Full-wave Simulations on Alcator C-Mod N. Tsujii 1, M. Porkolab 1, P.T. Bonoli 1, Y. Lin 1, J.C. Wright 1, S.J. Wukitch 1, E.F. Jaeger 2, D. L. Green 3, R.W. Harvey 4 and the Alcator C-Mod Team 1 MIT PSFC, 2 XCEL Engineering, Inc., 3 ORNL, 4 CompX 54th Annual Meeting of the APS-DPP, 2012, Providence *Supported by USDoE awards DE-FG02-94-ER54235, DE-FC02-99-ER54512 and DE-FC02-01ER /31
2 Outline 2/31 1 Introduction 2 Phase Contrast Imaging 3 Numerical Simulations 4 D-H Heating Experiments 5 D- 3 He Heating Experiments 6 Wave Intensity Dependence
3 Phase Contrast Imaging is used to measure directly the ICRF waves and test full-wave simulation codes 3/31 Background ICRF mode conversion is of interest as a means to optimize plasma performance through flow drive and current drive Numerical simulations are essential to describe these processes accurately in a realistic tokamak geometry and it is important to validate these codes experimentally The measured mode converted wave intensity was weaker than simulated by a factor of 50 in the D- 3 He mode conversion regime The discrepancy was smaller in the hydrogen minority heating regime which had small mode converted wave intensity
4 ICRF provides the main auxiliary heating in C-Mod C-Mod top view Frequency Straps Phasing Power 80 MHz 2 dipole 2 x 2 MW MHz 4 variable 4 MW 4/31
5 Mode conversion of fast waves to IBWs/ICWs occurs around two-ion hybrid resonances (ω ii ) Z[m] Ω D ω ii Ω He E - [kv/m] AORSA, 1 MW, n φ = k R [m -1 ] FW IBW ω ii real imaginary FW Z=0.0 m Ion Bernstein wave (IBW) is excited along the midplane IBW - pressure driven branch, due to finite k ρ L 5/31
6 Mode conversion of fast waves to IBWs/ICWs occurs around two-ion hybrid resonances (ω ii ) Ω D ω ii Ω He-3 k R [m -1 ] FW ω ii ICW Ω He-3 FW Z[m] E - [kv/m] AORSA, 1 MW, n φ = Z=0.12 m cold ICW Ion cyclotron wave (ICW) is excited off the midplane Due to upshift of k k k φ B φ /B + k R B R /B 5/31
7 6/31 Phase Contrast Imaging (PCI) measures the phase shift of the laser due to electron density fluctuations Laser Collimating mirror Expansion mirror Plasma φ(x) = r e λ 0 dz ñ e (x, z ) Focusing mirror Phase plate λ/8 Imaging optics Detector E 0 e i φ(x) E 0 (1 + i φ(x)) E(x) = E 0 (i + i φ(x)) E(x) 2 E 0 2 (1 + 2 φ(x))
8 The C-Mod PCI system Z[m] Spec. 32 channel 1D detector array kr = cm 1 f < 2.5 MHz Beam modulation frequency: MHz 7/31
9 8/31 Full-wave simulation codes are used to model the rf waves 0.4 TORIC Finite Larmor radius (FLR) code (k ρ L < 1) ions: SCK dielectric electrons: FLR damping terms θ: spectral ansatz ψ: finite element Z[m] E - [kv/m] [Ref. M. Brambilla, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 41, 1 (1999)]
10 9/31 Full-wave simulation codes are used to model the rf waves 0.4 AORSA Spectral solver in (R, Z) 0.2 Arbitrary k ρ L Arbitrary number of cyclotron harmonics Coupled to CQL3D [Harvey 1992] Z[m] E - [kv/m] [Ref. E. F. Jaeger, et al., Phys. Plasmas 8, 1573 (2001)]
11 Synthetic PCI is used for comparison of simulation and experiment Z[m] kv/m E E - E E Z[m] kv/m E n e = i eω (σ e E) m Z[m] m n e PCI real imag /31
12 The mode converted wave is measured by PCI 11/31 Radial structure Wavenumber spectrum k R [cm -1 ] MW n H /n e =0.05 n H /n e =0.26 ω ii MHz P rf t[s] ω ii t[s] (10 16 m -2 ) 2 (10 16 m -2 /cm -1 ) Weaker damping of the mode converted waves at high H fraction Stronger and broader signal
13 The measured and the simulated wave structure in D-H plasmas agree reasonably well 12/31 (10 16 m -2 ) 2 /MW (10 16 m -2 /cm -1 ) 2 /MW n H /n e = measurement simulation ( 0.14) Wavenumber spectrum Radial structure , 1.4 s k R [cm -1 ] (10 16 m -2 ) 2 /MW (10 16 m -2 /cm -1 ) 2 /MW n H /n e = measurement simulation ( 0.06) η rf = , 0.7 s k R [cm -1 ]
14 The H fraction dependence of the signal structure is consistent with the simulation 13/31 m Radial width n H /n e cm Peak wavenumber n H /n e Weak damping at higher n H /n e broadening of the signal Broader propagation region of MC waves lower average wavenumber
15 Agreement of the measured and simulated intensity improves in the hydrogen minority heating regime 14/31 PCI signal intensity[(10 16 m -2 ) 2 /MW] φ=32 (D) TORIC AORSA-CQL3D n H /n e
16 Agreement of the measured and simulated intensity improves in the hydrogen minority heating regime 14/31 PCI signal intensity[(10 16 m -2 ) 2 /MW] φ=0 (E) TORIC AORSA-CQL3D n H /n e
17 Agreement of the measured and simulated intensity improves in the hydrogen minority heating regime 14/31 PCI signal intensity[(10 16 m -2 ) 2 /MW] φ=-144 (J, 180 ) TORIC AORSA-CQL3D n H /n e
18 Appreciable wave intensity is expected up to second pass in the hydrogen minority heating regime 15/31 n H /n e = 0.05, AORSA-CQL E 2 (10 16 m -2 ) 2 /MW (10 16 m -2 ) 2 /MW Simulated PCI signal intensity Peak intensity toroidal angle φ[deg] sim 0.14
19 The wave field pattern tends to spread toroidally at high hydrogen concentration 16/31 n H /n e = 0.26, AORSA, η rf = 0.36 E 2 (10 16 m -2 ) 2 /MW (10 16 m -2 ) 2 /MW 0.76 Simulated 0.74 PCI signal intensity Peak intensity sim toroidal angle φ[deg]
20 Strong mode conversion is observed in D- 3 He plasmas 17/31 kev T e ECE P rf t[s] MW PCI@50MHz ω ii ω ii t[s] (10 16 m -2 )
21 Direct electron heating is observed in correlation with strong mode converted wave excitation 18/31 (10 16 m -2 ) 2 /MW (10 16 m -2 /cm -1 ) 2 /MW PCI signal Radial structure η rf =0.59 measurement simulation ( 0.03) Wavenumber spectrum , 1.2 s k R [cm -1 ] P e [MW/m 3 /MW] ω ii TORIC AORSA break-in-slope r/a Electron heating power density measured by ECE , 1.2 s
22 The 3 He fraction dependence of the signal structure is consistent with the simulation 19/31 m Radial width n He-3 /n e cm Peak wavenumber n He-3 /n e Weak damping at higher n He-3 /n e broadening of the signal Broader propagation region of MC waves lower average wavenumber
23 Mode conversion is strong in D- 3 He plasmas 20/31 n He-3 /n e = 0.22, AORSA, η rf = 0.59 E 2 (10 16 m -2 ) 2 /MW (10 16 m -2 ) 2 /MW 0.76 Simulated 0.74 PCI signal intensity Peak intensity toroidal angle φ[deg] sim 0.03
24 Measured wave intensity is 2% of what is predicted in the D- 3 He mode conversion regime 21/31 PCI signal intensity[(10 16 m -2 ) 2 /MW] φ=-144 (J) AORSA-CQL3D TORIC n He-3 /n e
25 The measured mode converted wave intensity is substantially weaker than simulated at high intensity 22/31 measured MC wave intensity [(10 16 m -2 ) 2 ] D-H minority (n H /n e <0.12) D- 3 He mode conversion (n He-3 /n e >0.16) D-H (n H /n e >0.24) simulated MC wave intensity [(10 16 m -2 ) 2 ]
26 Summary 23/31 Mode converted wave intensity was measured over a wide parameter range with a calibrated PCI system The measured mode converted wave intensity in the D- 3 He mode conversion regime was weaker than the prediction by a factor of 50 The discrepancy was reduced to a factor of 7 in the hydrogen minority heating regime Future work Investigate different mode conversion scenarios, fast waves Investigate nonlinear physics: parametric decay instabilities, nonlinear damping,... Improve the detail of the models: scrape-off-layer, antenna, minority concentration profile,...
27 RF wave absorption efficiency - D-H plasmas 24/ η rf n H /n e
28 RF wave absorption efficiency - D- 3 He plasmas 25/ η rf n He-3 /n e
29 Electron power absorption fraction 26/ TORIC P e AORSA-CQL3D n He-3 /n e
30 Hydrogen concentration estimate 27/ Spectroscopy (n H /(n D + n H )) no puff controlled H puff PCI (n H /n e )
31 28/31 Coherent rf signal is observed with PCI (10 16 m -2 ) 2 /khz , 1.05 s rf wave: MHz beam modulation: MHz heterodyned signal: 0.98 = ( ) MHz (10 16 m -2 ) 2 /khz f[khz] before rf during rf f[khz]
32 Mode conversion in a 3 He-H plasma Reduction in helium-3 concentration Shift of the resonance to the HFS k R [cm -1 ] MW MHz P rf LH time[s] ω ii (10 16 m -2 ) 2 (10 16 m -2 /cm -1 ) /31
33 Fast wave measurements toroidal angle φ = ω ii (10 16 m -2 ) k R [cm -1 ] MW total MHz P rf time[s] (10 16 m -2 /cm -1 ) /31
34 Fast wave measurements toroidal angle φ = ω ii (10 16 m -2 ) k R [cm -1 ] MW total MHz P rf time[s] (10 16 m -2 /cm -1 ) /31
35 Fast wave measurements toroidal angle φ = ω ii (10 16 m -2 ) k R [cm -1 ] MW total MHz P rf time[s] (10 16 m -2 /cm -1 ) /31
36 Measured versus simulated wave intensity 31/ measured wave intensity [(10 16 m -2 ) 2 ] D-H FW 3 He-H (n He-3 /n e 0.25) D- 3 He simulated wave intensity [(10 16 m -2 ) 2 ]
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